CHAPTER X

THE SENTENCE I. The Sentence and Syntax. In point of fact syntax deals with the sentence in its parts and as a whole. And yet it is not tautolo y to ha!e a chapter on the sentence" a thin few ra##ars do. It is i#portant to et a clear conception of the sentence as well as of syntax $efore one proceeds to the wor% of detailed criticis#. The sentence is the thin in all its parts that syntax treats" $ut the two thin s are not synony#ous. At $otto# ra##ar is teachin a$out the sentence.& II. The Sentence Defined. (a) C'(P)EX C'NCEPTI'N. A sentence is the expression of the idea or ideas in the spea%er*s #ind. It is an opinion +sententia, expressed + ,. This idea is in itself co#plex. It is this co#$ination of -the s#all coin of lan ua e. into an intelli i$le whole that we call a sentence./ 0ust a #ere word accidentally expressed is not a sentence. -The sentence is the sy#$ol where$y the spea%er denotes that two or #ore ideas ha!e co#$ined in his #ind..1 (b) T2' ESSENTIA) PARTS. 'nly two parts are essential to this co#plex intelli i$le whole to for# a sentence. These two parts are su$3ect and predicate. A state#ent is #ade a$out so#ethin and thus an idea is expressed. These two parts are called su$stanti!e and !er$" thou h the line of distinction $etween su$stanti!e and !er$ was ori inally !ery di#" as is now often seen in the En lish +-lau h". -touch". -wor%". etc.,. (any #odern lin uists hold that the !er$ is no#inal in ori in" since so#e pri#iti!e lan ua es %now only no#inal sentences. 2e do not %now which is the oldest" su$3ect or predicate.& In the 4ree% !er$ indeed su$3ect and predicate are united in the one for#" the ori inal sentence./ (c) 'NE5(E(6ERE7 SENTENCE. The sentence in for# #ay $e !ery $rief" e!en one word in truth. Indeed the lon sentence #ay not express as #uch as the short one. In #o#ents of passion an excla#ation #ay $e char ed with #ore #eanin than a lon ra#$lin sentence.1 2e ha!e plenty of exa#ples of one5word sentences in the N. T." li%e +(%. &898&," +(%. &89:;," +Ro. 19<," +(t. =91," +)u. &9:>,. Co#pare also , , +(t. =9<,.
1 K.-G., I, p. 1. Cf. Brug., ?ur@e !er l. 4r., III, p. 623; Delbrck, Vergl. Synt., 1. l., pp. !3"#$. 2 G%le&, '(n. )f C)*p. +,%l)l., p. 23$. -pp)&e. t) t,%& %.e( )f ( &entence (& .ue t) &ynt,e&%& %& t,e *).ern p&yc,)l)g%c(l .ef%n%t%)n )f /un.t 0,) .ef%ne& ( &entence (& 1die 4liederun einer 4esa#t!orstellun .2 3 Str)ng, 3)ge*(n (n. /,eeler, Intr. t) t,e Stu.y )f t,e 4%&t. )f 3(ng., 1#51, p. 53. Cf. +(ul, +r%n. )f t,e 4%&t. )f 3(ng., p. %%%; S(yce, +r%n. )f C)*p. +,%l)l., p. 136. 1 ,)*p&)n, Gk. Synt., 1##3, p. 67. Delbrck 8Vergl. Synt., 1. l., p. !!9 :u)te& Sc,le%c,er (& &(y%ng t,(t n)un& e%t,er ,(7e )r ,(. c(&e-f)r*&, 7erb& e%t,er ,(7e )r ,(. per&. en.%ng&, (n. t,(t (ll 0)r.& 0ere )r%g%n(lly e%t,er n)un& )r 7erb&. But %t %& n)t :u%te &) e(&y (& t,(t unle&& pr)n)un& be %nclu.e. %n n)un&. 2 K.-G., I, p. 2. 3 G%le&, '(n. )f C)*p. +,%l)l., p. 236. -n &entence-bu%l.%ng &ee Brug., ?ur@e !er l. 4r., III, pp. 623"!!;.

(d) E))IPTICA) SENTENCE . Indeed" as seen in the case of +)u. &9:>, the sentence does not a$solutely reAuire the expression of either su$3ect or predicate" thou h $oth are i#plied $y the word used. This shortenin or condensation of speech is co##on to all the Indo54er#anic lan ua es.8 'ther exa#ples of such condensation are the !ocati!e" as +(t. =9/," with which co#pare , !" +(t. 89&>," the inter3ections li%e # +0as. ;9&," +)u. 8918," $% +Re!. &89&8," &% +0o. &9/<," +Re!. =9&1,. These inter3ections #ay $e used alone" as +)u. 8918," or with other words" as and &% a$o!e. Cf. (artha*s ', ( +0o. &&9/B," two sentences. 0o. &&91; +)%* + ,-, is the shortest !erse" $ut not the shortest sentence in the N. T. (e) 'N)C PRE7ICATE. The su$3ect #ay $e a$sent and the predicate will still constitute a sentence" i.e. express the co#plex idea intended. This follows naturally fro# the precedin para raph. The predicate #ay i#ply the su$3ect. The su$3ect in 4ree% is in!ol!ed in the !er$al personal endin and often the context #a%es it clear what the su$3ect really is. Indeed the 4ree% only expressed the personal su$3ect as a rule where clearness" e#phasis or contrast de#anded it. The N. T." li%e the in eneral" uses the prono#inal su$3ect #ore freAuently than the older 4ree% +cf. En lish,. 'ften a lance at the context is all that is needed" as with . . )/0 +0o. 19/1," +(%. /91," etc. So#eti#es indeed close attention is reAuired to notice a chan e of su$3ect which is not indicated. So . 1 * . )*, . 2 3 - 4 * +(t. &89/>,. Dor this chan e of su$3ect with no indication see )u. =9/<E 0o. &<91&E / Cor. 19&:E & 0o. ;9&:.& So#eti#es the su$3ect is drawn out of the !er$ itself" as in +& Cor. &;9;/," Fthe tru#pet shall tru#pet.* So in 5 - 5 0 +(t. //91>, #en ha!e to $e supplied with the first and wo#en with the second !er$. 4od is considered $y so#e the unexpressed" $ut well5 %nown su$3ect" as with / +(t. ;98;," & +Ac. &1918," +Eph. 89=," +He$. =9;,. 'ften what is said is a #atter of co##on re#ar% or usa e and the su$3ect is desi nedly concealed" indefinite su$3ect. So when Paul uses +/ Cor. &>9&>, of his opponent unless we follow 6 and read . The plural is !ery co##on in this sense as 6 7% 8" +(t. ;9&&," E +(t. B9&:," 9 +Re!. /9/8, li%e 4er#an man sagt" Drench on dit. Cf. also" not to pile up exa#ples" (t. =9&:E (%. &>9&1E )u. &B9/1E 0o. &;9:E />9/E Ac. 19/E Re!. &/9:. This eneral or rhetorical plural appears in and % +He$. &>9&, if the text is enuine. (oulton
; Ib., p. 62; f. ,e *).. Gk. &,)0& %t 8 ,u*b, 4(n.b., p. 1!59. S%r /. <. =%c)ll %n Br. /. %n&t(nce& t,e Sc)tc, 1(0eel.2 1 See V%te(u, Gt. sur le 4rec du N. T." Su3et" Co#pl. et Attr., p. $$ f. ')ult)n '->3 -=, ?. 4., @ Gr(**(r )f =. . Greek. V)l. I, +r)leg)*en( 815A69. 3. e.. 815A#9. BBB, C,(r(cter%&t%c& )f =. . Greek 8 ,e C6p)&%t)r, 15A;9. BBB, Einleitun in die Sprache des N. T. 815119. BBB, Gr(**(t%c(l =)te& fr)* t,e +(pyr% 8 ,e C6p)&%t)r, 15A1, pp. 2!1"2#2; 15A3, pp. 1A;"121, ;23";35. ,e Cl(&&%c(l <e7%e0, 15A1, pp. 31"3!, ;3;";;1; 15A;, pp. 1A6" 112, 1$1"1$$9.

+Prol." p. ;=, cites +Eurip. I. T." &1;<,. So#eti#es the plural purposely conceals the identity of the person referred to" as when +(t. /9/>, is used of Herod the 4reat. The sa#e principle applies to $- +)u. &/9/>,. Then a ain the !er$ #ay i#ply the su$3ect" as with /: +0as. ;9&B," +(%. &898&," # +)u. /89/&," +(t. //9&:," $ +& Cor. &89&>,. Cf. 7;< ) +(%. &&9&<,. So the #odern 4ree% still +Thu#$" Handb." p. &B<,. Hsually" then" such a !er$ in the N. T. is in the passi!e !oice" so that the su$3ect is in!ol!ed in the action of the !er$. Thus +(%. 89/8," % +(%. 89/;," and += +Ro. &>9&>," and ) +& Cor. &;98/," etc. So#eti#es indeed a !er$ appears to $e without a su$3ect" when really it is not. So % +/ Cor. &/9&:, has the pre!ious sentence as the su$3ect. In & Pet. /9: the su$3ect of is the followin Auotation. In Ac. /&91; / has as its su$3ect the infiniti!e /*0. So in eneral whene!er the infiniti!e is used as su$3ect" the !er$ is not without a su$3ect" as / ); +Ac. B9/1,. The exa#ples are nu#erous" as : = +(t. &/9/," %: *; +)u. &91," % % +0o. 898," ). 4 +(t. 19&;," > 0> +Ac. //9//," )% +)u. &1911," and e!en % ) - )= +)u. &B9&, and ) - $= +Ac. &>9/;, where the eniti!e infiniti!e for# has $eco#e fixed. ? does indeed present a pro$le# $y itself. It #ay ha!e the si#ple infiniti!e as su$3ect" as % +)u. :9&, and $= +)u. :9:,. Cf. (%. /9&;. 6ut often . ) or ) % is used with a finite !er$ as a
BBB, Intr).uct%)n t) =. . Greek 81#5$9. 2. e.. 815A;9. BBB, 3(ngu(ge )f C,r%&t 84(&t%ng&D -ne-7)l. D. B., 15A59. BBB, =. . Greek %n t,e 3%g,t )f ').ern D%&c)7ery 8C(*br. B%bl. C&&(y&, 15A5, pp. ;61" $A$9. BBB, ,e Sc%ence )f 3(ngu(ge 815A39. '->3 -=, /. E., (n. GCDC=, @. S., @ C)nc)r.(nce t) t,e Greek e&t(*ent 81#5!9. '->3 -= (n. 'I33IG@=, 3e6%c(l =)te& fr)* t,e +(pyr% 8 ,e C6p)&., 15A#B9. BBB, ,e V)c(bul(ry )f t,e =. . Illu&tr(te. fr)* t,e +(pyr% (n. )t,er =)n-3%ter(ry S)urce&. +(rt I 8151;9, II, III. ,u*b
4>'B,

@., 7ie Dorsch. I$er die hellen. Spr. in den 0ahren 15A2"15A; 8@rc,. f. +(p. 3, pp. ;;3" ;!39.

BBB, 7ie riech. Sprache i# Jeitalter des Hellenis#us 815A19. BBB, 7ie sprach esch. Stell. des $i$l. 4riech. 8 ,e)l. <un.., 15A29. BBB, Hand$uch der riech. D%(l. 815A59. BBB, Hand$uch d. neu riech. Kol%ssprache. /. Aufl. 8151A9. BBB, Hand$uch des Sans%rits. I, Gr(**(t%k 815A$9. BBB, Hnters. I$er d. Sp. Asper i# 4riech. 81##59.

practical" thou h not the technical" su$3ect. So . ), )* +)u. /9&;," ) %, +)u. <91B,. So also . , )4 +Ac. /9&B,. 'ne is stron ly re#inded of the si#ilar usa e in the )XX" not to say the He$rew . . . . (oulton& prefers to thin% that that was a de!elop#ent fro# the +papyri, usa e of the infiniti!e with as a$o!e" $ut I see no adeAuate reason for denyin a Se#itic influence on this point" especially as the )XX also parallels the other idio#" . ) . @ %%* +)u. ;9&B" cf. ;9&" &/" etc.," a construction so un54ree% and so li%e the He$rew vav. Here al#ost eAuals 6 and #a%es the second . clause practically the su$3ect of ). The use of a 6 or A clause as su$3ect is co##on either alone or in apposition with a pronoun. Cf. (t. &>9/; +A,E & 0o. ;9< +6,E 0o. &;9&/ +A,. In a case li%e = +0o. &89=," > +Col. 19&=," ) +Ro. 891, the su$3ect co#es easily out of the context. So also the su$3ect is really i#plied when the partiti!e eniti!e is used without the expression of or as > %< . 4 4 +Ac. /&9&:, and B C ) 4 4 +0o. &:9&B," a clear case of the a$lati!e with ). The conclusion of the whole #atter is that the su$3ect is either expressed or i#plied $y !arious lin uistic de!ices. The strictly i#personal !er$s in the old 4ree% arose fro# the conception of as doin the thin ./ (f) 'N)C SH60ECT. )i%ewise the predicate #ay $e a$sent and only i#plied in the su$3ect. Cet naturally the exa#ples of this nature are far fewer than those when the predicate i#plies the su$3ect. So#eti#es indeed the predicate #erely has to $e #entally supplied fro# the precedin clause" as with / +/ Cor. &9:," +)u. B98/," +)u. />9/8," /* +He$. ;98,. Cf. Eph. ;9//. It #ay $e that the !er$ would $e sli htly chan ed in for#" if expressed" as % +(%. &89/<," 8 +Eph. ;9/8," +/ Cor. 19&1," etc. So#eti#es a ain the affir#ati!e is to $e inferred fro# a ne ati!e as in & Cor. B9&<E &>9/8. In (%. &/9; the principal !er$ has to $e drawn fro# the idea of the two participles % and . In particular with $ %< +or , the !er$ is always a$sent +as (t. :9&," so that the idio# $eco#es a set phrase +)u. &>9:E &19<,. In Ro. ;91 with %, D is to $e supplied" and in ;9&& . In Ro. <9&> the !er$ has to co#e fro# !erse < or &/. In Ro. 89< pro$a$ly +cf. !erse :, is to $e supplied. 'ften B is not expressed" as in Ac. /;9//. In Ro. ;9&= 2iner& supplies / in the first clause and / in the second. In / Cor. <9B he li%ewise is ri ht in su estin % fro# the context" as in 4al. /9< after A we #ust #entally insert
1 +r)l., p. 1!. 2 -n t,e 0,)le *(tter )f &ubFectle&& &entence& &ee Delbrck, Vergl. Synt., 3. l., pp. 23"3!. Cf. G%l.er&lee7e, Gk. Synt., pp. 3$";1, f)r cl(&&%c(l %llu&tr(t%)n& )f t,e (b&ence )f t,e &ubFect. Cf. (l&) ')ult)n, Cl. <e7., 15A1, p. ;36, f)r e66. %n t,e p(p. )f t,e (b&ence )f t,e &ubFect %n &t(n.%ng f)r*ul(&. /%ner /I=C<, G. B., 7e !er$oru# cu# praep. co#pos. in N. T. Hsu 81#3;"1#;39. BBB, 4ra##. d. neut. Sprachidio#s +&=//,. B. Aufl. !on )Ine#ann 8l#6!9. 1 /.- ,., p. $#!. Cf. (l&) G%l.er&lee7e, Gk. Synt., pp. ;1";;, f)r cl(&&. e66. )f t,e )*%&&%)n )f t,e pre.. ,e ell%p&%& )f t,e pre.. %& c)**)n %n t,e @tt%c %n&cr. Cf. 'e%&ter,., p. 156.

0D, 0. In epistolary salutations it is not difficult to supply or as in 0as. &9&E Ph. &9&E Re!. &98. These are all exa#ples of !ery si#ple ellipsis" as in / Pet. /9// in the pro!er$. Cf. also & Cor. 89/&E / Cor. ;9&1E 4al. 19;. (g) KER6 N'T THE 'N)C PRE7ICATE. 6ut the predicate is not Auite so si#ple a #atter as the su$3ect. The !er$ indeed is the usual way of expressin it" $ut not the only way. The !er$ $" especially ) and $" #ay $e #erely a -for#5word. li%e a preposition and not $e the predicate. So#eti#es it does express existence as a predicate li%e any other !er$" as in )E $ +0o. =9;=, and F * +Re!. /&9&,. Cf. (t. /191>. 6ut #ore co##only the real predicate is another word and $ #erely ser!es as a connecti!e or copula. Thus the predicate #ay $e co#plex. 2ith this use of $ as copula +-for#5word., the predicate #ay $e another su$stanti!e" as + ) + +(t. &191=,E an ad3ecti!e" as 3 ). / +0o. 89&&,E a prepositional phrase" as ) 3 G>* ) +Ro. &>9=,E and especially the participle" as 2 %%* +(t. B9/<,. 'ther !er$s" $esides $" #ay $e used as a #ere copula" as +0o. &9&8," +Ro. ;9&<," 1 +0as. ;9<," and in particular +/ Cor. &19B," 8* +Ac. &:91,./ Predicati!e a#plifications $elon to apposition and will $e so treated as an expansion of the predicate. The su$3ect also has a#plifications. (h) C'PH)A N'T NECESSARC. Naturally this copula is not always considered necessary. It can $e readily dispensed with when $oth su$3ect and the real predicate are present. This indeed is the #ost freAuent ellipsis of all in all sta es of the lan ua e" especially the for# ). 6ut strictly spea%in " the a$sence of the copula is not ellipsis" $ut a re#nant of a pri#iti!e idio#" since so#e pri#iti!e ton ues could do without the copula. Still" as 6lass& o$ser!es" the ellipsis ne!er $eca#e a fixed usa e sa!e in a few phrases li%e %> 6 +& Cor. &;9/B, or 6H%> +4al. 19&&,. In A +(t. <98," has dropped out. There are #any idio#atic uses of without the copula. So F= . +(%. &9/8," 3 +0o. /&9//," I %< +0o. /&9/&," J +0as. /9&8," C and F K +Ro. 19&," * +Ro. 191," etc. Excla#ations" as well as Auestions" show the a$sence of the copula. Thus K 9= +Ro. &>9&;," 9 : +Ro. &&911," * F L ? +Ac. &<9/=,. As a #atter of fact the copula #ay $e a$sent fro# any %ind of sentence which is free fro# a#$i uity" as * M +(t. ;9=," ,- NH+ +He$. &19=," #: + )* +(t. &>9&>," +0o. &89&<," O 3 6 6 +He$. &>91B," "H # % +He$. ;9&1," 9 M 8 +(t. :9&:,. Cf. Ro. &&9&; f. for se!eral further exa#ples" which could $e easily #ultiplied not only for ) and $" $ut for other for#s as well" thou h the exa#ples for the a$sence of $ and B are not !ery nu#erous. Dor#s of the i#p." fut." i#per." su$3." opt." inf. and part. +often, are a$sent also. Dor $ see / Cor. &&9:. Dor B see 0o. &B9/&E 4al. 89B bis. '$ser!e 0 and $%D in / Cor. &&9; f." $ut the participle P ) . D ) " $ 8" oes o!er to the literary plural" a$out which see further in this chapter. Co#pare also / Cor. =9/1. In (%. &/9/: $ is a$sent" thou h )D is used. Dor further exa#ples of the a$sence of ) see Ro. =9&BE Ph. 19&;. Dor B see Re!. &;98 +6 6,. In 0o. &89&& $oth $ and ) are a$sent" 6 )E ) Q . . +
2 Cf. Delbrck, Vergl. Synt., 3. l., p. 12, f)r t,e )r%g%n )f t,e c)pul(, (n. pp. 1$"22 f)r t,e (.F., (.7., &ub&t. 8)bl%:ue c(&e& (& 0ell (& n)*. (& pre..9. Cf. (l&) G%l.er&lee7e, Gk. Synt., pp. 3A"3$. 1 Gr. )f =. . Gk., p. !3. Cf. G%l.er&lee7e, Gk. Synt., pp. ;1";3.

 ) ). The i#perfect @ #ay also $e a$sent as with R J +)u. /9/;," J Q +0o. 19&," . 3 J > +)u. &9;,. In & Pet. 89&B we find wantin ) and . Cf. also & Cor. &;9/& for 2 and . The other #oods" $esides indicati!e" show occasional lapses of this copula. Thus the su$3uncti!e S after 6 +/ Cor. =9&&, and after A +/ Cor. =9&1,. The optati!e & #ore freAuently drops out in wishes" as * 8= . $ +Ro. &9B," + %< 3 $ O * 84 +Ro. &;911, AD +(t. &:9//,. As 6lass& o$ser!es" in the doxolo ies li%e 3 + +/ Cor. &91E Eph. &91, one #ay supply either ) or & or e!en " thou h 2iner/ stron ly insists that & is necessary $ecause of the )XX exa#ples. 6ut 6lass !ery properly points to Ro. &9/;" 6 ) 3 $ T $4. Cf. also & Pet. 89&&" where A drops ). The i#perati!e shows a few exa#ples of the droppin of as with the participles in Ro. &/9<" thou h" of course" only the context can decide $etween the indicati!e and i#perati!e. 2iner1 is ri ht a ainst (eyer in refusin to supply ) after the second ) R +si#ply resu#pti!e, in Eph. &9&1. 6ut so#e clear instances of the a$sence of appear" as in Col. 89: + 84 * ) * (t. /B9&< %< " / Cor. =9&: * Q Q" He$. &198 + *. The infiniti!e B is present in Ph. 19=" $ut a$sent in Ph. 19B. The participle shows a si#ilar ellipsis as in 0o. &9;> B% % 8* > >" )u. 89& ,- %< . The other !er$s used as copula #ay also $e a$sent if not needed" as with +(t. :9&>E Ac. &>9&;,. The a$sence of the copula with $% is indeed li%e the construction after the He$.

a . as 6lass8 points out" $ut it is also in har#ony with the as (oulton; shows.

6ut it is especially freAuent in the parts of the N. T. #ost allied to the '. T. )i%e other inter3ections $% does not need a !er$al predicate" thou h it #ay ha!e one. As exa#ples see (t. &B9;E )u. ;9&=E Re!. 89&. In the last exa#ple $oth B% and $% occur and the construction follows" now one now the other" as is seen in !erse 8. (i) THE T2' RA7IATIN4 D'CI 'D THE SENTENCE . Thus" as we ha!e seen" the su$3ect and predicate are the two foci of the sentence re arded as an ellipse. Around these two foci all the other parts of the sentence radiate" if there are any other parts. The sentence #ay o all the way fro# one a$rupt word to a period a couple of pa es lon " as in 7e#osthenes or Isocrates. School$oys will recall a sentence in Thucydides so lon that he for ot to finish it. 4iles: spea%s of the sentence as a %in do# with #any pro!inces or a house with #any stories. That is true potentially. 6ut the sentence is elastic and #ay ha!e only the two foci +su$3ect and predicate, and indeed one of the# #ay exist only $y
1 Gr. )f =. . Gk., p. !;. 2 /.- ,., p. $#6. 3 Ib. ; Gr. )f =. . Gk., p. !;. $ +r)l., p. 11. G%le& GI3CS, +., @ S,)rt '(nu(l )f C)*p(r(t%7e +,%l)l)gy. 2. e.. 815A19. BBB, ,e Greek 3(ngu(ge 8Cncyc. Br%t(nn%c(, 151A9. 6 '(n. )f C)*p. +,%l)l., p. 236.

i#plication. The context can enerally $e relied on to supply the other focus in the #ind of the spea%er or writer. Thus $y the context" $y loo% and $y esture" words can $e filled to the full and e!en run o!er with #eanin s that of the#sel!es they would not carry. E#otion can #a%e itself understood with few words. The #atters here outlined a$out the 4ree% sentence apply to 4ree% as a whole and so to the N. T. 4ree%. (j) KARIETIES 'D THE SI(P)E SENTENCE . It is i##aterial whether the si#ple sentence" which is the oldest sentence" $e declarati!e" interro ati!e or i#perati!e. That affects in no way the essential idea. All three !arieties occur in reat a$undance in the N. T. and need not $e illustrated. So li%ewise the si#ple sentence #ay $e affir#ati!e or ne ati!e. That is $eside the #ar% in ettin at the foundation of the sentence. All these #atters +and also a$stract and concrete, are #ere accidents that i!e colour and for#" $ut do not alter the or anic structure. Dor an extensi!e discussion of the !arious %inds of independent sentences in the N. T. +declarati!e" interro ati!e" hortatory" wish" co##and, see Kiteau" Syntaxe des Propositions" pp. &BL8>. The #atter will $e discussed at len th in the chapter on (odes. III. The Expansion of the Subject. (a) I7EA52'R7S AN7 D'R(52'R7S. There are indeed" as already seen" two sorts of words in eneral in the sentence" idea5words and for#5words" as the co#parati!e ra##ars teach us.& The idea5words +called $y Aristotle . , ha!e an inner content in the#sel!es +word5stuff," while the for#5words +. #, express rather relations/ $etween words. Su$stanti!e" !er$" ad3ecti!e" ad!er$ are idea5words" and pronouns" prepositions" so#e ad!er$s +place" ti#e" etc.," the copula are for#5words. In reality the for#5words #ay ha!e $een ori inally idea5words +cf. $" for instance" and the prepositions,. The distinction is a real one" $ut #ore lo ical than practical. The for#5words" when prepositions" really help out the #eanin s of the cases. (b) C'NC'R7 AN7 4'KERN(ENT. Clyde1 offers another distinction" that $etween concord and o!ern#ent" which has so#ethin in it if it is not pushed too far. -In concord" the su$stanti!e is" as it were" a syntactical chief" and all his followers wear the sa#e $ad e as hi#selfE in o!ern#ent" the su$stanti!e appears" as it were" in !arious conditions of ser!ice" and is dressed each ti#e accordin to the particular function he dischar es.. He uses concord where the su$stanti!e is %in and o!ern#ent where the !er$ rules. There is so#ethin in this distinction $etween the two parts of the sentence" only at $otto# the !er$ has concord too as well as the su$stanti!e" as can $e shown" and as Clyde really ad#its $y the ter# con ruity for the case5relations with the !er$. This distinction is not one $etween su$3ect and predicate" $ut $etween su$stanti!e and !er$. (c) THE 4R'HP AR'HN7 THE SH60ECT. This #ay $e for#ed in !arious ways" as" for instance" $y another su$stanti!e" $y an ad3ecti!e" $y the article" $y a pronoun" $y an
V%te(u VI C@>, ?., Essai sur la syntaxe des !oix dans le rec du N. T. 8<e7. .e +,%l., 1#5;9. BBB, Gtude sur le rec du N. T. I, 3e Verbe 81#539; II, 3e SuFet 81#569. 1 Cf. Brug., ?ur@e !er l. 4r., III, p. 631. 2 K.-G., I, p. !. Cly.e C3GDC, ?., Greek Synt(6 81#!69. 3 Gk. Synt., p. 126.

ad!er$" $y a prepositional phrase +ad3unct," $y su$ordinate clause.& Each of these calls for illustration and discussion. They #ay $e explained in in!erse order for practical reasons. &. Dor Su$ordinate Clause ta%e )u. &981. /. With the Article. In Ro. B9&> we ha!e F ) F $ 0. Here the article shows that this prepositional phrase or ad3unct is under the win of the su$stanti!e ). In the chapter on the Article this #atter will call for #ore ela$orate discussion. Dor the article and pronoun ta%e I + ,- +Ac. &9&&,. 1. The Adverb. As exa#ples of ad!er$s with su$stanti!es ta%e U - , +4al. 89/;, and F %< # , +!erse /:,. 8. The Adjective. The ori in of the ad3ecti!e and its close relation to the su$stanti!e was discussed under 7eclensions +chapter KII, and will $e further shown in the chapter on Ad3ecti!es in Syntax. Ta%e as an exa#ple + + +0o. &>9&&,. ;. The S bstantive. The earliest and always a co##on way of expandin the su$3ect was $y the addition of another su$stanti!e. It was done in either of two ways. () !y an obli" e case" usually the eniti!e. E!en the dati!e #ay occur. The a$lati!e is seen in : 4 %4 +Eph. /9&/,. 6ut the eniti!e" the case of enus or %ind" is the case usually e#ployed to express this su$ordinate relation of one word to another. This whole #atter will $e discussed under the eniti!e case and here only one exa#ple will $e #entioned" + > %: +Eph. &9&B," as illustratin the point. () Apposition. This was the earliest #ethod. Apposition is co##on to $oth su$3ect and predicate. So#eti#es indeed the eniti!e is used where really the su$stanti!e is in apposition" as . - - - D - +0o. /9/&," a predicate exa#ple where -te#ple. and -$ody. are #eant to $e identical. So with F $ - +/ Cor. ;9&, and #any other exa#ples. 6ut in eneral the two su$stanti!es are in the sa#e case" and with the su$3ect" of course" in the no#inati!e. As a #atter of fact apposition can $e e#ployed with any case. The use of , #, with words in apposition see#s superfluous" thou h it is perfectly intelli i$le. The word in apposition con!eys the #ain idea" as +)u. /89&<," # $% +(t. /&911,. Cf. #% % +Ac. &9&:, and #% +Ac. 19&8,. So also #% ,= +Ac. /9//," #% V= +Ac. &B9//," an idio# co##on in the Attic orators. Such apposition" of course" is not confined to the su$3ect" $ut is used in any case in e!ery sort of phrase. So 3 = +)u. 89/:," DW $%X +(t. &19;/" $ut note also /&911," ! Y +Ac. &>91/,. So#eti#es the word in apposition precedes the other" thou h not usually. Thus + > %, F 4 +0as. 19:,E . O 3 * F4 ), N +& Cor. ;9B,. 6ut this is lar ely a #atter of definition. The pronoun" of course" #ay $e the su$3ect" as )E ,- +Re!. //9&:,. So )E Z- +4al. ;9/,. Cf. - 8= M [= +)u. &&91<,. The word in apposition #ay !ary reatly in the precise result of the apposition" a #atter deter#ined wholly $y the word itself and the context. Thus in V/O + * +He$. B98, a descripti!e title is i!en. Cf. also $ )E ; 84 T %, + . + %%* +0o. &19&8,. Partiti!e or distri$uti!e apposition is co##on" when the words in apposition do not correspond to the whole" as M %< >, \ < $ 3 &% ,
1 @& ( *(tter )f f(ct (ny &ub&t(nt%7e, 0,(te7er %t& pl(ce %n t,e &entence, *(y be t,e nucleu& )f ( &%*%l(r gr)up%ng. But t,%& %& ( furt,er &ub.%7%&%)n t) be n)t%ce. l(ter. -n t,e gr)up%ng )f 0)r.& (r)un. t,e &ub&t. &ee Delbrck, Vergl. Synt., 3. l., pp. 2AA"221. E)r 7(r%)u& 0(y& )f gr)up%ng 0)r.& (r)un. t,e &ubF. %n ( Gk. &entence &ee K.-G., I, p. $2.

\ %< ). ) - +(t. //9;,. 'ften the word in apposition is #erely epexe etic" as F ] 4 ,% F +0o. B9/,. ^ is so#eti#es used in e#phatic apposition" as + N3 > ), 3 - D +Eph. ;9/1,. The phrase -P is used in epexe etical apposition with the su$3ect" as 7, -P 7E ; +& Pet. 19/>,. 6ut the phrase is a #ere expleti!e and has no effect on nu#$er +as seen a$o!e, or case. It can $e used indifferently with any case as the locati!e +Ro. B9&=," the instru#ental +(%. B9/," the accusati!e +Ac. &<98E He$. &19&;E Phil. &/," the eniti!e +He$. <9&&E &&9&:,. Any nu#$er of words or phrases #ay $e in apposition" as in )/ + %* + , + J, + =, + _*/ . + !", + 4 $ J +Re!. &/9<,. An infiniti!e #ay $e in apposition with the su$3ect" as 8 O %O F ), Q V/O ` Q -, 3 3 B +Ro. 89&1,. Cf. & Th. 891E & Pet. /9&;. 'nce #ore" a clause with J or A #ay $e in apposition with the su$3ect +or predicate either," as ). F , 6 0 $D % + 3 F= +& 0o. ;9&&, and * ) F * - - A O )O - 4 +& 0o. ;91,. Cf. 0o. :9/<" 1<" 8>. Dor #any #ore or less interestin details of apposition in the N. T. and the )XX see Kiteau" S jet# $ompl%ment et Attrib t +&=<:," pp. //>L/1:. 'n apposition in 0ohn see A$$ott" &ohannine 'rammar" pp. 1: ff. 'n the eneral su$3ect of apposition see 7el$rIc%" (ergl. Syntax" 7ritter Teil" pp. &<;L&<<E ?Ihner54erth" I" pp. /=&L/<>. IV. The Expansion of the Predicate. (a) PRE7ICATE IN 2I7ER SENSE. Here predicate #ust $e ta%en in its full sense and not #erely the !er$" $ut also the other ways of #a%in a predicate with the copula. 'ne cannot do $etter here than follow 6ru #ann"& thou h he #a%es the !er$" not the predicate" the centre of this roup. It is si#pler 3ust to ta%e the predicate as the other focus answerin to the su$3ect. The predicate can $e expanded $y other !er$s" $y
@bb)tt @BB- , C. @., Clue. @ Gu%.e t,r)ug, Greek t) 4ebre0 815A;9. BBB, ?),(nn%ne Gr(**(r 815A69. BBB, ?),(nn%ne V)c(bul(ry 815A$9. Delbrck DC3B<HCK, B., A$lati! )ocalis Instru#entalis 81#6!9. BBB, 4rundriM der !er l. 4ra##. d. indo . Sprachen. Syntax. 6de. III"V 81#53, 1#5!, 15AA9. BBB, Intr).uct%)n t) t,e Stu.y )f 3(ngu(ge 81##29. Einleitun in das Sprachstudiu#. 8. Aufl. +&<>8,. ;. Aufl. 815139. BBB, Synta%tische Dorschun en. ; 6de. 81#!1"1###9. K,ner-Gert, KH4=C<-GC< 4, Ausf. 4ra##. d. riech. Spr. 1. Aufl. of ?Ihner. Tl. II" 6de. I, II 81#5#, 15A;9. Brug*(nn B<>G'@==, K., Cle*ent& )f C)*p(r(t%7e Gr(**(r )f t,e In.)-Ger*(n%c 3(ngu(ge& 8tr(n&l(t%)n by /r%g,t, 1#5$9.

su$stanti!es" $y pronouns" $y ad3ecti!es" $y ad!er$s" $y prepositions" $y particles" $y su$ordinate clauses. (b) THE INDINITIKE AN7 THE PARTICIP)E . These are the co##on ways of supple#entin a !er$ $y another !er$ directly. They will $oth call for special treat#ent later and can only $e #entioned here. Cf. a = +(%. :98=, and : +He$. &19/,. 6ut so#eti#es two !er$s are used to ether directly without any connecti!e" as - ]* +(t. /:9&B,. See discussion of asyndeton in this chapter +XII" Connection in Sentences,. (c) THE RE)ATI'N 6ET2EEN THE PRE7ICATE AN7 SH6STANTIKES. This #atter recei!es full treat#ent under the head of Cases" and a word of illustration suffices here. It is not the accusati!e case alone that occurs" $ut any o$liAue case of the su$stanti!e or pronoun #ay $e used to express this relation" as ]= +)u. /&918,. In the case of a copula this case will $e the no#inati!e and for#s the predicate" as ). F ) +& 0o. /9/;,. (d) THE PR'N'HN. It is so#eti#es the expanded o$3ect" as 0= T - +0o. 89/1,. (e) A70ECTIKES. They are co##on with predicates and as predicates. So * 8 +(t. &/9&1,. Cf. @ 4 +0o. />98," */ M +He$. B9/8,. The article and the participle often for# the predicate" as (t. &>9/>. (f) THE A7KER6. The use of the ad!er$ with the predicate is so nor#al as to call for no re#ar%. So + ). 3 > / +& Ti#. 19&:,. Cf. 5 O ) +/ Pet. &9&&,. (g) PREP'SITI'NS. )et one exa#ple ser!e for prepositions9 A > $ " 3 - - +Eph. 19&<,. (h) NE4ATIKE PARTIC)ES AN7 . These are not confined to the predicate" $ut there find their co##onest illustrations. Cf. O 4 +/ Cor. &>9&/, and +4al. :9&8,. (i) SH6'R7INATE C)AHSES. (ost co##only" thou h $y no #eans always" they are expansions of the predicate. The ad!er$ial clauses are #ainly so" as ; 8= A $%> +& 0o. ;9&1," and #ost o$3ect +su$stanti!al, clauses" as the J 0 $D in the sa#e sentence. 6ut ad3ecti!e clauses li%ewise often lin% the#sel!es on to a word in the predicate" as ) NQ ,- \ +Ro. 19/8,. (j) APP'SITI'N 2ITH THE PRE7ICATE AN7 )''SER A(P)IDICATI'NS. It is co##on also" $ut calls for little additional re#ar%. Predicati!e a#plifications" as 2iner +2iner5 Thayer" p. ;/B, calls the#" are co##on. So $ \ )E ) : +& Ti#. /9B," \ + 3 M +Ro. 19/;,. The participle with 9 is freAuent" as F" 9 O * - +/ Cor. &>9/,. Cf. & Pet. /9;. Note also $ as $ M +Ac.
BBB, 4riechische 4ra##ati%. 1. Aufl. 815AA9, t,e e.. :u)te.. Kierte !er#ehrte Aufl. )f @. ,u*b 815139. BBB, 4rundriM der !er l. 4r. d. indo . Sprachen. /. Aufl." 6de. I, II 81#5!"15139. BBB, ?ur@e !er leichende 4ra##ati% der indo er#anischen Sprachen 815A;9. 1 ?ur@e !er l. 4r., III, p. 63; f. Cf. K.-G., I, pp. !!"#2; Delbrck, Vergl. Synt., pp. 1$;" 1#1. /%ner- ,(yer /I=C<- 4@GC<, @ Gr(**(r )f t,e I.%)* )f t,e =. . 81#659. V(r%)u& e.&.

B9/&," a 4ree% idio# parallel to the He$rew and !ery a$undant in the )XX. A co##on construction is to ha!e a clause in apposition with - in an o$liAue case. So we see the accusati!e as in - D 6 a F / - - +)u. &>9&&," a$lati!e as in 0 * %. A ; - U 8< 4 - +0o. &;9&1," locati!e ) W D 6 ) Q +& 0o. 89&1,. Cf. - 6 1 84 +& Cor. &9&/,. )i%ewise the infiniti!e #ay $e in apposition with -" as )Q -, 3 * ) X 3 8" )= +/ Cor. /9&,. Cf. also )u. //91B where b . O ) is in apposition with 3 %= > ) ). Dor an extended predicate with nu#erous classes see Re!. &19&:" = *, T . T *, . T . T , . T ) . T %. V. Subordinate Centres in the Sentence. Each of the words or phrases that the su$3ect or predicate roups around itself #ay for# a fresh nucleus for new co#$inations. Thus the lon sentences with #any su$ordinate clauses rese#$le the cell #ultiplication in life. The N. T. indeed does not show so #any co#plications in the sentence as the #ore rhetorical writers of Athens. In (t. B9&< the su$3ect %% has the participle -" which in turn has its own clause with as ne ati!e and 3 as o$3ect. In 0o. ;91: the predicate has as o$3ect" which has the predicate ad3ecti!e 0" which in turn is followed $y the a$lati!e - ,*. This is all too si#ple to need further illustration. E!en ad!er$s #ay ha!e expansi!e appositi!es as in c% ) U % +)u. 89/1,. Cf. 7el$rIc%" (ergl. Syntax" pp. ///L//B" for discussion of the ad3ecti!e and its connection" and p. //= for the ad!er$. VI. Concord in Person. The concord $etween su$3ect and predicate as to person is so unifor# as to call for little re#ar%. In 4ree% the person was ori inally expressed in the endin . In the later 4ree% the pronoun was increasin ly used in addition +see chapter on Pronouns,. 6ut only i norance would allow one to #ix his persons in the use of the !er$. The only pro$le# occurs when the su$3ect co#prises two or e!en all three persons. Then" of course" the first pre!ails o!er $oth the second and the third. So )E . + 1 ) +0o. &>91>,. Cf. (t. <9&8E )u. /98=E & Cor. <9:. 6ut in 4al. &9= +)O F= ` # ): - , the re!erse is true either $ecause Paul follows the nearest in $oth person and nu#$er or +2iner5Thayer" p. ;&=, $ecause he ac%nowled es thus the superior exaltation of the an el. Then a ain in cases li%e Ac. &&9&8 +X T . " + B , the spea%er #erely uses the person and nu#$er of the first and #ost i#portant #e#$er of the roup. Cf. Ac. &:91&. The su$3ect of person thus easily runs into that of nu#$er" for the sa#e endin expresses $oth. So#eti#es indeed the first and second persons are used without any direct reference to the spea%er or the person addressed. Paul in particular is fond of ar uin with an i#a inary anta onist. In Ro. /9& he calls hi# d # " + . So also /91. In Ro. <9/> Paul is !ery earnest" - T BE cf. also &&9&BE &898. In & Cor. &>91> the first person #ay $e used in this representati!e way. The sa#e #ay $e true of 4al. /9&=" $ut not of /9&<. Ro. B9BL/; is not so clear. The !ehe#ence of passion ar ues for Paul*s own experience" $ut note in =9/. Cf. 6lass" 'r. of ). T. '*." p. 1&B. 'n the whole su$3ect of a ree#ent in person see 7el$rIc%" (ergl. Synt." p. //< f.E ?Ihner5 4erth" I" p. =/. Dor chan e in person see / 0o. =E & Cor. &>9BL&>. VII. Concord in Number. Here we ha!e a dou$le concord" that $etween su$3ect and predicate +$oth !er$ and ad3ecti!e if copula is used, and that $etween su$stanti!e and ad3ecti!e in eneral. It is si#pler" howe!er" to follow another di!ision. (a) SH60ECT AN7 PRE7ICATE.

&. T+o $onflicting Principles. 'ne follows the ra##atical nu#$er" the other the sense +O ,. The for#al ra##atical rule is" of course" usually o$ser!ed" a sin ular su$3ect ha!in a sin ular !er$" a plural su$3ect ha!in a plural !er$. This is the o$!ious principle in all lan ua es of the Indo54er#anic roup. It was once true of the dual also" thou h ne!er to the sa#e extent. (oulton& aptly says9 -(any 4ree% dialects" Ionic conspicuously" had discarded this hoary luxury lon $efore the co##on 4ree% was $orn.. The Attic a!e it a te#porary lease of life" -$ut it ne!er in!aded Hellenistic" not e!en when a He$rew dual #i ht ha!e $een exactly rendered $y its aid.. I dou$t" howe!er" as pre!iously shown +ch. KII" I" 1," (oulton*s explanation that the dual pro$a$ly arose in prehistoric days when #en could count only two. That was indeed a prehistoric ti#eN Pro$a$ly the dual was rather the effort to accent the fact that only two were #eant" not #ore" as in pairs" etc. Hence the dual !er$ e!en in Attic was not always used" and it was an extra $urden to carry a special inflection for 3ust this idea. No wonder that it !anished utterly in the . /. )e ter Pl ral and Sing lar (erb. 6ut the fails to respond to the Attic rule that a neuter plural inani#ate su$3ect ta%es a sin ular !er$. Ho#er indeed was not so insistent and the -#odern 4ree% has one $ac% co#pletely and exclusi!ely to the use of the plural !er$ in this instance as in others../ The N. T." li%e the in eneral" has $ro%en away fro# the Attic rule and responds #ore to the sense" and also #ore often re ards a neuter plural as really plural. It ne!er was a $indin rule" thou h #ore so in Attic than in Ho#er. In the !ernacular the people treated the neuter plural li%e other plurals. +Rader#acher" ). T. 'r." p. <:., Hsually a neuter plural in the N. T. that has a personal or collecti!e #eanin has a plural !er$.1 So ) +(t. &>9/&," O % +0as. /9&<," )0- +(t. :91/," O +(%. 19&&,. 6ut the only rule on the #atter that is true for N. T. 4ree% is the rule of li$erty. The papyri show the sa#e !ariety of usa e.& So does the )XX. In the exa#ples i!en a$o!e the (SS. often !ary sharply and exa#ples of the sin ular !er$ occur with all of the#" % #ore freAuently with the sin ular !er$" as $> % * +)u. =91>," $ut * in next !erse. So in )u. 898& we ha!e % ): and a little further on 6 e%. In 0o. &>98 we see a si#ilar chan e in the sa#e sentence" O / Q = 6 &%. The sa#e indifference to the Attic rule appears a$out thin s as a$out persons. Thus A U O - - +0o. <91, and )* O G +)u. /89&&,. In Re!. &9&< we find f $. . f . The predicate ad3ecti!e will" of course" $e plural" e!en if the !er$ is sin ular" as * ) O +& 0o. 19&>,. Cf. 4al. ;9&<. 2iner/ and +to so#e extent, 6lass1 feel called on to explain in detail these !ariations" $ut one has to confess that the success is not $rilliant. It is $etter to re ard this indifference to
1 +r)l., p. $!. 2 Bl(&&, Gr. )f =. . Gk., p. !#. <(.er*(c,er <@DC<'@C4C<, 3., Neut. 4ra##ati%. 7as 4riechisch des N. T. i# Jusa##enhan #it der Kol%ssprache 815119. 3 Ib. -n t,e 0,)le &ubFect )f c)nc)r. %n nu*ber &ee K.-G., I, pp. #2"##; Delbrck, Vergl. Synt., 3. l., pp. 23A"235; G%l.er&lee7e, Gk. Synt., pp. $2"$$. 1 ')ult)n, Cl. <e7., Dec., 15A1, p. ;36. 2 /.- ,., p. $1; f.

con ruity as chiefly an historical #o!e#ent characteristic of the as shown a$o!e. E!en the Attic did not insist on a sin ular !er$ with a neuter plural of ani#ate o$3ects when the nu#$er of indi!iduals was in #ind. The neuter plural was in ori in a collecti!e sin ular. In & Cor. &>9&& the (SS. differ #uch $etween / and g. 1. $ollective S bstantives. These show a si#ilar dou$le usa e" Thus we ha!e )* . 3 J +(%. 191/, and so #ore co##only with these collecti!e su$stanti!es li%e J, >, $, . 6ut plenty of exa#ples of construction accordin to sense occur. So + %< = J +(t. /&9=,. So#eti#es we ha!e $oth to ether" as h Q J , 6 )D +0o. :9/,. 2here there was such li$erty each writer or spea%er followed his $ent or the hu#our of the #o#ent. The sa#e !ariation is to $e noticed with the participle. Thus + 6 + D 3 )* $ +0o. B98<,. Here the predicate is plural with the !er$. Cf. also )u. /19&. 6ut in Ac. ;9&: the participle is plural" thou h the !er$ is sin ular li%e >. Cf. also Ac. /&91:E /;9/8E )u. /9&1. It is not" of course" necessary that a predicate su$stanti!e should a ree in nu#$er with the su$3ect. So )< ) N- +/ Cor. 191,. 8. The Pindaric $onstr ction. Another co#plication is possi$le when se!eral su$3ects are united. If the predicate follows this co#pound su$3ect" it is put in the plural nearly always. 6ut the -Pindaric construction. +> Z%, puts the !er$ in the sin ular. 6lass says 4er#an cannot do this" and he i nores the N. T. exa#ples.& In 0as. ;9/ f. we ha!e a stri%in exa#ple9 i - 84 , . O M* 84 / , + 3 84 . + # . Here is natural li%e the En lish translation" Fis can%ered* +A.K.,. Note also (t. :9&<" 6 . /4 0 +Fwhere #oth and rust doth corrupt"* A.K.,. 'ther exa#ples are (%. 898&" . + # . F * 8 QE & Cor. &;9;>" 6 O: . j / - > %. Here the principle of anacoluthon su ested $y (oulton/ will hardly apply. It is rather the totality that is e#phasi@ed $y the sin ular !er$ as in the En lish exa#ples. 6ut when the predicate co#es first and is followed $y se!eral su$3ects" anacoluthon #ay !ery well $e the explanation" as in the Sha%espearean exa#ples i!en $y (oulton. The si#plest explanation +see under ;, is that the first su$3ect is alone in #ind. Thus in & Cor. &19&1 . %< , ), *, O - +cf. En lish Fand now a$ideth faith" hope" lo!e" these three"* li%e the 4ree%,. Cf. also & Ti#. :98. Howe!er" in (t. ;9&=" 1 k X + 3 . F >" it see#s rather the totality that is e#phasi@ed as a$o!e. See 0o. &/9//. In Re!. <9&/" $%T % . O -" pro$a$ly the neuter conception of the inter3ection pre!ails" thou h 3ust $efore we ha!e F . F . In )u. /911" @ + - . F *0" the copula follows one plan and the participle another. So also @ +(t. /B9:&,. 0ust so l m> . n - +(t. &B91,. Cf. Eph. 89&B f. In Re!. /&9&:" 3 > . 3 * . 3 ; > & )" the neuter plural ad3ecti!e and sin ular copula are re ular.
3 Gr. )f =. . Gk., p. !#. 1 Ib., p. !5. 2 +r)l., p. $#. S)*et%*e& S,(ke&pe(re u&e. ( &%ngul(r 7erb f)r t,e &(ke )f *etre 8E(rr(r, Gk. Synt., p. 6$9, (t )t,er t%*e& *)re l%ke )ur *).. Cng.I 1It %& n)0 ( ,un.re. ye(r& &%nce,2 etc. Cf. Gk. A, etc. Cf. (l&) <%e*. (n. G)elJer, Synt., p. 1#; G%le&, '(n. )f C)*p. +,%l)l., pp. 263"26#.

;. Sing lar (erb +ith ,irst S bject. It is !ery co##on indeed for the !er$ to ha!e the sin ular with the first of the su$3ects. Cf. 0o. /9/" &/E 19//E &=9&;E Ac. &&9&8. 6ut on the other hand we ha!e Q ,*/ . ,* M M. o/% +(%. &>91;,. Cf. also )u. /19&/E 0o. /&9/E Ac. ;9/8. In Ac. /;9/1 one participle is sin ular and the other plural. So in Ac. ;9/< we #eet . %< Z . M B. 2ith a the !er$ is usually in the sin ular in the N. T. So (t. &/9/; " ` $ = P ]> . Cf. also (t. ;9&=E &=9=E Eph. ;9;. In 4al. &9= 6lass& thin%s it would $e i#possi$le to ha!e 0D with F= ` #. 6ut the i#possi$le happens in 0as. /9&;" )O %3 ` % . 8*. 2e ha!e a si#ilar difficulty in En lish in the use of the dis3uncti!e and other pronouns. 'ne will loosely say9 -If any one has left their $oo%s" they can co#e and et the#.. :. The -iterary Pl ral. 2e ha!e already #entioned the use of the plural in a %ind of i#personal way to conceal one*s identity" as +(t. /9/>," $- +)u. &/9/>, and the eneral indefinite plural li%e 9 +Re!. /9/8,. The critics disa ree sharply a$out it +the literary plural,. 6lass/ flatly denies that we ha!e any ri ht to clai# this literary plural in Paul*s Epistles $ecause he associates others with hi#self in his letters. 2iner1 insists that Paul often spea%s in his apostolic character when he uses the plural and hence does not always include others. (oulton8 considers the #atter settled in fa!our of the epistolary plural in the . He cites fro# the papyri se!eral exa#ples. So T$.P. /: +iiO6.C., J ) Z%p F=" 6.H. 88< +iiLiiiOA.7., 6 X -" &. H. S. xix </ +iiOA.7., = , > *, . 0 F4. 7ic%; has #ade an exhausti!e study of the whole su$3ect and produces parallels fro# late 4ree% that show how easily )D and F= were exchan ed. The #atter can $e clarified" I thin%. To $e in with" there is no reason in the nature of thin s why Paul should not use the literary plural if he wished to do so. He was a #an of culture and used to $oo%s e!en if he used the !ernacular in the #ain. The late 4ree% writers didE the papyri show exa#ples of it. 4. (illi an +Thess." p. &1/, cites T$. P. ;= +iiO6.C., 8pIp//E P. Hi$. 88 +iiiO6.C., )*;p+4pKE P. Heid. : +i!OA.7., p* . E and an inscription" possi$ly a rescript of Hadrian" '. 4. I. S 8=8" -p qrs;*p/p%: F=p)%*p)pF*p 0. 6esides" 6lass: ad#its that we ha!e it in & 0o. &98" where * does not differ in reality fro# * of /9&. 6ut in 0o. /&9/8 &% pro$a$ly is in contrast to 0ohn" who uses B 3ust $elow. In 0o. &9&8" as certainly in &9&:" others are associated
1 Gr. )f =. . Gk., p. #A. 2 Ib., p. 166. 3 /.- ,., p. $1!. ; +r)l., p. #6. ?. H. S. J. H. S., ,e ?)urn(l )f 4ellen%c Stu.%e& 83)n.)n9. D%ck DICK, 7er schriftstellerische Plural $ei Paulus 815AA9. $ 7er schriftstell. Plu. $ei Paulus 815AA9, p. 1#. 6 Gr. )f =. . Gk., p. 166.

with the writer. The author of He$rews also uses the sin ular or plural accordin to the hu#our of the #o#ent. Thus p +&19&=, and the next !erse 4 p4. Cf. also :9&" 1" <" &&" with &19// f. Now as to Paul. In Ro. &9; he has %P I )*/ * . . Surely he is tal%in of no one else when he #entions . 6lass& o!erloo%s this word and calls attention to * as applica$le to all. Then a ain in Col. 891 F= is followed in the sa#e !erse $y %%. It is clear also in & Th. /9&=" hp)E < Z-. 6ut what really settles the whole #atter/ is / Cor. &>9&L&&9:. Paul is here defendin his own apostolic authority where the whole point turns on his own personality. 6ut he uses first the sin ular" then the plural. Thus 4 +&>9&," 4, 0 +&>9/," +&>91," F= +&>9B," , $ +&>9=," %: +&>9<," ) +&>9&&," +&>9&1," etc. It is not credi$le that here Paul has in #ind any one else than hi#self. Cf. also / Cor. /9&8LB9&: for a si#ilar chan e fro# sin ular to plural. The use of the literary plural $y Paul so#eti#es does not" of course" #ean that he always uses it when he has a plural. Each case rests on its own #erits. 0esus see#s to use it also in 0o. 19&&" \ &% - . \ ]* -. In (%. 891> +4 +D / - -., Christ associates others with hi# in a !ery natural #anner. (b) SH6STANTIKE AN7 A70ECTIKE. The concord $etween ad3ecti!e and su$stanti!e is 3ust as close as that $etween su$3ect and !er$. This applies to $oth predicate and attri$uti!e ad3ecti!es. Here a ain nu#$er is confined to the sin ular and the plural" for the dual is one. Cf. in lieu of the dual the curious 3 . T . t +Re!. &/9&8,. 2hen ad3ecti!es and participles de!iate fro# this accord in nu#$er or ender +Eph. 89&B f.E & Cor. &/9/E Re!. &<9&8," it is due to the sense instead of #ere ra##ar" O . Thus in (%. <9&; we ha!e + J $%" Ac. 19&& % " + 3 /" )u. /9&1 " $" (%. =9& J J . ) +note $oth," Ac. /&91: > *0" etc. Cf. + J )* +0o. B98<,. In Ph. /9: 3 B & Q the plural ad3ecti!e differs little fro# & in ad!er$ial sense. Cf. - ) $ +0o. :9<," k & - +)u. &;9/:,. (c) REPRESENTATIKE SIN4H)AR. 6ut other points co#e up also a$out the nu#$er of the su$stanti!es. 'ne is the use of the sin ular with the article to si nify the whole class. The exa#ples are freAuent" such as + 3 u +(t. &/91;," = +/ Cor. &/9&/," + )* +)u. &>9B," - ,% +Ro. 19&," 3 +0as. /9:,. This discussion a$out the nu#$er of nouns could #ore properly $e treated under syntax of nouns" $ut I ha!e no such chapter. Cf. Cases. (d) I7I'(ATIC P)HRA) IN N'HNS. A$stract su$stanti!es occur in the plural in the N. T. as in the older 4ree%" an idio# forei n to En lish. Thus : +(%. B9//," ; +0as. /9&,. Cf. also (t. &;9&<E O & Cor. B9/. In / Cor. &/9/> and & Pet. /9& $oth the sin ular and the plural occur in contrast. This use of the plural of a$stract su$stanti!es does indeed lay stress on the separate acts. So#e words were used al#ost exclusi!ely in the plural" or at any rate the plural was felt to $e #ore appropriate. So $4 in the sense of Fworld* +He$. &9/, or Feternity"* as $ T $4 4 $D +4al. &9;," or with sin ular and plural" as - $4 4 $D +Eph. 19/&,. Cf. also O u for Fthe sanctuary* +He$. =9/, and u v for Fthe #ost Holy Place* +He$. <91,. The word is used in the sin ular often enou h" and
1 Gr. )f =. . Gk., p. 166. 2 D%ck, 7er schriftstell. Plu. $ei Paulus, 15AA, p. $3. '%ll%g(n, St. +(ulD& Cp%&t. t) t,e ,e&&., 15A#, p. 131 f. (gree& 0%t, D%ck.

always so in the 4ospel of 0ohn" as &91/" $ut the plural is co##on also. Cf. Paul*s allusion to -third hea!en. +/ Cor. &/9/," an apparent reflection of the 0ewish idea of se!en hea!ens. In En lish we use -the hea!ens. usually for the canopy of s%y a$o!e us" $ut F / 4 4 unifor#ly in the N. T." as (t. 19/. The He$rew is partly responsi$le for . The so5called -plural of #a3esty. has an ele#ent of truth in it. Dor further details see 6lass" 'r. of ). T. '*." p. =1. A nu#$er of other words ha!e this idio#atic plural" such as ) %:4, ): 4, ): +(t. /;911," $ O %:O +0o. /&9:," ) = %:= +(%. &:9;," 3 4 +(t. /9&," 3 %4 +(t. =9&&," +Ac. ;9&<," +(t. &:9&=," +)u. &:9/1,. 6ut the sin ular of so#e of the# is also found" as ) U U +(t. /9<," ) %:w +Eph. &9/>," 3 > +Ac. &/9:,. The plural of M* see#s to #ean only M* +not D also, in 0o. &<9/1 +cf. &<9/,. Dor the plural A note 0o. &9&1. The na#es of feasts are often plural" such as O ) +0o. &>9//," O +(%. :9/&," O #0 +(%. &89&," * +(t. //9/," *// +Ac. &B9/,. So also so#e cities ha!e plural na#es" as , +(t. /9&," V> +Ac. &B9&:," ( +Col. &9/,. 7ifferent are ) +& Cor. &:91," O +(t. /B9;," O 7;D +)u. 19&8," %> +Ro. <98,. (e) I7I'(ATIC SIN4H)AR IN N'HNS . 'n the other hand the sin ular appears where one would naturally loo% for a plural. A neuter sin ular as an a$stract expression #ay su# up the whole #ass. Thus " 6 in 0o. :91B refers to $elie!ers. Cf. also 0o. &B9/. The sa#e collecti!e use of the neuter sin ular is found in 3 +He$. B9B,. So not 3 D +)u. &91;, $ut " 3 +& 0o. ;98,. The sa#e conceal#ent of the person is seen in 3 &% +/ Th. /9:,. The neuter plural indeed is !ery co##on in this sense" as O *, O >" etc. +& Cor. &9/B f.,. Then a ain the sin ular is used where the su$stanti!e $elon s to #ore than one su$3ect. So % +(%. =9&B," ) U %x 4 +)u. &9::," ). 4 +(t. &B9:," 0* 7T 84 +Eph. :9&8," )% = +Re!. :9&&," 3 D 4 +Ac. B98;," %O * +Ac. 19&=," ) > 3 4 +0o. &>91<,. In & Cor. :9;" O - %-" the difficulty lies not in " $ut in the sin ular %-. The fuller for# would ha!e $een the plural or the repetition of the word" %- . %-. In all these !ariations in nu#$er the N. T. writers #erely follow in the $eaten trac% of 4ree% usa e with proper freedo# and indi!iduality. Dor copious illustrations fro# the ancient 4ree% see 4ilderslee!e" 'ree* Syntax" pp. &BL;<.& (f) SPECIA) INSTANCES. Two or three other passa es of a #ore special nature call for co##ent. In (t. /&9B +)* )* 4, it is pro$a$le that 4 refers to O M*" not to J . 3 4. In (t. /89/: ) U )W and ) =
G%l.er&lee7e GI3DC<S3CCVC, B. 3., C.%t%)n& )f +%n.(r (n. ?u&t%n '(rtyr. BBB, 3(t%n Gr(**(r. '(ny e.%t%)n& &%nce 1#6!. BBB, =)te& )n St(,lD& Synt(6 )f t,e Greek Verb 8151A9. BBB, =u*er)u& (rt%cle& %n t,e @*er%c(n ?)urn(l )f +,%l)l)gy. 1 Cf. (l&) Delbrck, Vergl. Synt., 1. l., pp. 133"1!2, 3. l., pp. 2;A"2;#; K.-G., B.. I, pp. 2!1 ff.; Brug., Gr%ec,. Gr., pp. 365"3!3.

 are in contrast. In (t. /B988 M X is not to $e ta%en as plural for the sin ular. Pro$a$ly $oth reproached 0esus at first and afterwards one rew sorry and turned on the other" as )u. /191< has it. In (t. //9& and (%. &/9& B ) /= is followed $y only one para$le" $ut there were dou$tless others not recorded. In (t. <9=" )%: 3 3 3 % ): = D" we ha!e a dou$le sense in %" for 0esus had the ): in a sense not true of D who ot the $enefit of it. So in Ac. &198> 3 $ ) = is #erely eAui!alent to ) //W 4 4 +Ac. B98/,. 'n these special #atters see 2iner5 Sch#iedel" p. /;&. Cf. / +Ara#aic dual, and *0 +He$. <9;,. VIII. Concord in Gender. Here we deal only with nouns" for !er$s ha!e no ender. 6ut ender plays an i#portant part in the a ree#ent of su$stanti!e and ad3ecti!e. (a) D)HCTHATI'NS IN 4EN7ER. The whole #atter is difficult" for su$stanti!es ha!e two sorts of ender" natural and ra##atical. The two do not always a ree. The apparent !iolations of the rules of ender can enerally $e explained $y the conflict in these two points of !iew with the additional o$ser!ation that the ra##atical ender of so#e words chan ed or was ne!er fir#ly settled. All the constructions accordin to sense are due to analo y +(iddleton in Syntax" p. 1<,. Dor further eneral re#ar%s on ender see chapter on 7eclensions. In Ac. &&9/= )u%e has 3 *" not . In Re!. &89&< two enders are found with the sa#e word" / $ 3 - - - 3 . Cf. )u. 89/; and &;9&8. The papyri !ary also in the ender of this word +(oulton" Prol." p. :>,. The co##on ender of +Ac. &<91B" cf. * &<9/B, and si#ilar words is discussed in the chapter on 7eclensions. In Re!. &&98 M ]4 s%ips o!er curiously& and oes $ac% +the participle" not the article, to I yI $ M % )= . M % M )D - > > )4z. 6ut #ore a$out the Apocalypse later. In (%. &/9/=" ). ) D *" 2iner +2iner5Thayer" p. &B=, thin%s that 4 would $e $eside the point as it is rather the eneral idea of omni m. Is it not 3ust construction O P In Ph. /9& & * is difficult after & and & . 6lass/ cuts the %not $oldly $y su estin & in all the exa#ples here which (oulton1 accepts with the sense of si " id valet" $ut he cites papyri exa#ples li%e ) 4H$4" Par. P. &; +iiO6.C.,E $ % O *" 6.H.1/: +iiOA.7.,. See also )O % # 4" A#h. Pap. II" =;" &&" and )O % #/ " ib." &;. Cf. Rader#acher" ). T. 'r." p. &=8. Perhaps after all this correction #ay $e ri ht or the text #ay $e corrupt. The scri$e could easily ha!e written for $ecause of the
/%ner-Sc,*%e.el /I=C<-SC4'ICDC3, /%nerD& 4ra##ati% des neutest. Sprachidio#s. =. Aufl. 81#5;B9. '%..let)n 'IDD3C -=, @n(l)gy %n Synt(6 81#529. BBB, ,e D)ctr%ne )f t,e Greek @rt%cle 81#$$9. 1 But ')ult)n 8Cl. <e7., @pr., 15A;, p. 1$19 c%te& fr)* t,e p(p. nu*er)u& f(l&e gen.er c)nc)r.& l%ke , etc. Cf. <e%n,)l., 7e 4raec. etc., p. $!; Kru*b(c,er, +r)b. .. neugr. Sc,r%ft&pr., p. $A. 2 Gr. )f =. . Gk., p. #1. 3 +r)l., p. $5.

precedin exa#ples. A noddin scri$e #ay e!en ha!e thou ht * fe#inine sin ular. 6ut what is one to say of in Re!. <9&/E &&9&8P Shall we thin%8 of ; or P In (t. /&98/ +(%. &/9&&," O ) 5 .

" we #ay ha!e a translation of the He$rew +Ps. +&&B, &&=9/1," for C is used 3ust $efore in reference to { |- would $e the 4ree% idio# for . It is e!en possi$le that #ay refer to . So also U Y* in Ro. &&98 co#es fro# the )XX +0er. /9=E /9/=E B9<E Hos. /9=,. Cf. U Y* U %* in To$it &9; 6. See 7eclensions for further re#ar%s. (b) THE NEHTER SIN4H)AR. This is not always to $e re arded as a $reach of ender. 'ften the neuter con!eys a different conception. So in the Auestion of Pilate" ) E +0o. &=91=,. Cf. also C + E +4al. 19&<," ) #E +He$. /9:," k & -E +)u. &;9/:," $ %= B %< lE +4al. :91,. 6ut on the other hand note B +Ac. ;91:," ). F * ) +(t. //91=," F ;E +Ro. &&9&;," ) F )E +Eph. &9&=,. In particular o$ser!e + Z ) +Ac. &/9&=, and I %< +0o. /&9/&,. Cf. also - * +twice, in & Pet. /9&< f." where - is predicate and really refers to $ 8 and $ 8=. Cf. also F ; = ) > > +)u. &/9/1,. Indeed - #ay $e the predicate with persons" as -* @ +& Cor. :9&&,. The neuter ad3ecti!e in the predicate is perfectly nor#al in cases li%e M3 Q W F ) +/ Cor. /9:,. So also 3 U Fx F > +(t. :918,. Cf. also the readin of 7 in Ac. &/91. 6lass& treats a$o!e and M ) in )u. //91= as li%e the )atin satis. The neuter sin ular in the collecti!e or eneral sense to represent persons is not peculiar to the N. T. So 3 +/ Th. /9:," " 6 +0o. &B9/," 3 +)u. &<9&>," etc. So the neuter plural also as O O - , O > +& Cor. &9/B,. The neuter article 3 } +4al. 89/;, deals with the +ord Ha ar" not the ender of the person. In 0as. 898 % in 2. H. stands without . " $ut none the less #ay $e re arded as co#prehensi!e./ Cf. O +(t. &/91<, and Hos. /98" /1. In & Cor. &;9&> note $. 6 $" not 6" a different idea. (c) EXP)ANAT'RC 6 ) AN7 -P . A special idio# is the relati!e 6 as an explanation +6 ), and the de#onstrati!e -P " which are $oth used without #uch re ard to the ender +not to say nu#$er, of antecedent or predicate. Thus in (%. 19&B J Y, 6 ) M. />E &/98/ O % 6 ) %*E &;9&: > >, 6 ) DE &;9// ~O , 6 ) +cf. (t. /B911,E G//, \ +0o. &91=,E &98/ m 6 )E Col. 19&8 *, 6 ) %E Eph. :9&B *, 6 ) G> -. 6lass& o$ser!es that it is only in the Apocalypse that this explanatory relati!e is assi#ilated to the antecedent or predicate" as *%, # $ O +Re!. 89;," $ut 7T ]*, A $ O +;9:,. 6ut it is otherwise with the ordinary relati!e" as + 3 - -, A ) 8= +& Cor. 19&B,E [, t ). D +Ac. &:9&/,E 83 4 , t ). = 1%: +Ph. &9/=,E ) = ; 8< 84, t ). %: 84 +Eph. 19&1,. The use of -P is a
; /.-Sc,., p. 2$$. 1 Gr. )f =. . Gk., p. !6. 2 Cf. /.-Sc,., p. 2$;. 1 Gr. )f =. . Gk., p. !!.

co##on idio# in the later 4ree% +less so in the older, and is exactly eAui!alent to the )atin id est and has no re ard to case" nu#$er or ender. So ?p-P +(t. /B98:,E -P T % +He$. B9;,. Cf. He$. /9&8E <9&&" etc. See further p. 1<<" and ch. XK" KII" +d," &>. (d) THE PARTICIP)E. It often has the construction O " as in (%. <9/:" *: . O *: referrin to 3 -. Cf. )u. /9&1 " $ > *0 +Ac. /&91:,E /4 +/;9/8,. 6ut on the other hand note O > +)u. /19&,. So also in & Cor. &/9/ E Eph. 89&B f. )E Re!. 89= 0Q, P E &&9&; . * +cf. " Re!. <9&8,E &<9&8 )%%. Cf. +Re!. &B91,. 2iner +2iner5Thayer" p. ;/:, ta%es ) in Eph. 89&= with 8". Cf. also > +Ac. ;9&:,. Cf. )u. &<91B. So yM )z +4al. &9// f.,. 6ut in Re!. /&9&8 3 = see#s a #ere slip. 6ut 0Qp +Re!. 89B, #ay $e #ere confusion in sound of and . See also p +89&," .p +&&9&;," p]4 +&&98,. Rader#acher +). T. 'r." p. =B, cites 0Qp* fro# Apocalypsis Anastasiae +pp. :" &1,. (e) A70ECTIKES. The Auestion of an ad3ecti!e*s usin one for# for #ore than one ender has $een already discussed at len th in the chapter on 7eclensions. Thus " +)u. /9&1, is not a $reach of concord" for is fe#inine. If #asculine and fe#inine are used to ether and the plural ad3ecti!e or participle occurs" the #asculine" of course" pre!ails o!er the fe#inine when persons are considered. Thus @ + - . F *0 +)u. /911,. So also V . Y * +Ac. /;9&1, and e!en with the dis3uncti!e a" as %3 ` % +0as. /9&;,. In Re!. =9B the neuter plural is used of two nouns +one fe#inine and one neuter," *0 . - . Cf. =, W ` W +& Pet. &9&=," sa#e ender. So . /* +(t. 89/8," * > . ): +Eph. &9/&," etc. Thus we #ay note ` $ = +(t. &/9/;," the sa#e ender. 6ut when different enders occur" the ad3ecti!e is usually repeated" as in . . . $% +(%. &19&," " % . " %D +0as. &9&B," 3 3 . > +Re!. /&9&," etc. There is e#phasis also in the repetition. 6ut one ad3ecti!e with the ender of one of the su$stanti!es is $y no #eans unco##on. Thus in He$. <9<" %4* . %*" the last su$stanti!e is followed" while in He$. 19:" )O . 3 // *" the first rules in ender.& Per contra note M3 # in Re!. &/9;. Rader#acher +). T. 'r." p. =:, cites fro# the Iliad" XXII" =8. I . Concord in Case. This is not the place for the syntax of the cases. That #atter $elon s to a special chapter. (a) A70ECTIKES. They concur in the case of the su$stanti!e with which they are used. The !ariations are either indeclina$le for#s li%e / in 0o. &9&8 +a reein with - or %:, or are due to anacoluthon" as 0as. 19= %< 4 %. %* % Db * , $- +so 2. H. punctuate,.

1 -n t,e &ubFect )f gen.er &ee Delbrck, Vergl. Synt., 1. l., pp. #5"133; Brug., Gr%ec,. Gr., pp. 36$"365. 2 ,e e66. )f t,%& %n.ecl. u&e )f (re (bun.(nt %n 'SS. )f t,e =. ., )ccurr%ng %n *)&t p(&&(ge& )f t,e =. . See Bl(&&, Gr. )f =. . Gk., p. #1. ,e p(p. c)nf%r* t,e =. . 'SS. See ')ult)n, +r)l., p. $A. See c,. VII, 2, 8f9, )f t,%& b))k, f)r .et(%l&.

(b) PARTICIP)ES. They lend the#sel!es readily to anacoluthon in case. Thus %: = . = /, *; +Ac. &;9// f.,. See (%. B9&< 0. (%. :9< has 8%%" whereas $efore we ha!e = and &" $ut 2. H. read )% +Nestle" )%,. In (%. &/98>" M . " we ha!e a no#inati!e in apposition with the a$lati!e 3 4 4 . In Ph. 19&= f. T ) is in a ree#ent with the case of " while M - $elow s%ips $ac% to . So#eti#es" as in ) O +Ro. 19/," the su$stanti!e will #a%e sense as su$3ect or o$3ect of the !er$. In He$. <9&> %Dp) in apposition with s%ips o!er the parenthetical clause $etween. Cf. also perhaps :* +)u. /898B," :* +Ac. &9//. Cf. )u. /19;," :* +Ac. &>91B,. Note this idio# in )u%e*s writin s. (c) THE 6''? 'D REKE)ATI'N. It is full of !ariations +solecis#s, fro# case5 concord" especially in appositional clauses. Thus in Re!. B9< after B%, . $% we first ha!e the no#inati!e with $% and then the accusati!e with B%. Thus + * +Re!. &9;, retains the no#inati!e rather than the a$lati!e 3 ,- N-" whereas in &&9&= T is in apposition with the dati!e = %, { Cf. />9/ where + J +text" #ar . acc., is in apposition with the accusati!e 3 %*. The papyri show the idio#. Cf. - %-p+ %* y%%{z in )etr. &8< +iiOA.7.," V pM* in 6.4.H. &>>/ +iO6.C.,. Cf. (oulton" Prol." p. :>. The Apocalypse is thus $y no #eans alone. See also O q- Zs 3 8 6.4.H. =8: +iiOA.7.," a |> P. Par. ;& +6.C. &:>," )< O " ib. In particular the participle is co##on in the no#inati!e in the Apocalypse. In the case of 3 + . + @ . + ) the no#inati!e is e!idently intentional to accent the unchan ea$leness of 4od +&98,. Cf. this for#ula in &9=E 89=E &&9&BE &:9;. i 4 occurs as a set phrase" the case $ein expressed $y which follows. So in /9/: Q +4 also,E 19&/ " /& Q. 6ut in Q 4 %D Q /9B" &B" the case is re ularly in the dati!e without anacoluthon. The wron case appears with in &9&: +al#ost separate sentence, if it is #eant to refer to - or ender if E <9&8 ++ in apposition with W,E &>9/ +sort of parenthesis" cf. &9&:,E &89&8 +loosely appended,E &<9&/ +loose connection of ,. In ;9: and &B91 has wron ender and case. This participle see#s to $e strun on loosely enerally" $ut in /&9&& f. the proper case and ender occur. Cf. also F +/9/>, and +&89B,. In &89&/ M - is a loose addition li%e F / +19&/,. (ore difficult see#s ) W +&9&;," #ar in . In &<9/> - 3 > the participle a rees in ender with and in case with . Rader#acher +). T. 'r." p. =:, cites P - 3 +- +A#h. Pap. II" &&& to &&1" where re ularly the accusati!e of a participle is in
=e&tle =CS 3C, C., EinfIhrun in das riech. N. T. /. Aufl. 81#559. Intr).. t) t,e e6tu(l Cr%t. )f t,e =. . 8 r. 15A19. BBB, No!u# Testa#entu# 4raece. #t, e.. 8151A9. BBB, Septu(g%nt 84(&t%ng&D D. B., 15A29. BBB, Septua inta5Studien. I"V 81##6"15A!9. BBB, Ku* neute&t. Gr%ec,%&c, 8K. =. /., 7%%, 15A69.

apposition with a eniti!e or a$lati!e,. He i!es also 'xy. P. I N &/>" /;" %% O F= %-E Dlinders5Pet. Pap. III 8/ C +1, 1" % 83 V )/*. 7itten$er er +'r. inscr. :&&, i!es !/- and M in apposition. 6ut the point of difficulty in the Re!elation of 0ohn is not any one isolated discord in case or ender. It is rather the reat nu#$er of such !iolations of concord that attracts attention. As shown a$o!e" other $oo%s of the N. T. show such pheno#ena. '$ser!e especially )u%e" who is a careful writer of education. Note also Paul in Ph. &91> where +cf. this word in Re!., is used with 8=" and / Cor. B9; F4p /. Si#ilar discords occur in the )XX" as in 0er. &89&1E 7an. &>9;LBE & (acc. &19&:E & (acc. &;9/=E and indeed occasionally in the !ery $est of 4ree% writers. The exa#ple in & (acc. &19&: +3 , is worth sin lin out for its $earin on $oth case and nu#$er. Nestle +/inf. in das griech. ). T." p. <> f., notes the indeclina$le use of and in the )XX" li%e . a . Cf. Nestle" Phil. Sacra." p. B. See also T hac%eray" 'r." p. /1. 'ne #ust not $e a sla!ish #artinet in such #atters at the expense of !i our and directness. The occasion of anacoluthon in a sentence is 3ust the necessity of $rea%in off and #a%in a new start. 6ut the Apocalypse de#ands #ore than these eneral re#ar%s. 2iner +2iner5Thayer" p. ;18, calls attention to the fact that these irre ularities occur chiefly in the description of the !isions where there would naturally $e so#e excite#ent. (oulton& ar ues fro# the fact that the papyri of uneducated writers show freAuent discord in case that 0ohn was so#ewhat $ac%ward in his 4ree%. He spea%s of -the curious 4ree% of Re!elation". -the i#perfect 4ree% culture of this $oo%.. He notes the fact that #ost of the exa#ples in $oth the papyri and Re!elation are in apposition and the writer*s - ra##atical sense is satisfied when the o!ernin word has affected the case of one o$3ect../ (oulton1 cites in illustration Sha%espeare*s use of -$etween you and I.. This point indeed 3ustifies 0ohn. 6ut one #ust o$ser!e the co#parati!e a$sence of these syntactical discords in the 4ospel of 0ohn and the Epistles of 0ohn. In Ac. 89&1 $oth Peter and 0ohn are called * . $%4. This need not $e pushed too far" and yet it is noteworthy that / Peter and Re!elation are 3ust the two $oo%s of the N. T. whose 4ree% 3ars #ost upon the cultured #ind and which show #ost %inship to the in so#ewhat illiterate papyri. 'ne of the theories a$out the relation $etween & Peter and / Peter is that Sil!anus +& Pet. ;9&/, was Peter*s scri$e in writin the first Epistle" and that thus the 4ree% is s#ooth and flowin " while in / Peter we ha!e Peter*s own so#ewhat uncouth" unre!ised 4ree%. This theory rests on the assu#ption of the enuineness of / Peter" which is #uch disputed. So also in Acts )u%e refines Peter*s 4ree% in the reports of his addresses. Now in 0o. /&9/8 we see# to ha!e the co##ent of a $rother +or se!eral, on the 4ospel of 0ohn which he has read and
,(cker(y
4@CKC<@G,

4. S ., @ Gr(**(r )f t,e -. . %n Greek. V)l. I, Intr).uct%)n, -rt,)gr(p,y (n. @cc%.ence 815A59.

BBB, <el(t%)n )f St. +(ul t) C)nte*p)r(ry ,)ug,t 815AA9. 1 C6p., ?(n., 15A;, p. !1; Cl. <e7., @pr., 15A;, p. 1$1; +r)l., pp. 5, 6A. 2 Cl. <e7., @pr., 15A;, p. 1$1; +r)l., p. 5. 3 Ib. 'erc,. )f Ven%ce, %%%, 2. Cf. (l&) 4(rr%&)n, +r)l. t) t,e Stu.y )f Gk. <el., p. 16#. In t,e @tt%c %n&cr. t,e n)un %& f)un. %n (pp)&%t%)n 0%t, t,e (bl., t,e l)c. (n. %n (b&)lute e6pre&&%)n&. Cf. 'e%&ter,., @tt. In&c,r., p. 2A3 f.

appro!ed. (oulton& naturally su ests the hypothesis that the 4ospel and Epistles of 0ohn had the s#oothin hand of this $rother of culture +perhaps in Ephesus," while in the Apocalypse we ha!e 0ohn*s own rather uncultured 4ree%. 'ne #ay add to this the idea of 2iner a$out possi$le excite#ent and passion due to the reat ideas of the $oo%. In the Isle of Pat#os 0ohn" if still there" would ha!e little opportunity for scholarly help and the $oo% #ay ha!e one out unre!ised. There are other theories" $ut this #atter of authorship is not the ra##arians* tas%. (d) 'THER PECH)IARITIES IN APP'SITI'N . Durther exa#ples of apposition call for illustration. Thus in & 0o. /9/;" ). F ), 3 ) F=, 0 $D" we ha!e 0 in the case of the relati!e +$ecause nearer, and not in that of the antecedent. Then a ain in 0o. &91= G// is explained as %%*" !ocati!e in the predicate +cf. also />9&:," while in &98& m$ is naturally interpreted as N. In 0o. &19&1 + %%* is in apposition with where we would use Auotation5#ar%s. 6ut this passa e needs to $e $orne in #ind in connection with Re!elation. In & Cor. &:9/&" U )U . Z" note the eniti!e in apposition with the possessi!e pronoun )U accordin to the sense of the possessi!e" not its case. 'nce #ore the co##on use of the eniti!e of one su$stanti!e in practical apposition has already $een noted in this chapter" III" +c," ;" Apposition. Thus F ] 4 0 +)u. //9&,. The use of -P with any case has already $een alluded to under 4ender. Note (%. B9/E Ac. &<98E Ro. B9&=E Phil. &/E & Pet. 19/>E He$. <9&&E &&9&:" etc. In 3 - D +Eph. ;9/1, i!es e#phasis to the apposition. In!erse attraction of antecedent to case of the relati!e +see Pronouns, is really apposition. (e) THE A6S')HTE HSE 'D THE CASES +nominative# genitive# ablative and acc sative,. These will recei!e treat#ent in the chapter on Cases. So#e of the peculiar no#inati!es noted in Re!elation are the nominativ s pendens" a co##on anacoluthon. Cf. - f = +)u. /&9:," + 4 . + 4 +Re!. /9/:,. The parenthetic no#inati!e is seen in 0o. &9:" J Q ,*" where ,* #i ht ha!e $een dati!e. 6ut here #erely the #ention of the fact of the a$solute use of the cases is all that is called for./ . Position of !ords in the Sentence. (a) DREE7'( DR'( RH)ES. The freedo# of the 4ree% fro# artificial rules and its response to the play of the #ind is ne!er seen $etter than in the order of words in the sentence. In En lish" since it has lost its inflections" the order of the words in the sentence lar ely deter#ines the sense. 2hether a su$stanti!e is su$3ect or o$3ect can usually $e seen in En lish only thus" or whether a i!en word is !er$ or su$stanti!e" su$stanti!e or ad3ecti!e. E!en the )atin" which is an inflectional ton ue" has #uch less li$erty than the 4ree%. 2e are thin%in " of course" of 4ree% prose" not of poetry" where #etre so lar ely re ulates the position of words. The N. T. indeed en3oys the sa#e freedo#& that the older 4ree% did with perhaps so#e additional independence fro# the !ernacular as contrasted with the older literary lan ua e. The #odern 4ree% !ernacular has #aintained the 4ree% freedo# in this respect +Thu#$" Handb." p. />>,. The Se#itic ton ues also ha!e #uch li$erty in this #atter. In En lish it is co##on to see words in the wron place that #a%e a$surd $un les" as this" for instance9 -The #an rode a horse with a $lac% hat.. In 4ree% one #ay say = + 3 M, +
1 +r)l., p. 5. See (l&) K(,nD& Intr., L !;. 2 Cf. G%l.er&lee7e, Gk. Synt., p. 3; Brug., Gr%ec,. Gr., pp. 3!3"3!6. 1 Bl(&&, Gr. )f =. . Gk., p. 2#!.

= 3 M or = 3 M3 + " accordin to the stress in the #ind of the spea%er./ (b) PRE7ICATE 'DTEN DIRST. In 4ree% prose" where the rhetorical ele#ent has less play" the predicate !ery co##only co#es first" si#ply $ecause" as a rule" the predicate is the #ost i#portant thin in the sentence. Thus * M . Q +(t. ;91," T ) : +)u. &98/," ) % +)u. /9&," . ) +/91," / % +/98," etc. 6ut this is true so often" not $ecause of any rule" $ut si#ply $ecause the predicate is #ost freAuently the #ain point in the clause. 6lass1 e!en underta%es to su est a tentati!e sche#e thus9 predicate" su$3ect" o$3ect" co#ple#entary participle" etc. 6ut 2iner8 ri htly re#ar%s that he would $e an e#pirical expositor who would insist on any unaltera$le rule in the 4ree% sentence sa!e that of spontaneity. (c) E(PHASIS. This is one of the rulin ideas in the order of words. This e#phasis #ay $e at the end as well as at the $e innin of the sentence" or e!en in the #iddle in case of antithesis. The e#phasis consists in re#o!in a word fro# its usual position to an unusual one. So v3 T > % +0as. 19&/,. Thus in )u. &9&/ we ha!e . / ) )P " $ut in Ac. &<9&B . ) / ). * . So#eti#es the words in contrast are $rou ht sharply to ether" as in 0o. &B98" )D )%:" and &B9;" - %: . So 84 )- )u. &>9&:. Note also the intentional position of + * in He$. B98 R %* V/O % ) 4 , + *. So also in & Pet. /9B" 8= C F = " note the $e innin and the end of the sentence. This rhetorical e#phasis is #ore co##on in the Epistles +Paul*s in particular, than in the 4ospels and Acts for o$!ious reasons. Thus o$ser!e the position of in Ro. &&9&B and of = in !erse /1. In He$. :9&< > . // do not co#e in i##ediate contact with # as ad3ecti!es usually do. '$ser!e also the e#phatic cli#ax in at the end of the sentence in He$. B9/=. Cf. a%p= in (t. 19&>. Note the sharpness i!en to in & Cor. &9&B $y puttin it first. So &>9;. In & Cor. /9B - throws proper e#phasis upon -. The position of the su$ordinate clause !aries reatly. It often co#es first" as in )u. &9&L8. (d) THE (IN'R 2'R7S IN A SENTENCE. In eneral they co#e close to the word to which they $elon in sense. Thus the ad3. is near the su$st. and after it. So % 04 +0o. 89&>," %%* +(%. &>9&B," 0 $D +ib.,. 6ut o$ser!e 6 # 8> +0o. B9/1," $oth ad3s. So also note %P % +(t. &/981," 3 +(t. &19/B," )3 # +(t. &19/=," where the ad3. i!es the #ain idea. 2ith the repeated article the ad3. has increased e#phasis in + + +0o. &>9&&,. 2ith - u this is the usual order +as (t. 19&&," $ut also 3 u - +Ac. &9=, or 3 - 3 u +0o. &89/:,. In Ac. &9; the !er$ co#es in $etween the su$stanti!e and ad3ecti!e +) / vW, to i!e unity to the clause. So in (t. &9/>" ) ) v. Cf. 0 $D +& 0o. ;9&1,. In Ac. /:9/8 note thus" O * * $ . So also in & Cor. &>98 co#es $etween and . The position of the eniti!e !aries reatly" $ut the sa#e eneral principle applies. The eniti!e follows as in = > * +)u. 89//," unless e#phatic as in 4 +0o. &>9;,. There is sharp e#phasis in 4 A in 0as. 191. A eniti!e #ay $e on each side of the
2 ?(nn., 4%&t. Gk. Gr., p. 312. 3 Gr. )f =. . Gk., p. 2#!. ; /.- ,., p. $$1.

su$stanti!e as in F4 $ - +/ Cor. ;9&,. Sharp contrast #ay $e expressed $y proxi#ity of two eniti!es" as in 3 D , 84 %< +Ph. /9/;,. There #ay $e so#e contrast also in T % +0o. &19:,. 6ut the personal enclitic pronouns ha!e a tendency to co#e early in the sentence without e#phasis" as 4 h* M 7 +0o. <9&>,. Cf. A 6.4.H. 8/1 +iiOA.7.,. Rader#acher +). T. 'r." p. <>, notes reat freedo# in the position of the eniti!e in the Attic authors and in the inscriptions. In the case of + # I and I + # one #ust not loo% for any fine5spun distinction" thou h the sa#e eneral principle of e#phasis exists. In the #atter of - * +)u. &/91>, and * - +(t. :91/, the first word carries the e#phasis 3ust as in " + J and + J ". Cf. * O - D +& Cor. &/9&/, and M F4 * +& Cor. &>9&, with + " +4al. ;9&8,. Note the co##on 4ree% T B +0o. =9/;,. The !ocati!e is often at the $e innin of the sentence" as % +0o. &B9/;," $ut not always" as in 4 %< 8", % +& Cor. &9&>,. In 0o. &89< * , [ the !ocati!e naturally co#es after the pronoun. It co#es within the sentence" as d +Ac. &9&," or at either end accordin as occasion reAuires. So#e set phrases co#e in for#al order" as #% %. . +Ac. B9/," li%e our -$rethren and sisters". -ladies and entle#en". etc. 'ther con!entional phrases are #% . = +Ac. =91," . 4 . % +(t. &89/&," . F +Ac. />91&," O: . j +(t. &:9&B," /4 . +Ro. &89&B," 0D . 4 +Ac. &>98/,E > . * +Ac. 89/8," FW . X +)u. /&9/;," - - . > > +(t. &&9/;," W . W +)u. /89&<," ,% . +Ro. 19<," %- %< ) +4al. 19/=,. The ad!er$ enerally has second place" as 8;3 +(t. 89=," $ut not always" as O +/ Ti#. 89&;,. 6lass& notes that (atthew often puts the ad!er$ after i#perati!es" as /* - +(t. /B98/," $ut $efore indicati!es" as 84 +(t. &<9/>," a refine#ent so#ewhat unconscious" one #ay suppose. In eneral the words o to ether that #a%e sense" and the interpretation is so#eti#es left to the reader*s insi ht. In Eph. /91" a 7>" note the position of $etween and 7>. In Ro. =91" v ) U " the ad3unct ) U oes in sense with " not v. 6ut this #atter co#es up a ain under the Article. In (t. /9/" &% O - 3 ) U U" pro$a$ly ) U U $elon s in sense to the su$3ect +Fwe $ein in the east"* etc.,./ (e) EHPH'NC AN7 RHCTH(. It will not do to say that e#phasis alone explains e!ery unusual order of words in a 4ree% sentence. Ta%e 0o. <9:" for instance" ) 3 3 ). T 7. Here - is entirely re#o!ed fro# 7 and is without particular e#phasis. It was pro$a$ly felt that the eniti!e of the pronouns #ade a wea% close of a sentence. '$ser!e also 0o. <9&>" M 7 +cf. <9&&,. Thus also <9&B" /:" 1>. Note - 3 T % +0o. &&91/, and # + % +ib.,. So T % +0o. &19:, where so#e e#phasis $y contrast #ay exist in spite of the enclitic for# . Cf. 8= ) in Ph. 19&. 6ut on the other hand we ha!e + % in 0o. &&9/& +cf. &&9/1 , and S,(rp S4@<+, G., <e*(rk& )n t,e Def%n%t%7e @rt%cle %n t,e Greek )f t,e =. . 81#A39. 1 Gr. )f =. . Gk., p. 2#5. 2 +)rp,yr%)& 3)g)t,ete& (& :u)te. by @gne& 3e0%& S*%t, %n C6p. %*e&, Eeb., 15A#, p. 23!.

 +0o. &>9&=,. The tendency to draw the pronouns toward the first part of the sentence #ay account for so#e of this transposition" as in O * * $ +Ac. /:9/8," $ut the #atter oes #uch $eyond the personal pronouns" as in ) / vW +Ac. &9;," O 1 % +Re!. 19=," etc. 6ut a lar e a#ount of personal li$erty was exercised in such tra3ection of words.& Is there any such thin as ryhthm in the N. T.P 7eiss#ann/ scouts the idea. If one thin%s of the carefully $alanced sentences of the Attic orators li%e Isocrates" )ysias and 7e#osthenes" 7eiss#ann is correct" for there is nothin that at all approaches such artificial rhyth# in the N. T." not e!en in )u%e" Paul or He$rews. 6lass1 insists that Paul shows rhyth# in & Cor. and that the $oo% is full of art. He co#pares8 Paul with Cicero" Seneca" Q. Curtius" Apuleius" and finds rhyth# also in He$rews which -not
1 B)l.t, 7e li$. )in . 4rRc. et )at. Colloc. Ker$. Capita Sel., p. 1#6. De%&&*(nn DCISS'@==, @., B%ble Stu.%e& 815A19. r. by @. Gr%e7e; cf. 6i$elstudien 81#5$9 (n. Neue 6i$elstudien 81#5!9. BBB, 6i$lische 4rScitSt etc. 8 ,e)l. <un.&c,(u, -kt. 15129. BBB, 7ie Hellenisierun des se#itischen (onotheis#us 8=. ?(,rb. f. .. kl. @lt., 15A39. BBB, 7ie neut. Dor#el 1%n C,r%&t)2 81#529. BBB, 7ie Sprache d. riech. 6i$el 8 ,e)l. <un.&c,(u, 15A6, =). 1169. BBB, 7ie Hr eschichte des Christentu#s i# )ichte der Sprachforschun 8Intern. /)c,., 3A. -kt. 15A59. BBB, Hellenistisches 4riechisch 84erJ)g-4(uckD& <e(lencyc., VII, 1#559. BBB, )icht !o# 'sten 815A#9. BBB, 3%g,t fr)* t,e @nc%ent C(&t 8151A9. r. by Str(c,(n. BBB, =e0 3%g,t )n t,e =. . 815A!9. r. by Str(c,(n. BBB, +(pyr% 8Cncyc. B%bl., III, 15A29. BBB, St. +(ul %n t,e 3%g,t )f S)c%(l (n. <el%g%)u& 4%&t)ry 815129. 2 Theol. )iteratur@eit., 15A6, p. ;3;; C6p., ?(n., 15A#, p. !;. Bl(&& B3@SS, E., Acta Apostoloru# 81#5$9. BBB, 7ie riech. 6eredsa#%eit !on Alex. $is auf Au ust. 81#6$9. BBB, 7ie Rhyth#en der asianischen und rT#ischen ?unstprosa 815A$9. BBB, 7ie rhyth#. ?o#pos. d. He$r.56riefes +Theol. Stud. und ?rit. , 15A2, pp. ;2A";619. BBB, E!an eliu# sec. )u%a# 81#5!9.

unfreAuently has a really oratorical and choice order of words..; He cites in He$. &98 W 4 6W %D P T JE &9;E &&91/E &/9&" =" etc. In 4ree% in eneral he su ests that li!ely and ani#ated discourse i!es rise to dislocations of words. Now one would thin% 6lass ou ht to %now so#ethin of 4ree% style. 6ut 7eiss#ann will ha!e none of it. He refers 6lass to Schra##" who wrote in &B&> of 0e st penda er ditione Pa li apostoli and thin%s that 6lass is wilful and ar$itrary in his use and proof of rhyth#. 'n the other hand Sir 2. (. Ra#say& contends that Paul was a $etter Hellenist in point of culture than so#e suppose" and %new 4ree% philosophy and used it. It is after all partly a dispute a$out ter#s. If $y rhyth# one #eans race and char# of diction that naturally $elon to the expression of ele!ated ideas under the stress of chastened passion" surely one would $e hypercritical to deny it to & Cor. &1 and &;" Ac. &B" Ro. = and &/" Eph. 1" 0o. &8L&B" He$. / and &&" not to #ention #any $eautiful passa es that see# perfect li%e pearls. At white heat nature often stri%es off what is $etter than anythin #ere art can do e!en as to $eauty of for# and expression. )u%e/ #ay e!en ha!e %nown Thucydides" and yet one has no ri ht to expect the -niceties of lan ua e1 in the !ernacular which contri$ute so #uch to the char# of Plato.. Intonation and esture in spo%en lan ua e ta%e the place of these lin uistic refine#ents to a !ery lar e extent. It is true that Paul*s -4ree% has to do with no school" with no #odel" $ut strea#s unhindered with o!erflowin $u$$lin direct out of the heart". $ut -yet is real 4ree%". as 2ila#owit@5 (Tllendorff8 re#ar%s. 2ila#owit@5(Tllendorff does indeed hold that Paul %new little
3 7ie Rhyth#en der asian. und rT#. ?unstprosa, 15A$, pp. ;3, $3. ; Ib., pp. !3 f., !!. Cf. 4(.ley, -n @nc. Gk. <,yt,* (n. 'etre %n C&&. +,%l. (n. Cr%t., pp. #1 ff. $ Gr. )f =. . Gk., p. 2##. Cf. K(rncke, 7ie Entstehun der riech. )iteratursprachen, p. $ f., f)r g)). re*(rk& (b)ut r,yt,*. See (l&) De0%ng, ,e -r%g. )f t,e @ccentu(l +r)&e <,yt,* %n Gk., @*. ?)ur. )f +,%l)l., 151A, pp. 313"32#. <(*&(y <@'S@G, /. '., C%t%e& (n. B%&,)pr%c& )f +,ryg%(. 2 7)l&. 81#5$, 1#5!9. BBB, St. +(ul t,e r(7eller 81#569. 1 ,e C%t%e& )f +(ul, 15A#, pp. 6, 1A, 3;. Cf. 4%ck&, St. +(ul (n. 4ellen. 2 ?. 4. S*%t,, S,)rt Stu.. )n t,e Gk. e6t )f t,e @ct& )f t,e @p)&t., +ref. 3 ?. 4. ')ult)n, Intr. t) t,e Stu.y )f =. . Gk., p. !. /%l(*)0%tJ-'Mllen.)rff /I3@'-/I K-'N33C=D-<EE, >. V-=, 7ie riech. )iteratur des Altertu#s +7ie ?ult. d. 4e enw. , 15A!, l. I, @bt. 7%%%, pp. 3"23#. 3. @ufl. 15129. BBB, U$er die Entstehun der riech. Schriftsprachen 8Kerf. deutscher Phil. und Schul#. , 1#!5, pp. 36";19. ; 7ie riech. )it. des Altert., p. 1$5. l. I, @bt. #, 7ie ?ultur der 4e enw., 15A!. /. 4. +. 4(tc,, ?.B.3., 15A5, p. 1;5 f., &ugge&t& P { %n ?(&. 1I1!.

4ree% outside of the 4ree% 6i$le" $ut he thin%s that his letters are uniAue in 4ree% literature. 'n Paul*s Hellenis# see chapter IK" and also 4. (illi an" /pistles to the Thess." p. l!. 'n p. l!i (illi an ta%es the writer*s !iew that the -well5ordered passa es. and -splendid out$ursts. in Paul*s writin s are due to natural e#otion and instincti!e feelin rather than studied art. 6ult#ann +0er Stil der Pa linischen Predigt nd die 1ynisch2stoische 0iatribe" &<&>, finds that Paul had the essential ele#ents of the Stoic 7iatri$e in his ar u#entati!e style +Auestion and answer" antithesis" parallelis#" etc.,. Paul*s art is indeed li%e that of the Cynic5Stoic 7iatri$e as descri$ed $y 2endland"; $ut he does not ha!e their refine#ent or o!erpunctiliousness.: It is not surprisin to find that occasionally N. T. writers show unintentional #etre" as is co##on with spea%ers and writers of any lan ua e. In the Textus Receptus of He$. &/9&1 there is a ood hexa#eter" " $ut the critical text spoils it all $y readin =. So also one #ay find two tri#eters in He$. &/9&8 f. +Ip," one in 0o. 891; +*p," one in Ac. /19; +#p4,. 4reen +Handboo* to the 'r. of ). T. '*." p. 1;:, cites the accidental En lish anapRstic line -To preach the accepta$le year of the )ord". the hexa#eter -Hus$ands" lo!e your wi!es" and $e not $itter a ainst the#". and the ia#$ic couplet -Her ways are ways of pleasantness" and all her paths are peace.. 6ut surely no one would call these writers poets $ecause occasional #etre is found in their writin s. There is an unconscious har#ony of soul $etween #atter and for#. Paul does indeed Auote the 4ree% poets three ti#es" once an ia#$ic tri#eter acataleptus fro# the co#ic poet (enander +& Cor. &;911, " thou h one anapRst occurs +so#e (SS. ha!e P," once half an hexa#eter fro# Aratus +Ac. &B9/=, " and a full hexa#eter fro# Epi#enides of Crete +Tit. &9&/, ; . How #uch #ore Paul %new of 4ree% poetry we do not %now" $ut he was not i norant of the philosophy of the Stoics and Epicureans in Athens. 6lass& indeed thin%s that the author of He$rews studied in the schools of rhetoric where prose rhyth# was tau ht" such as the careful $alancin of endin with endin " $e innin with $e innin " or endin with $e innin . He thin%s he sees proof of it in He$. &9& f." 1" 8 f.E &/9&8 f." /8. 6ut here a ain one is inclined to thin% that we ha!e rather the natural correspondence of for# with thou ht than studied rhetorical i#itation of the schools of Atticis# or e!en of Asianis#. 2e cannot now follow the lead of the old writers who saw #any fanciful artistic turns of phrase./ Antitheses and parallelis#s could $e treated here as expressions of rhyth#" $ut they can $e handled $etter in the chapter on Di ures
Bult*(nn B>3 '@==, <., 7er Stil der paulinischen Predi t und die %ynischstoische 7iatri$e 8151A9. /en.l(n. /C=D3@=D, +., Christentu# und Hellenis#us 815A!9. BBB, Hellen.5rT#. ?ultur. 1. Aufl. 815129. $ 6eitr. @ur 4esch. der 4%. Phil. und Rel., 15A$, p. 3 f. 6 ?. /e%&&, 6eitr. @ur Paulin. Rhet., 1#5!, p. 16! f. Green G<CC=, S. G., 4(n.b))k t) t,e Gr(**(r )f t,e Greek =. . <e7. C.. 815A;9. 1 Gr. )f =. . Gk., p. 25! f.

of Speech. As a speci#en of an early Christian hy#n note & Ti#. 19&:. Harnac% +The 3ndependent" 7ec. /=" &<&/, ta%es this as a Christ#as hy#n. Eli@a$eth +)u. &98/L8;," (ary +&98:L;;, and Jacharias +&9:BLB<, $rea% forth into poetic strains with so#ethin of He$rew spirit and for#. In Eph. ;9&8 we ha!e another possi$le fra #ent of a Christian hy#n. The )ord*s Prayer in (t. :9<L&1 is i!en in #etrical arran e#ent $y 2. H. Cf. Hort" 3ntr. to ). T. in '*." p. 1&< f. In eneral on N. T. parallelis# see 6ri s" 4essiah of the 'ospels and 4essiah of the Apostles. In & Cor. &1 one can see the $eauty and #elody of a har#onious arran e#ent of words. See also the latter part of & Cor. &;. (f) PR')EPSIS is not unco##on where either the su$stanti!e is placed out of its ri ht place $efore the con3unction in a su$ordinate clause li%e * A 4 +/ Cor. /98, and /O )O +& Cor. :98," or the su$3ect of the su$ordinate clause e!en $eco#es the o$3ect of the pre!ious !er$ li%e $%= 3 ,- ) +)u. &<91,. Cf. Ac. &191/. 6ut this $eto%ens no studied art. Cf. (%. =9/8E )u. &>9/:E Ro. <9&<" />E &898" &>E & Cor. &;91:. So F= in Ac. 19&/. (g) HCSTER'N PR'TER'N. 2e occasionally #eet also an exa#ple of li%e - - / . / +0o. &9;&," a natural in!ersion fro# our point of !iew. 6ut 2iner +2iner5Thayer" p. ;;1, does not ad#it this fi ure in the N. T. Certainly not all the apparent exa#ples are real. The order of . )D +0o. :9:<, is 3ust as true as that of . ) +0o. &B9=,. Cf. also 4 . v +Ac. 19=, and t . * +Ac. &89&>, where each order suits the special case. Cf. & Ti#. /98 and / Pet. &9< for alle ed exa#ples that disappear on close exa#ination. (h) HCPER6AT'N. Ad!er$s so#eti#es appear to $e in the wron place" a pheno#enon co##on in all 4ree% prose writers. In & Cor. &89B 6 would co#e in #ore s#oothly 3ust $efore )*" $ut it is perfectly intelli i$le where it is. Cf. also 4al. 19&; for si#ilar use of 6. Cf. distance of a% fro# = +(t. 19&>,. In Ro. 19< * is our Fnot at all"* while in & Cor. &:9&/ * Fwholly not"* 3ust as in & Cor. &;9;& * #eans Fall of us shall not sleep"* not Fnone of us shall sleep.* Cf. also * in & Cor. ;9< f." an explanation of the ne ati!e 3ust $efore" Fnot wholly.* In the case of in Ro. 89&/" &:" the words are separated and in 89&/ the repetition of the article = #a%es see# Auite #isplaced. 2iner +2iner5Thayer" p. ;;;, is certainly ri ht in insistin that 6 +/ Cor. 19;, is not to $e treated as 6 . Cf. ApP A +/ Cor. &19B,. A #ore difficult passa e is found in He$. &&91" $ 3 ) O / " where is the ne ati!e of the phrase ) 3 / . In eneral the ne ati!e co#es $efore the word or words that are ne ati!ed. Hence & +Ac. &<91>," +4al. 19/>,. 6ut note . %%* +0as. 19&,. 6lass +'r. of ). T. '*." p. /;B, notes the possi$le a#$i uity in Ac. B98= $ecause of the use of $efore + ; instead of $efore =. '$ser!e in stron contrasts how stands o!er a ainst * +Ro. /9&1,.
2 Cf., f)r %n&t(nce, Ger&.)rf, 6eitr. @ur Sprachchara%t. d. Schriftst. d. N. T. , 1#16, pp. 5A, $A2. 4(rn(ck 4@<=@CK, @., 3uke t,e +,y&%c%(n 815A!9. BBB, ,e @ct& )f t,e @p)&tle& 815A59.

6lass& has little sy#pathy with the ra##atical de!ice of hyper$aton to help out exe esis. The construction" found in 9 3 % % +0o. &&9&=, has $een supposed to $e a )atinis# when co#pared with )u. /89&1. So also with 3 : F4 - * +0o. &/9&, was for#erly considered a )atinis#. 6ut (oulton/ shows conclusi!ely that it is 7oric and Ionic $efore the possi$ility of )atin influence" and $esides is co##on in the papyri" a #ere coincidence with the )atin. See also ch. XIII" KII" +#," ;. (i) P'STP'SITIKES. A nu#$er of words are always postpositi!e in 4ree%. In the N. T. #, *, , %, , , C, ne!er $e in a sentence" in har#ony with ancient 4ree% usa e. These words co##only in the N. T. co#e in the second place" always so with +0o. 89/B" etc.,. In the case of the third place is occasionally found as & Pet. /98" the fourth as / Cor. &>9&" the fifth in Eph. 89&&E 0o. &:9//" or e!en the sixth in 0as. 19&B. It occupies the se!enth place in Her#. Si#. !iii" ;9& +(r. H. Scott has noted,. In eneral these words !ary in position accordin to the point to $e #ade in relation to other words. So also C is #ore co##only in the second" $ut !aries to the third +0o. &:9//, and fourth +& Cor. =98,. The sa#e re#ar% applies to *" for which see (%. &91=E / Cor. &9&<. As to %" it #ay not only o to the fourth place +0o. =9&:," $ut e!en appears in the fifth +& 0o. /9/," . 4 F %. It stands in the sixth place in Test. XII. Patr. 0udah" <9& +(r. H. Scott reports,. In the case of it follows naturally the word with which it $elon s as in Ro. =91/ +6 ," e!en in the case of * +)u. /89/&, which is always separated in the older 4ree%. Cf. also & Eph. 19/. L in the apodosis +notV)*, or with relati!es or con3uncti!es" ne!er $e ins a clause in 4ree%. It is usually the second word in the apodosis" either after the !er$" as B # +0o. &89/," or after " as # +(%. &19/>," or the interro ati!e" as # +)u. <98:,. 2ith the relati!e # follows directly or as the third word" as \ # and \ %P # +(t. /19&:,. | usually follows the word directly" as in +(t. //9&>," e!en after a preposition" as +Ac. /;9/1,E $ut note 4 )4 +Ac. &89;,. (j) D)HCTHATIN4 2'R7S. There is another roup of words that !ary in the #atter" now postpositi!e" now not. Thus # #ay $e first in the clause +(t. &/9/=," contrary to older 4ree% custo#. So also # +(t. B9/>, and # C +Ro. B91,. Except in a few instances li%e Ro. =9& the exa#ples where # is postpositi!e in the N. T. are in Auestions after the interro ati!e or after a con3unction. 'nce +Ro. &>9&=, - $e ins the sentence. | occurs only three ti#es and twice $e ins the sentence +)u. />9/;E He$. &19&1, as - does +He$. &/9&,. The indefinite . so#eti#es co#es first in the sentence" as < % +)u. :9/,. Enclitics can therefore stand at the $e innin " thou h not co##only so. In the case of 1 its position is usually $efore the word except with the interro ati!e" as 1 +Ac. &<91/," or a relati!e" as I A +)u. 89&=,. 6ut * follows its case sa!e in * +& 0o. 19&/,. N precedes the word" $ut note I +He$. &/9&8,. The N. T. therefore shows rather #ore freedo# with these words. (*) THE 'R7ER 'D C)AHSES IN C'(P'HN7 SENTENCES. 6lass& considers this a #atter of style rather than of ra##ar. 2hen the whole sentence is co#posed of a principal clause" with one or #ore su$ordinate clauses" the order of these clauses is lar ely dependent on the flow of thou ht in the spea%er*s #ind. In the case of
1 Gr. )f =. . Gk., p. 25A. 2 +r)l., pp. 1AA ff. Cf. (l&) 3OO, (& @*)& 1I1; ;I!, etc. 1 Gr. )f =. . Gk., p. 251.

conditional as (t. &B98" final as in (t. &B9/B" and relati!e clauses as in (t. &:9/;" the dependent $y rule precedes the principal clause. There is usually a lo ical $asis for this order. 6ut in 0o. &<9/= the final clause so#ewhat interrupts the flow of the sentence. Cf. also Ro. <9&&. In / Cor. =9&>" A 3 > O . 3 : 3 " there is no !iolent chan e of order. )o ically the willin preceded the doin and #a%es the natural cli#ax. 6lass/ is undou$tedly ri ht in refusin to ta%e W * as dependent on $ +& Cor. &;9/,. In 0o. &>91: we #eet a so#ewhat tan led sentence $ecause the antecedent of 6 is not expressed. Here is the principal !er$" the apodosis of the condition" and has two o$3ects +the relati!e clause and the 6 clause, with a causal clause added. So in 0o. &>91= we ha!e a ood exa#ple of the co#plex sentence with two conditions" a final clause" an o$3ect5clause" $esides the principal clause.1 I. Compound Sentences. (a) T2' ?IN7S 'D SENTENCES . The sentence is either si#ple or co#pound. The co#pound is nothin $ut two si#ple sentences put to ether. All that is true of one part of this co#pound sentence #ay $e true of the other as to su$3ect and predicate. The sa#e lin uistic laws apply to $oth. 6ut in actual usa e each part of the co#pound sentence has its own special de!elop#ent. The two parts ha!e a definite relation to each other. 'ri inally #en used only si#ple sentences. Cf. 6ru #ann" 'riech. 'r." p. ;;/. (b) T2' ?IN7S 'D C'(P'HN7 SENTENCES +Paratactic and Hypotactic,. In parataxis +*:, we ha!e co5ordination of two parallel clauses. Ta%e (%. &891B as an exa#ple" . 1 . 8 T %, . Q ZW. In hypotaxis +8:, one clause is su$ordinated to the other" as in A% $= +(%. &>91=, where $= is in the accusati!e case" the o$3ect of &%. Parataxis is the rule in the speech of children" pri#iti!e #en" unlettered #en and also of Ho#er. Cf. Sterrett" Homer5s 3liad" N. 8<. 'n the two %inds of sentences see Paul" Principles of -ang age" p. &1< f. See also 7el$rIc%" (ergl. Syntax" 1. Tl." pp. /;<L/=:E 6ru #ann" 'riech. 'r." pp. ;;& ff.E ?Ihner54erth" 6d. II" p. 1;&. (c) PARATACTIC SENTENCES. They are !ery co##on in the Sans%rit and in Ho#er +cf. 6ru #ann" 'riech. 'r." p. ;;;, and in the He$rew. In truth in the !ernacular enerally and the earlier sta es of lan ua e parataxis pre!ails. It is #ore co##on with so#e writers than with others" 0ohn" for instance" usin it #uch #ore freAuently than Paul or e!en )u%e. In 0ohn so#eti#es is strained to #ean Fand yet"* as in 19&<E 89/>" etc.& The shows a decided fondness for the paratactic construction which in the #odern 4ree% is still stron er +Thu#$" Handb." p. &=8,. As in the #odern 4ree%" so in the N. T. " accordin to lo ical seAuence of thou ht" carries the notion of F$ut"* Fthat"* $esides Fand yet"* introducin Auasi5su$ordinate clauses. Dor details concernin paratactic con3unctions see chapter on Particles. In the use of +cf. He$. , after
2 Ib. 3 -n t,e 0,)le &ubFect )f t,e p)&%t%)n )f 0)r.& %n t,e &entence &ee K.-G., B.. II, pp. $52"6A;. Sterrett S C<<C , ?. <. S., 4)*erD& Il%(. 0%t, Gr(**(r 815A!9. +(ul +@>3, 4., +r%nc%ple& )f t,e 4%&t)ry )f 3(ngu(ge 81###9. r. 1 @bb)tt, ?),. Gr., p. 13$.

) the paratactic $orders !ery close on to the hypotactic 6. Thus ) %< .p3 3 ) +)u. <9;&,. (d) HCP'TACTIC SENTENCES. They are introduced either $y relati!e pronouns or con3unctions" #any of which are relati!es in ori in and others ad!er$s. The su$3ect of con3unctions will de#and special and extended treat#ent later on +chapters on (odes and on Particles," and so will relati!e clauses. 'n the use of the relati!e thus see 6ru #ann" 'riech. 'r." p. ;;1. The propensity of the later 4ree% for parataxis led to an i#po!erish#ent of particles. Hypotactic sentences" once #ore" are either su$stanti!al" ad3ecti!al or ad!er$ial" in their relation to the principal or another su$ordinate clause. Thus in )u. //9/ 3 4 is the su$stanti!e o$3ect of )0" as 3 & is of 0= in )u. //9/1. As a sa#ple of the su$3ect5clause in the no#inati!e ta%e J +(%. 891=,. In (t. B9&/ 6 )O is an ad3ecti!e sentence and descri$es *. In (t. :9&: 6 is an ad!er$ in its relation to . In the $e innin the hypotactic sentence corresponded closely to the principal sentence. Cf. 6ru #ann" 'riech. 'r." p. ;;8. 'n the whole su$3ect of su$stanti!e" ad3ecti!e and ad!er$ sentences see ?Ihner54erth" 6d. II" pp. 1;8L8:;. The #atter has further discussion under (odes +Su$ordinate Clauses,. II. Connection in Sentences. (a) SIN4)E 2'R7S. These ha!e connecti!es in a !ery natural& way" as % . ):p% . +)u. <9&,. 6ut co##on also is p +0o. /9&8," p +/9&;," and rarely p +Ac. /:9&:,. This tendency to $rea% up into pairs is well shown in Ac. /9<L&&. Dor a see (t. ;9&B" * / Cor. B9&&" % Re!. ;91. In enu#erations the repetition of i!es a %ind of sole#n di nity and is called polysyndeton. Cf. Re!. B9&/ F . F %: . F . F . F . F % . F $T Q Q. Cf. also Re!. 89&&E ;9&/E Ro. <98. Note also a si#ilar repetition of 5 in Ro. =91= f. Dor see 0as. ;9&/. So with a in (%. &>9/<. Perhaps" as 6lass su ests"/ polysyndeton is so#eti#es necessary and de!oid of any particular rhetorical effect" as in )u. &89/&. 6ut asyndeton is freAuent also. It often i!es e#phasis. See (t. &;9&<E 0o. ;91E & Cor. &89/8E &;9& f. Dor a stri%in exa#ple of asyndeton see Ro. &9/<L1&" where so#e !ariety is ained $y chan e in construction +case, and the use of ad3ecti!e instead of su$stanti!e" *X %x x :x x, T % % , ;*, *, =, 8/*, 8*, 0, )O 4, - =, , , , . Cf. also & Cor. 19&/. So#eti#es the connecti!e is used with part of the list +pairs, and not with the rest" for the sa%e of !ariety" as in & Ti#. &9< f. An exa#ple li%e is co#pared $y 6lass1 to nolens volens. (b) C)AHSES. 6ut connection is $y no #eans unifor# $etween sentences. This re#ar% applies to $oth the paratactic and the hypotactic sentences. Asyndeton in sentences and clauses is on the whole repu nant to the 4ree% lan ua e in the opinion of

1 -n t,e 0,)le &ubFect )f c)nnect%)n %n &entence& &ee Delbrck, Vergl. Synt., 3. l., pp. ;A6";3!; Brug., Gr%ec,. Gr., pp. $$1"$66; K.-G., B.. II, pp. 22;"$1$. -n (&yn.et)n %n gener(l &ee <%e*. (n. G)elJer, Synt., pp. 3;2"3$#. 2 Gr. )f =. . Gk., p. 2!!. 3 Ib.

6lass.& Hence co#pound sentences in the N. T. usually ha!e connecti!es" $ut not always. &. Paratactic Sentences. The co5ordinatin con3unctions for# the #ost freAuent #eans of connectin clauses into one paratactic sentence. These con3unctions will recei!e special treat#ent in the chapter on Particles and here only so#e illustrations can $e i!en. (, , %, %, %, and %, 5, * are the #ost freAuent particles used for this purpose. They are #ore co##on indeed in historical writin s" as in the 4ospels and Acts. 6ut in the 4ospels the use of !aries a ood deal. (ar%" for instance" has it #ore than 8>> ti#es" while 0ohn contains it only &>>./ 7eiss#ann calls this use of pri#iti!e popular 4ree%. The presence of dialo ue in 0ohn hardly explains all the difference" and e!en in 0ohn the first chapter uses it #uch #ore freAuently than the last. As a ood exa#ple of the use of turn to (t. 89/1L/;. Cf. )u. :9&1L&B and (%. <9/. | is co##on chiefly in the Acts" as &89&&L&1. So#eti#es the use of $etween clauses a#ounted to polysyndeton" as in 0o. &>91" <" &/. _ is perhaps less co##on in clauses +0o. 89:, except with +(t. 19&&,. Dor %< see 0o. /9/. % is illustrated $y (t. ;9&;" * $y ;9&B" 5 $y Ac. /=9/&. 6ut asyndeton appears also" as in )u. :9/B f." ", =, =, " e!en if it $e to a li#ited extent. Cf. 4al. ;9//. 6lass1 points out that that is not a case of asyndeton where a de#onstrati!e pronoun is used which reflects the connection. Cf. thus the use of - in Ac. &:91E 0o. ;9:. 2iner8 finds asyndeton freAuent in cases of a cli#ax in i#passioned discourse" as in & Cor. 89=" a% )b a% ), . F4 )/. The a$sence of the connecti!e i!es life and #o!e#ent" as in D, +(%. 891<,. '$ser!e also 4 %* +(t. ;9/8," : +&=9&;," +(%. /9&&," ) # +(t. /:98:," #, +0as. ;9&,. This use of # is co##on in the old 4ree% +4ilderslee!e" 'ree* Syntax" p. /<,. 6ut in 0o. &98: we ha!e . &%. In & Ti#. 19&: the fra #ent of an early hy#n is neatly $alanced in He$rew parallelis#.
)D ) " )%D ) " l " ) ) " ) ) W" ) %:X.

Here the connecti!e would $e Auite out of place. In contrast the connecti!e #ay also $e a$sent" as in 8= = \ &%, F= - \ &% +0o. 89//,. So Ac. /;9&/. Cf. in particular & Cor. &;98/ ff." ) w, ) ) xb ) x, ) ) %:Xb ) x, ) ) %*b 4 ;, ) 4 . Here the sole#n repetition of the !er$s is li%e the tollin of a $ell. Cf. also 0as. &9&<" T $ 3 -, /%T $ 3 >, /%T $ 7. 0ohn is rather fond of repetition with asyndeton in his report of 0esus* words" as )D $ F +%3
1 Gr. )f =. . Gr., p. 2!6. 2 @bb)tt, ?),. Gr., p. 13;. -n t,e &ubFect )f (&yn.et)n %n ?),n &ee @bb)tt, pp. 65 ff. 3 Gr. )f =. . Gk., p. 2!6. ; /.- ,., p. $3#.

. F . F 0b %. 3 3 $ %P )- +&89:,. Cf. &>9&&E &;9&1" etc. 6ut this sort of asyndeton occurs elsewhere also" as in & Cor. B9&;" %% + %. Cf. also B9/1E Re!. //9&1. A co##on asyndeton in )u%e occurs after . ) without another " as B +&&9&,. /. Hypotactic Sentences. In the nature of the case they usually ha!e connecti!es. The su$ordinatin con3unctions are #ore necessary to the expression of the exact shade of thou ht than in paratactic clauses. The closeness of connection !aries reatly in !arious %inds of su$ordinate clauses and often in clauses of the sa#e %ind. The use of the correlati!e accents this point" as j + )*, - . M )* +& Cor. &;98=,E p +(t. &/98>,. 6ut real antithesis #ay exist without the correlati!e" as in (t. ;98=E :9/. In relati!e clauses the $ond is !ery close and is so#eti#es #ade closer $y a ree#ent of the relati!e and antecedent not only in nu#$er and ender $ut e!en in case" as j +)u. /9/>, and 3 # 6 +& Cor. &>9&:,. There #ay $e se!eral relati!e clauses either co5ordinate +Ac. 19/ f., or su$ordinate to another +Ac. &191&E /;9&; f.,. So also the use of B, , #, , *, % in the apodosis accents the lo ical connection of thou ht. Cf. (t. &/9/=E (%. &19&8E 0o. B9&>E />9/&E & Cor. &;9;8E / Cor. B9&/" etc. 6ut #uch closer than with te#poral" co#parati!e" conditional" or e!en so#e relati!e clauses is the tie $etween the principal clause and the su$ordinate o$3ecti!e" consecuti!e" final and causal clauses. These are directly dependent on the leadin clause. Interro ati!e sentences when in indirect discourse really $eco#e o$3ect5 clauses" li%e 3 # & +)u. //9/1," o$3ect of 0=. The 6, A, 6 +and 9 rarely, clauses are closely %nit to the principal clause as su$3ect" o$3ect +direct or indirect, of the !er$. There is a natural inter$lendin $etween o$3ect and causal sentences" as shown $y the use of 6 for $oth and % in late 4ree% in the sense of Fthat"* o$3ecti!e 6. Cf. " od and " ia in late )atin" and En lish the -reason that. and colloAuial the -reason why.. In 4ree% 6 e!en interchan es with $ +cf. En lish -wonder if. and -wonder that.,. So ) $ t% +(%. &;988,. Cf. Ac. =9//E /:9=. Clauses with the consecuti!e idea usually ha!e the infiniti!e in the N. T. Hypotactic sentences cannot $e here discussed in detail" $ut only as illustratin the point of connection $etween sentences. 2iner& is hardly ri ht in descri$in as asyndeton 0as. ;9&1" = ) 8= " where $ is not used" and the structure is paratactic. He cites also %- ) +& Cor. B9/&,. The Auestions in 0as. /9&< f. are also paratactic. 6ut #ore certain exa#ples exist than these" where either a con3unction has dropped out or" as is #ore li%ely" we ha!e ori inal parataxis. Thus # )/* +(t. B98," # &% +(t. /B98<, can $e co#pared with %- &% +(t. /=9:," %- +Ac. B918," %- +(%. &/9B, and the co##on 4ree% idio# with #, . Cf. 0as. ;9&. In (%. &;91: note # &%. 'ne !er$ really supple#ents the other #uch as the infiniti!e or participle. Cf. En lish -let us see.. In the #odern 4ree% # +a$$re!iation of #, is used unifor#ly as the En lish and al#ost li%e a particle. 'f a si#ilar nature is the asyndeton with : +(t. &19/=, and / +0o. &=91<,. Cf. +(%. &>91:,. Cf. also ) # +(t. /:98:, a$o!e. These are all paratactic in ori in" thou h hypotactic in lo ical seAuence. 6ut see chapter on (odes for further details. In the case of 6, +", /" we can find exa#ples of $oth the con3unctional use of and clear cases of asyndeton with so#e on the $order line. Thus clearly con3unctional is found in / X +& Cor. &>9&/," / )X +Ac. &198>," / +He$. &/9/;,. Asyndeton is undou$tedly in 6 %. %< &X +(%. &988, with which co#pare %=: in the sa#e !erse. Cf.
1 /.- ,., p. $;1.

also (t. =98. Thus a ain +" %. +(t. <91>, where note two i#perati!es as in +", = +(t. /89:,. 6ut in / 8" X +(t. /898, and +" %Q +& Th. ;9&;, the asyndeton is #ore dou$tful" since can $e re arded as a con3unction. Cf. / Cor. =9/>. 1. The 3nfinitive and Participle as $onnectives. A !ery co##on connection is #ade $etween clauses $y #eans of the infiniti!e or the participle" so#eti#es with particles li%e and with the infiniti!e or 9, , " with the participle" $ut usually without a particle. The infiniti"e often is used with the article and a preposition" as ) Q $= +)u. <918,. Hsually the infiniti!e is $rou ht into the closest connection with the !er$ as su$3ect +3 O * " Ro. B9&=, or o$3ect +/ #%" & Ti#. /9=," or in a re#oter relation" as ):> + - = +(%. 891,. The particip#e so#eti#es is an essential part of the predicate" as ) 4 +)u. ;98," or a ain it #ay $e a #ere addend m or preli#inary or e!en an independent state#ent. Thus o$ser!e $D, % . in Ac. &<9=. As further exa#ples of participles so#ewhat loosely strun to ether without a connecti!e in #ore or less close relation to each other and the principal sentence see Ac. &/9/;E &:9/BE /19/B. The eniti!e a$solute is co##on in such accessory participles. The only point to consider concernin the infiniti!e and participle here is the freAuency with which they are used in the structure of the 4ree% sentence. Thus lon sentences are easily constructed and so#eti#es the connection is not clear. DreAuent exa#ples of anacoluthon co#e fro# the free use of the participle" as will $e shown later. See and as instances in / Cor. =9&< f. 6y #eans of the infiniti!e and participle the 4ree% en3oyed #uch elasticity and freedo# which the #odern 4ree% has lost. In #odern 4ree% con3unctions and finite !er$s ha!e !ery lar ely displaced the infiniti!e and the participle. E!en in the N. T. a tendency in that direction is discerni$le" as is seen in the use of A with +(%. :9/;," +(%. &&9&:,. 'ne is inclined to thin% that Kiteau& o!erstates it when he says that the N. T. writers ha!e a natural and eneral ina$ility to co#$ine and su$ordinate the ele#ents of thou ht and so express the# separately and #a%e an a$nor#al use of asyndeton. I would rather say that there is a reat si#plicity and directness due partly to the colloAuial style and the earnestness of the writers. They are #en with a #essa e rather than philosophical ra#$lers. 6ut part of this a$sence of su$ordination #ay $e due to the He$rew te#per as in 0ohn" and part to the eneral spirit of the ti#e as less concerned" sa!e in the case of the Atticists" with the niceties of style. Clearness and force were the #ain thin s with these N. T. writers. They use connecti!es or not as $est suits their purposes. 6ut the infiniti!e construction and the con3unction construction #ust not $e re arded as identical e!en in the N. T. Note 3 Q $ ) +(%. &89/&," ) W D 6 +& 0o. ;9/," / ) A +Ac. /B98/,. (c) T2' ?IN7S 'D STC)E . There are indeed two %inds of style in this #atter" the runnin +$, and the periodic +) %, or co#pact +," to use Aristotle*s ter#inolo y.& In the words of 6lass/ the runnin or continuous style is characteristic of the oldest prose as well as unsophisticated" uncon!entional prose li%e the !ernacular " and hence is the usual for# in the N. T. The periodic style" on the other hand" $elon s to -artistically de!eloped prose. li%e that of 7e#osthenes and
1 )e Ker$e" Synt. des Prop., p. 5. 1 @r%&t. <,et., %%%. 5. Cf. Bl(&&, Gr. )f =. . Gk., p. 2!$, 0,) (*pl%f%e& t,%& p)%nt. 2 Ib.

Thucydides. As a #atter of fact the '. T. narrati!e is also in the runnin style" while the prophets so#eti#es use the periodic. The lon er N. T. sentences are usually connected $y or use asyndeton as shown a$o!e. 6ut occasionally so#ethin approachin a real period appears so#ewhat li%e that of the reat 4ree% writers" $ut $y no #eans so freAuently. Interestin exa#ples of so#e len th #ay $e found in )u. &9&L8E Ac. &;9/8L /:E /:9&>L&8" &:L&=E Ro. &9&LBE & Pet. 19&=L//E / Pet. &9/LBE He$. /9/L8. In )u. &9&L8 6lass/ notes that the protasis has three clauses and the apodosis two" while in He$. &9&L 1 he finds so#e ten di!isions of the sentence which is not so neatly $alanced as the passa e in )u%e. It is noticea$le that )u%e uses this classic idio# nowhere else in his 4ospel" while the Epistle to the He$rews has a fluent oratorical style of no little $eauty. Chapter && finds a splendid peroration in &/9& f." which should $elon to chapter && as the closin period in the discussion a$out the pro#ises. Cf. a si#ilar peroration" thou h not in one sentence" in Ro. &&911L1:. So also Ro. =91&L1<" where !erses 1= and 1< for# a really eloAuent period. 6lass1 indeed i!es a rather free interpretation to the ter# period and applies it to sentences of only two parts li%e a conditional sentence when the condition co#es first" sentences with antithesis with p%" dis3uncti!e clauses with a" or parallelis#s with p. He e!en finds a period in a case of asyndeton li%e & Cor. B9/B. 6ut this is to #a%e nearly all co#plex sentences periods. 6lass* opinion on this point is to $e $orne in #ind when he ar ues for literary rhyth# on a considera$le scale in the N. T. Paul indeed has so#e no$le periods li%e Eph. &91L&8E /9&8L&=E 19&8L&<. He would show #any #ore than he does $ut for the fact that he see#s to row i#patient with the fetters of a lon sentence and $rea%s away in anacoluthon which #ars the fulness and sy##etry of the sentence as a period. Cf. / Cor. =9&=L/&E Ro. &/9:L=E Col. &9<L/1. In Ro. 19B f. the D and 6 clauses #a%e a not !ery stron cul#ination. The round ele#ent in Paul*s speech is the short sentence. 'nly occasionally does he co#$ine these into a period.& 6ut Paul does use antithetic and co#parati!e particles and apposition. 'ne other reason for the a$sence of rhetorical periods is the a!oidance of prolon ed passa es of indirect discourse. In truth none of that nature occurs at all" so that we do not ha!e in the N. T. passa es of #uch len th in indirect discourse such as one #eets in Xenophon or Thucydides +cf. CRsar,. 6ut the Auotations are usually direct either with recitati!e 6 +(t. <9&=, or without +(t. <9//,. 2iner/ well re#ar%s that what the style thus loses in periodic co#pactness" it ains in ani#ation and !i!idness. 6ut the use of the participle in i!in periodic co#pactness is to $e noticed" as in Ac. /19/B. The attraction of the relati!e to the case of its antecedent" as already o$ser!ed" adds another $ond of union to the co#pactness of the relati!e sentence as in )u. ;9<. (d) THE PARENTHESIS +,. Such a clause" inserted in the #idst of the sentence without proper syntactical connection" is Auite co##on in the N. T.1 'nce the editors used too #any parentheses in the N. T." $ut the nu#$er is still considera$le. The ter# is so#ewhat loosely applied to clauses that really do not interrupt the flow of the
2 Ib. 3 Gr. )f =. . Gk., p. 2#A. 1 ?. /e%&&, Be%tr. Jur +(ul%n. <,et., ,e)l. Stu.., 1#5!, p. 16!. 2 /.- ,., p. $;$. 3 E)r t,e ?),. u&e )f p(rent,e&%& &ee @bb)tt, ?),. Gr., pp. ;!A";#A. ?),n %& f)n. )f t,e re&u*pt%7e C (fter ( p(rent,e&%&, (& %n 2I1#; 3I2$; ;I2#. -n t,e p(rent,e&%& %n gener(l &ee K.-G., B.. II, pp. 3$3, 6A2.

thou ht. Thus it is not necessary to find a parenthesis in 0o. B91<. The * clause is #erely explanatory. The sa#e thin is true of 0o. <91> and Ac. &19=. Certainly not e!ery explanatory re#ar% is to $e re arded as parenthetical. 'n the other hand e!en a relati!e clause #ay $e re arded as parenthetical where it is purely $y the way as the interpretation of // +0o. &91= \ , and of m +6 )" etc." 0o. &98&,. 6ut see (%. B9&&. Editors indeed will differ as to what constitutes a parenthesis as in the case of (%. 19&: where 2. H. use the #ar%s of parenthesis while Nestle does not consider this a parenthesis. In 0o. &9&; 2. H. print a dou$le parenthesis" usin the dash inside the parenthetical #ar%s. Here a ain Nestle has the colon instead of the dash and the full stop in lieu of the parenthetical #ar%s. 2. H. are not unifor# in the indication of the parenthesis. They do it $y the cur!ed lines +, as in (%. 19&:" or the dash as in 0o. B9//E &>9&/" or #erely the co##a as in the short phrases li%e +/ Cor. &>9&>," or a ain with no punctuation at all as in the case of %= +He$. &>9/<,. The insertion of one or two words in the #idst of the sentence is the si#plest for# of the parenthesis" li%e , 8=, 0 +)u. &19/8, and 6 O %, 4, +/ Cor. =91,. Cf. +(t. &89=," +Ac. /191;," ;% +Ro. <9&," ) X +/ Cor. &&9/&," etc. 6ut the insertion of and 1 $etween words is rare in the N. T. Cf. Si#cox" -ang age of the ). T." p. />>. A !ery interestin parenthesis is the insertion in the speech of 0esus to the paralytic" of Q Q +(%. /9&>,. (t. +<9:, adds . )u. +;9/8, has B Q W. The Synoptists all had the sa#e source here. These phrases" co##on also to the ancient 4ree%" do not need #ar%s of parenthesis" and the co##a is sufficient. A little #ore extended parenthesis is found in a clause li%e J Q ,* +0o. &9:," '% J Q +0o. 19&," thou h this a ain #ay $e considered #erely a for# of apposition. A #ore distinct parenthesis still is the insertion of a note of ti#e li%e @ %< F 4 0 +Ac. &/91,. Thac%eray +'r." p. &8< note, notes a tendency in the )XX to put nu#eral state#ents in parenthesis. Note also the explanatory parenthesis in Ac. &9&; introduced $y . Cf. also 9. F 7D in )u. <9/=" which can $e explained otherwise. In (t. /89&; the parenthetical co##and of (atthew or of 0esus" + D " is indicated $y 2. H. only with the co##a. In eneral the historical $oo%s ha!e fewer parentheses than the Epistles" and naturally so. In Paul it is so#eti#es hard to draw the line $etween the #ere parenthesis and anacoluthon. Cf. & Cor. &:9;E Ro. ;9&/ +&=,E <9&&E &;9/1L/=. C #ay loo% $ac% $eyond the parenthesis as in 0o. 89B ff. +A$$ott" &ohannine 'rammar" p. 8B>,. See 0o. &>91; . % > F . Cf. the sharp interruption in 0o. 89&L1. In 4al. /9; f. we ha!e two parentheses ri ht to ether #ar%ed $y the dash in 2. H.*s text" $esides anacoluthon. Cf. )u. /19;&" Col. &9/& f. for parenthesis of so#e len th. 6ut see / Pet. /9= for a still lon er one" not to #ention / Cor. <9&/E He$. B9/> f.E )u. :98. See Kiteau" 6t de" &=<:" p. &&. As illustratin once #ore the wide difference of opinion concernin the parenthesis" 6lass& co##ents on the harshness of the parenthesis in Ac. ;9&8" while 2. H. do not consider that there is a parenthesis in the sentence at all. At $otto# the parenthesis in the text is a #atter of exe esis. Thus if in 0o. &19& ff. $ h* $e re arded as a parenthesis and !erses &L; $e considered one sentence +note repetition of $%D, a #uch si#pler construction is the
S%*c)6 SI'C-O, /. 4., ,e 3(ngu(ge )f t,e =. . 81#5A9. BBB, ,e /r%ter& )f t,e =. . 1 Gr. )f =. . Gk., p. 2!5.

result./ Instead of a parenthesis a writer switches off to one aspect of a su$3ect and then co#es $ac% in another sentence as Paul does in & Cor. =9&L8. He resu#es $y the repetition of .p$% &%. Cf. also a si#ilar resu#ption in Eph. 19&8 * after the lon di ression in !erses &L&1. This construction is not" howe!er" a technical parenthesis. (e) ANAC')HTH'N. 6ut a #ore !iolent $rea% in the connection of sentences than the parenthesis is anacoluthon. This is #erely the failure to co#plete a sentence as intended when it was $e un +,. The co#pletion does not follow ra##atically fro# the $e innin . The N. T. writers are not peculiar in this #atter" since e!en in an artistic orator li%e Isocrates such ra##atical $le#ishes" if they $e so considered" are found.1 And a careful historian li%e Thucydides will ha!e %: =p)- +iii. 1:. /,. It is 3ust in writers of the reatest #ental acti!ity and !ehe#ence of spirit that we #eet #ost instances of anacoluthon. Hence a #an with the passion of Paul naturally $rea%s away fro# for#al rules in the structure of the sentence when he is reatly stirred" as in 4al. and / Cor. Such !iolent chan es in the sentence are co##on in con!ersation and pu$lic addresses. The dialo ues of Plato ha!e #any exa#ples. The anacoluthon #ay $e therefore either intentional or unintentional. The writer #ay $e led off $y a fresh idea or $y a parenthesis" or he #ay thin% of a $etter way of finishin his sentence" one that will $e #ore effecti!e. The !ery 3olt that is i!en $y the anacoluthon is often successful in #a%in #ore e#phasis. The attention is drawn anew to the sentence to see what is the #atter. So#e of the anacolutha $elon to other lan ua es with eAual pertinence" others are peculiar to the 4ree% enius. The participle in particular is a !ery co##on occasion for anacoluthon. The Apocalypse" as already shown" has #any exa#ples of anacoluthon. The #ore i#portant N. T. illustrations of anacoluthon will now $e i!en. It is difficult to #a%e a clear roupin of the exa#ples of anacoluthon in the N. T. on any scientific principle. 6ut the followin will answer. &. The S spended S bject. 2hat A$$ott& calls the suspended su$3ect finds illustration elsewhere than in 0ohn" thou h he does ha!e his share. It #ay $e loo%ed at indeed as suspended o$3ect as well so#eti#es. The point is that the su$stanti!e" pronoun or participle is left $y the wayside and the sentence is co#pleted so#e other way. Thus in " G> 3 \ M # %D . +(t. &/91:, o$ser!e how " G> is dropped in the construction and . - used. In " C 6 +p+ E ) Q +(t. &>91/, the sa#e principle holds in re ard to " and ) Q. 6ut in the sa#e !erse the re ular construction o$tains in 6 g E . In )u. :98B " + ) {, 8%: 8= ). 6 we see a si#ilar anacoluthon unless " + ){ $e re arded as a rather !iolent prolepsis of the su$3ect" which is not so li%ely in this instance. In )u. &&9&& the anacoluthon is not Auite so si#ple" thou h is after all left to itself + %< ): 84 3 $ + M3 $, . $ J Q )%D.,. If instead of the sentence read $ or )*" all would o s#oothly except that ): 84 would $e sli htly aw%ward. '$ser!e that $ has two accusati!es without . The apodosis is introduced $y and as an interro ati!e clause expects the answer -no.. 6ut in spite of the ra##atical hopelessness of the sentence it has reat power. In )u. &/98= the #atter is si#pler +. %< R )% ,
2 S. '. +r)7ence, <e7. (n. C6p., 15A$, p. 56. 3 Bl(&&, Gr. )f =. . Gk., p. 2#2. -n t,e (n(c)lut,)n &ee K.-G., B.. II, pp. $##"$52. 1 ?),. Gr., p. 32.

T 0 P -,. Here two thin s are true. 2e not only ha!e the stranded su$3ect +cf. P -," $ut it has $een attracted into the case of the relati!e +in!erse attraction," " not ". 2ith this co#pare " \ )=p Q +)u. &/9&>,. In / Cor. &/9&B we #erely ha!e the anacoluthon without any attraction" expectin a !er$ o!ernin the accusati!e + c 3 8", %P ) 8".,. Here indeed c is attracted into the case of unexpressed. A si#pler instance is + m> Ip&% ) Q +Ac. B98>E Ex. 1/9&,. 6lass/ finds anacoluthon in (%. <9/> +$%E 3 3 - *: ," $ut surely this is #erely treatin - as #asculine +natural ender,. 6ut in Ac. &<918 +) %< 6 ,%= ) ) ) *, there is a clear case of anacoluthon in the chan e to ) *. The writin s of 0ohn show si#ilar illustrations. There is no anacoluthon in 0o. :9// in the text of 2. H." which reads B% 6 instead of $%E 6p6 +#ar in of 2. H.,. 6ut in :91< there is real anacoluthon +" \ %% ): -, in the chan e fro# " to ): -. It is possi$le to re ard " here& as eAui!alent to % and not li%e "p in 0o. 19&:. In B91= another suspended su$3ect is found in + $ ) +cf. - further on,. 6ut &>91: is hardly anacoluthon"/ since one has #erely to supply the de#onstrati!e )W or the personal pronoun Q with to #a%e the sentence run s#oothly. In &;9/ " >p we ha!e !ery sli ht anacoluthon" if any" since $oth #ay $e in the sa#e case +cf. resu#pti!e use of C,. 6ut in &;9; the #atter is co#plicated $y the insertion of E ) Q y+ ) ). E ) Q I z. In &B9/ +" \ %% Q %D =, we ha!e the #ore usual anacoluthon. In & 0o. /9/8 y8= \ h P > ) 8= z F= #ay $e #erely prolepsis" $ut this see#s less li%ely in !erse /B +8= 3 \ )*/ P - ) 8= , where note the position of 8= and ) 8=. In Re!. /9/: the anacoluthon ++ 4p%D Q, does not differ fro# so#e of those a$o!e.1 So also as to Re!. 19&/" /&" $ut in /9B" &B +Q 4 %D Q, the case is the sa#e and #ay $e co#pared with 0o. &;9/" ;. Cf. the pro$a$le readin +2. H. $rac%et Q, in Re!. :98 as well as (t. 89&: +)XX,E ;98> +Q pQ," where there is no real anacoluthon" $ut a resu#pti!e use of Q. Cf. also 8" repeated after parenthesis in Col. &9//. The )XX has other si#ilar exa#ples li%e 0osh. <9&/E Ps. &>19&;. A si#ilar resu#pti!e use of R occurs in the text +not #ar . in 2. H., of Ro. &:9/B. In a si#ilar way a relati!e clause #ay $e left as a suspended su$3ect or o$3ect" as in )u. <9;" 6 k % 8"p* )P . Cf. (t. &>9&8E )u. &>9=" &>. Cf. this with the !ery co##on use of resu#pti!e I after the article and the participle" li%e + 8 $ I +(t. &>9//,. /. 0igression. A so#ewhat #ore co#plicated %ind of anacoluthon is where a di ression is caused $y an inter!enin sentence or explanatory clause. Those naturally occur #ainly in the Epistles of Paul where his ener y of thou ht and passion of soul o!erleap all tra##els. In 0o. ;988 the participle is dropped for the indicati!e 0=. In 0o. /&9&/ +%. ) 4 4 ):* !T B $% , the Auestion $rea%s the s#ooth flow and $% a rees in case with % and nu#$er with
2 Gr. )f =. . Gk., p. 2#3. 1 Bl(&&, Gr. )f =. . Gk., p. 2#3. 2 @bb)tt, ?),. Gr., p. 33. 3 Bl(&&, Gr. )f =. . Gk., p. 2#3, c(ll& %t ( 17ery (0k0(r. %n&t(nce.2

4. 2ith this co#pare the chan e fro# A & in (%. :9= to the infiniti!e )% in !erse <. Nestle has" howe!er" )%. In (%. B9&< +0 * O /D, the participle can $e connected in thou ht" as (ar% pro$a$ly did" with in !erse &=" $ut the inter!enin Auotation #a%es (ar%*s explanatory addend m a real anacoluthon. The exa#ple in 0o. &9&; A$$ott& calls -i#pressionis#. due to the writer*s desire to #a%e his i#pression first and then to add the explanatory correction. He co#pares 89& with 19//. In &9&; I @ \ B is ta%en $y A$$ott as a part of the 6aptist*s state#ent" $ut 2. H. read I @ + $D as a parenthetical re#ar% of the writer. So in 0o. />9&= . - B U does not fit in exactly after 6 D 3 . The added clause is the co##ent of 0ohn" not of (ary. The #ar in of Ac. &>91: +2. H., with 6 is a case of anacoluthon" $ut the text itself is without 6. In Ac. /89: the repetition of \ lea!es 8 cut off fro# ). In Ac. /B9&> +4 6p, the 6 clause is chan ed to the infiniti!e" a pheno#enon noted $y 2iner/ in Plato" 4or . 8;1 b. The anacoluthon in 4al. /9: +3 %< 4 % B p+= @ % %p + 3 D /*p). O M %- %< , is noteworthy for the co#plete chan e of construction as shown $y the repetition of the M %- in the no#inati!e and followed $y the #iddle instead of the passi!e !oice. '$ser!e the two parentheses that led to the !ariation. It is easier in such a case to #a%e a new start" as Paul does here. In 4al. /9; 6lass1 follows 7 in o#ittin j in order to et rid of the anacoluthon" as he does also in Ro. &:9/B +R," $ut it is #ore than li%ely that the difficulty of the anacoluthon with j led to the o#ission in 7. 'ne of the #ost stri%in anacolutha in Paul*s Epistles is found at the end of Ro. ;9&/ where the apodosis to the clause is wantin . The next sentence +# *, ta%es up the su$ordinate clause )P R t and the co#parison is ne!er co#pleted. In !erse &= a new co#parison is drawn in co#plete for#. The sentence in Ro. <9//L/8 is without the apodosis and !erse /; oes on with the co#parati!e 9. / Pet. &9&B shows a clear anacoluthon" for the participle /D is left stranded utterly in the chan e to . F= h. 2iner8 see#s to $e wron in findin an anacoluthon in the lon sentence in / Pet. /98L&>. The apodosis is really B% in !erse < +!erse = $ein a lon parenthesis as 2. H. ri htly punctuate,. Howe!er" 2iner& is 3ustified in refusin to see anacoluthon in #any passa es for#erly so re arded and that call for no discussion now. See further (t. B9<E &/91:E (%. /9/=E B91 f.E )u. &&9&& f.E &/9=" &>E /&9:E 0o. :91<E &B9&=E Ac. &;9// ff.E &<918E /89/>E /:91E Ro. &:9/;L/BE & Cor. <9&;E Col. /9/E 89:E Eph. 19=E / Cor. B9;E & Th. 89&E He$. 19&;E &>9&; f.E & Ti#. &91L;E 0u. &:. It is !ery co##on in the Apocalypse as in / Corinthians and 4alatians. 1. The Participle in Anacol tha. It calls for a word of its own in the #atter of anacoluthon" althou h" as a #atter of fact" it occurs in $oth the %inds of anacoluthon already noticed. The reason is" the free use of the participle in lon sentences +cf. Paul, renders it peculiarly su$3ect to anacoluthon. The point with the participle is not that it is a special %ind of anacoluthon in any other sense. 4al. :9&" 0, 4
1 ?),. Gr., p. 3;. 2 /.- ,., p. $!3. 3 Gr. )f =. . Gk., p. 2#;. ; /.- ,., p. $65. 1 Ib., p. $!1.

, . T U #ay $e re arded as anacoluthon in the chan e of nu#$er" $ut it is a natural sin lin 5out of the indi!idual in the application. In / Cor. ;9&/ the ellipsis of * - with %% is so harsh as to a#ount to anacoluthon. Cf. also / in / Cor. B9;. It is less certain a$out in / Cor. =9/>" for" s%ippin the lon parenthesis in !erse &<" we ha!e ;. 6ut in the parenthesis itself is an exa#ple of anacoluthon" for re ularly ) would $e the for#. In / Cor. <9&&" &1" the participles 0 and %:*0 ha!e no for#al connection with a principal !er$ and are separated $y a lon parenthesis in !erse &/. 6ut these participles #ay $e after all tanta#ount to the indicati!e and not #ere anacoluthon. 0ust as se" imini +sec. pl. #id. ind.,V]" so other 4ree% participles #ay correspond to the indicati!e or i#perati!e./ (oulton1 cites nu#erous exa#ples fro# the papyri which #a%e this possi$le for the . 6ut (oulton8 sees a sharp difference $etween the -han in no#inati!e. li%e + in He$. &>9& +if % $e accepted" 2. H. % #ar ., and in Ph. &91>" where" howe!er" 2. H. #a%e a lon parenthesis and see% to connect with +!erse /B., These are indeed #ere anacolutha" $ut one wonders if the connection $etween these and Ro. &/9: +, is so !ery distant after all. Participles are scattered alon in this chapter in an -unendin series.; #in led with infiniti!es and i#perati!es. Thus in &/9<L&1 we ha!e participles" !erse &8 the i#perati!e" !erse &; infiniti!e" !erse &:a participles" &:$ i#perati!e" &B participles. Here the participle does see# to $e practically eAui!alent to the i#perati!e +cf. inf. also,. See Participle +Ker$al Nouns, for discussion of this point. In / Cor. :91 the participles s%ip o!er !erse / and carry on the construction of !erse &" and it is resu#ed in !erse <. Dor a roup of participles with the i#perati!e see Eph. ;9&;L//. Cf. also Col. 19&:. The point is that these !arious radations in the use of the participle are not always clearly defined. As re ards the no#inati!e participle rather than the eniti!e a$solute" 2iner& re#ar%s that thus the participle ains reater pro#inence in the sentence. In Eph. 89/ #ay not $e anacoluthon" $ut #ay $e in accord with 2 ). Col. &9/: is the case of the indicati!e rather than a participle +)D" not ,. See & Cor. B91B where is succeeded $y " $ut +2. H., ) . +Eph. &9/>,. Cf. Re!. /9/" <. As to He$. =9&> +&>9&:, %% is explained $y 2iner/ as referrin to % without anacoluthon" while (oulton1 considers it eAual to an indicati!e and parallel to )*;. I a# inclined to a ree with 2iner on this point. In / Cor. ;9: ff. Paul" after usin -" repeats it in the for# of - $ecause of the inter#ediate clauses $efore he expresses %-" the #ain !er$.8 Dinally co#pare
2 ')ult)n, +r)l., p. 223. 3 Ib. ; Ib., p. 22$. $ Bl(&&, Gr. )f =. . Gk., p. 2#$. 1 /.- ,., p. $!2. 2 Ib., p. $!3. 3 +r)l., p. 22;. ; /.- ,., p. $!3.

)P k &%X 3 - /= . )P +0o. &911, with 3 - /= 9 O ): -, . )P +!erses 1/," where the last clause is the co##ent of the 6aptist to i!e special e#phasis to that point" #ore than the participle would. 8. Asyndeton 0 e to Absence of % and *. 2iner; considers the a$sence of % or * to correspond with as a species of anacoluthon" and 6lass: shares the sa#e idea. As a #atter of fact +see chapter on Particles, does not reAuire % either $y ety#olo y or usa e. It is rather ratuitous to call such a$sence an instance of anacoluthon. The exa#ples will $e discussed later" such as Ac. &9&E &198E Ro. &&9&1" etc. (f) 'RATI' KARIATA. &. 0istinction from Anacol thon. So#eti#es indeed the line $etween anacoluthon and oratio variata is not !ery clearly drawn. Thus in )u. &B91& +\ ). %D . O - ) U $x, the second clause cannot repeat the relati!e \" $ut has to use -. Cf. & Cor. =9: +): Cp. $ ," / Pet. /91 +Bp. 4,. So also in & Cor. B9&1 > repeats t. Cf. Re!. &B9/. In Ro. /9: ff. after the relati!e clause \ %D there is a su$di!ision of the o$3ect" on the one hand += <p0- 0 $D," on the other += %<p%x 7 . , where the no#inati!e chan es the construction and 6 cannot here $e repeated. In Ro. &&9// indeed $oth of the phrases that extend the accusati!es . are put in the no#inati!e +, ,. In 4al. 89: f. Paul chan es fro# ) to B. This is all oratio variata in reality and is in accord with the ancient 4ree% idio#. 6lass& considers Tit. &9/ f.

$ Ib. 6 Op. cit., p. 2#6. 1 Gr. )f =. . Gk., p. 2#6.