Ann. Telecommun. DOI 10.

1007/s12243-011-0273-8

Beam reconfiguration of linear array of parallel dipole antennas through switching with real excitation voltage distribution
Banani Basu & G. K. Mahanti

Received: 7 April 2011 / Accepted: 3 October 2011 # Institut Tlcom and Springer-Verlag 2011

Abstract In this paper, authors propose a method based on the modified particle swarm optimization (PSO) for beam reconfiguration of linear array of mutually coupled parallel halfwavelength dipole antennas with real excitation voltage amplitude distribution. Two different beam pairs are generated, one pencil/pencil beam pair and another pencil/flat-top beam pair in the horizontal plane. One beam is changed to another through switching while sharing a common amplitude distribution. Two examples are presented, one without ground plane and another in presence of ground plane. Dipoles are connected to its feed network through a switch, so that it can be turned on or off, depending on the switch position. Beam reconfiguration is achieved by suitably turning the array elements on or off using same voltage excitation distribution. Modified PSO is used to compute the excitation voltages as well as the switching configuration for each pattern having a prefixed side lobe level. The current in the driven and parasitic elements is determined via induced EMF method considering the current distribution on each dipole to be sinusoidal. Proposed method efficiently synthesizes dual-beam switching the power pattern from pencil to pencil and pencil to flat-top having same or different side lobe levels using common excitation voltages. It calculates the maximum variation of the active impedance of driven elements and the power losses when the radiation patterns switch from one beam to another. The paper calculates the array directivity as the distances between antenna array and the ground pane varies. Three other state-of-the-art metaheuristics like differenB. Basu : G. K. Mahanti (*) Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, India e-mail: gautammahanti@yahoo.com B. Basu e-mail: basu_banani@yahoo.in

tial evolution, gravitational search algorithm, artificial bee colony algorithm are also employed for achieving a comparative evaluation. Keywords Modified particle swarm optimization . Switching . Beam reconfiguration . Linear array . Dipole antennas . Mutual coupling

1 Introduction Antenna pattern reconfigurations have many emerging application in the area of wireless and satellite communication. Several methods of synthesizing reconfigurable dual-beam antenna array by varying the excitation distribution of its radiating elements have been described in articles [17]. In [8], interelement spacings are suitably optimized to reconfigure a pattern. Another recent work achieved pattern reconfiguration by performing a mechanical displacement of a parasitic array located in front of an active one [9]. The method approximates the currents in the driven and parasitic elements via their self and mutual impedances. However, it has been found that the parasitic array must be very near to the driven array to obtain good results, which may complicate the implementation of the mechanical system that is required to move the parasitic elements. In [10], parasitic elements were used in the design of a wide scanning phase array antenna. Use of parasitic array elements reduces the complexity and fitness of the feed networks by allowing patterns to be synthesized without modification of the active array feed. The switched off elements are illuminated by the active elements because of mutual coupling. However, switching an array will reconfigure the power pattern at a cost of reduced directivity. To increase the directivity, a ground plane has been suitably placed in front of the array [10]. Due to the complexity in

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Fig. 2 Normalized power pattern for pencil/pencil pair without ground plane

Fig. 1 Array of parallel dipoles with ground plane placed at a distance l/4 behind the array

synthesis problem, analytical methods are not generally used to design switched array. Therefore, evolutionary optimization tools such as ant colony optimization [11], genetic algorithms [12, 13], particle swarm optimization [1417], pattern search algorithm [18], etc. are used to synthesize an array for different applications. Deterministic approach [19] has also been applied for thinning a planar array. Research article [20] deals with the synthesis of reconfigurable dual-beam array using parasitic elements. Wang et.al. [21] designed arrays by the combination of genetic algorithm (GA) and Fast Fourier transform (FFT). Article [22] described a method based on IFFT and modified particle swarm optimization for synthesis of thinned mutually coupled parallel array. When a ground plane was placed behind the array an image principle [23, 24] was applied to evaluate the self and mutual impedances of the elements so as to obtain the modified mutual impedance matrix of the array.

In this article, we have proposed a method based on modified particle swarm optimization for synthesis of reconfigurable array pattern using mutually coupled center-fed half-wavelength parallel dipole antennas. We introduced two different examples: one without ground plane and another with ground plane for attaining increased directivity. Both the method reconfigured the beam switching the power pattern from pencil to pencil and pencil to flat-top beam having same or different side lobe levels (SLLs) using common excitation voltage. The maximum variation of the active impedance of driven elements and power losses are calculated as the radiation patterns switch from one beam to another. The work studied the effect of distances between antenna array and the ground pane in the array directivity. The article applied three more populationbased optimization algorithms namely differential evolutions (DE) [25], gravitational search algorithm (GSA) [26], artificial bee colony algorithm (ABC) [27] in one of the four design instances to compare the simulation results. The key difference of the paper from [20] is: excitation voltage distribution is real in our case, which greatly simplifies the design of feed network.

Table 1 Voltage amplitude for the pencil/pencil beam pair and pencil/flat-top beam pair without ground plane Category Pencil/pencil pair Common voltage amplitude distribution for 30 elements 0.997 0.7293 0.8216 0.1206 0.4758 0.7098 0.3279 0.7421 0.4594 0.0208 0.0988 0.8724 0.5467 0.8032 0.5341 0.0354 0.7902 0.9776 0.2554 0.6717 0.2826 0.0314 0.2532 0.9996 0.4977 0.9897 0.3443 0.0114 0.304 0.6036 0.2342 0.6898 0.2409 0.1634 0.2098 0.2274 0.4418 0.9831 0.2743 0.133 0.7828 0.4334 0.5427 0.5894 0.141 0.2826 0.4726 0.6446 0.5902 0.9237 0.1128 0.0322 0.7426 0.2636 0.7395 0.5487 0.2065 0.3838 0.1142 0.3164

Pencil/flat top pair

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of size N X N and [V] the voltage matrix of size N 1. In our case, excitation voltage Vn is suitably optimized if the n-th element is turned on and 0 if it is off. The expressions related to self-impedances Znn and mutual impedances Zmn in the mutual impedance matrix are taken from [23, 24]. When a ground plane is placed at l/4 behind the array (Fig. 1) parallel to x-z plane, to concentrate the radiation in only one hemisphere of the space, then the image principles [23] are to be applied to evaluate the self and mutual impedances of the elements so as to obtain the modified mutual impedance matrix of the array. The modified expression for far-field pattern in the horizontal plane in presence of a ground plane [23] is obtained from Eq. (2). F f
N X n1

Fig. 3 Normalized power pattern for pencil/flat-top pair without ground plane

1 ejk 2h sin f In e jn1kd cos f

2 Methodology Switching of an array means appropriately turning off some elements in a uniformly spaced or periodic array to generate different patterns with specified radiation characteristics. In our proposed method, the positions of the elements are fixed and all the elements have two states either on or off, depending on whether the element is connected to the feed network or not. The free space far-field pattern F() for a linear array (Fig. 1) of half-wavelength dipole antennas in horizontal plane (xy plane) [22, 23] in the absence of any ground plane is given by Eq. (1). " # N X jn1kd cos F f AFf EPf In e EPf 1
n1

where h = l/4=distance between ground plane and array. Computation of the radiation diagram requires evaluation of the current distribution on the turn on and turn off elements. Current distribution of each element is modified due to the mutual coupling. The vector representing the current distribution on the antenna is given by I Z 1 V 3

Element pattern has been assumed omni-directional in the horizontal plane in the absence of ground plane, i.e., EP()=1. Here, n =element number, j =imaginary quantity, d = interelement spacing =0.5l, k = 2/l, being the wave number, l =wavelength, being the azimuth angle of the far-field point measured from x-axis, In =excitation current amplitude of the n-th element, obtained from [I]N1 = [Z]1NN [V]N1, being [Z] the mutual impedance matrix

where V is the voltages applied to driven elements. Optimal configuration of the switches and the voltage excitation of the driven elements are appropriately computed. Self-impedances Znn and mutual impedances Znm of Z matrix is calculated by induced EMF method [23], which assumes the current distribution on the dipoles to be sinusoidal. When ground plane is placed behind the array image principle is applied for evaluation of the self and mutual impedances. The ground plane generates an image of each dipole behind it. Thus, dipoles and their images are positioned at (xn, 0, 0) and (xn, yn, 0) respectively with xn =(n-1)d and yn = l/2 for all n(1,2,.N). To approximate this case, self impedance Znn is replaced by (Znn Znni), where Znni is the mutual impedance between the n-th dipole and its image, and mutual impedance Znm is replaced by (Znm Znmi), where Znmi is the mutual impedance between the n-th dipole and the image of the m-th dipole.

Table 2 Switched off element numbers for pencil/pencil beam pair and pencil/flat top beam pair without ground plane Category Pencil/pencil pair Pencil/flat-top pair Type of beam Pencil beam 1 with -30 dB SLL Pencil beam 2 with -25 dB SLL Pencil beam with -20 dB SLL Flat top beam with -20 dB SLL Distribution of switching elements 0,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0 0,0,0,0,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,1 1,0,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,1,1,1,0,0,0 0,0,1,1,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,1,1,1

Ann. Telecommun. Table 3 Voltage amplitude for the pencil/pencil pair and pencil/flat top beam pair with ground plane Category Pencil/Pencil pair Common voltage amplitude distribution for 30 elements 0.59945 0.41271 0.4169 0.5404 0.2354 0.2682 0.08231 0.42942 0.37917 0.2446 0.4624 0.8376 0.088191 0.54202 0.35197 0.0056 0.0902 0.2846 0.14908 0.47944 0.22817 0.2652 0.7338 0.5904 0.089801 0.61308 0.3227 0.06 0.3838 0.2452 0.22064 0.47628 0.0045672 0.1868 0.999 0.2414 0.23406 0.58219 0.15042 0.1694 0.0246 0.226 0.2975 0.4485 0.039013 0.0908 0.8456 0.3838 0.26034 0.5245 0.016935 0.4306 0.8974 0.183 0.3662 0.40867 0.022836 0.3972 0.9786 0.204

Pencil/Flat top pair

For both the cases, modified PSO is used to compute the appropriate voltage excitation applied to the individual array element. Switch locations are also modified accordingly in each case to reconfigure the beam having specified radiation characteristics. Thus, the fitness function to be minimized using MPSO to generate the reconfigurable beam array problem is as follows.  0 0 Fitness c1 X p H Xp c2 Y ft H Yft c3 Y ft H Y ft 4 where
d 2 Xp SLLo p SLLp d 2 Yft SLLo ft SLLft 0 d 2 Yft Rippleo ft Rippleft

3 Modified particle swarm optimization Particle swarm optimization [1417] emulates the swarm behavior of insects, animals herding, birds flocking, and fish schooling where these swarms search for food in a collaborative manner. Each member in the swarm adapts its search patterns by learning from its own experience and other member s experiences. These phenomena are studied and mathematical models are constructed. In PSO, a member in the swarm, called a particle, represents a potential solution, which is a point in the search space. The global optimum is regarded as the location of food. Each particle has a fitness value and a velocity to adjust its flying direction according to the best experiences of the swarm to search for the global optimum in the Ddimensional solution space. The PSO algorithm is easy to implement and has been empirically shown to perform well on many optimization problems. The PSO algorithm is an evolutionary algorithm capable of solving difficult multidimensional optimization problems in various fields. Since its introduction in 1995 by Kennedy and Eberhart [11], the PSO has gained an increasing popularity as an efficient alternative to GA and SA in solving optimization design problems in antenna arrays. As an evolutionary algorithm, the PSO algorithm depends on the social interaction between independent agents, here called particles, during their search for the optimum solution using the concept of fitness. PSO emulates the swarm behavior and the individuals represent points in the D-dimensional search space. A particle represents a potential solution. The particle swarm optimization used in this paper is a real-coded one.

where H is the Heaviside step function whose value is unity when calculated value of maximum side lobe level and ripple level is greater than or equal to the desired value and zero elsewhere. The subscripts p and ft indicate the pencil beam and the flat-top beam, respectively. The coefficients c1, c2, c3 determine the relative weight given to each term. H(Xp), H(Yft), and H(Y ft) are Heaviside step functions defined as follows:
h  0 i H Xp ; H Yft ; H Yft ( 1; 1; 1 0; 0; 0 if if Xp  0; Yft  0; Yft  0 0 Xp < 0; Yft < 0; Yft < 0
0

5 The lower the fitness, the more fit the array to the desired specifications. The desired maximum ripple level of flat-top beam is not allowed to exceed 0.5 dB from the peak value of 0 dB.

Table 4 Switched off element numbers for pencil/pencil pair and pencil/flat top pair with ground plane Category Pencil/pencil pair Pencil/flat-top pair Type of beam Pencil beam 2 with -30 dB SLL Pencil beam 1 with -25 dB SLL Pencil beam with -18 dB SLL flat top beam with -18 dB SLL Distribution of the switching element 0,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1 0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,0 0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,0,1,1,0 0,0,0,0,1,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,1,1,0,0,1,0

Ann. Telecommun. Table 5 Desired and obtained results without ground plane Design parameters Pencil/pencil pair without ground plane Pencil2 Desired Side lobe level in dB Ripple in dB 25.00 NA Obtained 25.00 NA Pencil1 Desired 30.00 NA Obtained 30.00 NA Pencil/flat-top pair without ground plane Pencil Desired 20.00 NA Obtained 20.04 NA Flat-top Desired 20.00 0.50 Obtained 19.10 0.64

The steps involved in modified PSO (MPSO) are given [22] below: Step1: Initialize positions and associated velocity of all particles (potential solutions) in the population randomly in the D-dimension space. Step2: Evaluate the fitness value of all particles. Step3: Compare the personal best (pbest) of every particle with its current fitness value. If the current fitness value is better, then assign the current fitness value to pbest and assign the current coordinates to pbest coordinates. Step4: Determine the current best fitness value in the whole population and its coordinates. If the current best fitness value is better than global best (gbest), then assign the current best fitness value to gbest and assign the current coordinates to gbest coordinates. Step5: Update velocity (Vid) and position (Xid) of the d-th dimension of the i-th particle using the following equations:
t t 1 Vid signr1wt Vid t 1 c1 rand1tid pbestid Xid t 1 c2 1 rand 1tid gbestd Xid

t t 1 t Xid Vid Xid

t d If Xid > Xmax then

d t d d Xmin rand2tid Xmax Xmin Xid

t d If Xid < Xmax then

d t d d Xmin rand3tid Xmax Xmin Xid

10

 where signr1

1; if r1  0:05 1; if r1 > 0:05 7

d d t t Vid Min Vmax ; max Vmin ; Vid

where c1, c2=acceleration constants =1.4945, w(t) =inertia weight changed linearly from 0.9 at the start of generation to 0.4 at 0.8 times the maximum generation number and thereafter it is fixed to 0.4 for the rest of the generation, rand1,rand2, and rand3 are uniform random numbers between 0 and 1, t is the current generation number. In the proposed modified PSO, velocity-clipping technique is applied with time-varying maximum velocity, which decreases linearly from Vd max to 0.1 Vd max over the full range of search, because as the particles approach the optimal result it is preferred to have them move with lower velocities. Eqs. 7, 9, and 10 have been introduced to clamp the velocity and position along each dimension within d d t t Vmax ; Xid ; Xid to Vmin value if they try to cross the desired domain of interest. These clipping techniques are sometimes necessary to prevent particles from explosion. The maximum velocity is set to half of the upper limit of the dynamic range of the search (Vd max = 0.5Xdmax) and the minimum velocity is set to 0.5Xdmax.

Table 6 Desired and obtained results with ground plane Design parameters Pencil/pencil pair with ground plane Pencil1 Desired Side lobe level in dB Ripple in dB 25.00 NA Obtained 25.002 NA Pencil2 Desired 30.00 NA Obtained 30.00 NA Pencil/flat top pair with ground plane Pencil Desired 18.00 NA Obtained 17.80 NA Flat-top Desired 18.00 0.50 Obtained 17.70 0.80

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Fig. 6 Directivity versus distance between the array and ground plane Fig. 4 Normalized power pattern for pencil/pencil pair with ground plane

Step6: Repeat steps 25 until a stop criterion is satisfied; in our case, it is stopped when there is no further update of best fitness value for 150 generation.

4 Results In the first example, we consider a linear array of 30 parallel half-wavelength center-fed thin dipole antennas of radius 0.005l uniformly spaced l/2 apart along x-axis in the absence of ground plane.

Two cases have been studied under this example. In the first case, the excitation voltage distribution is calculated to generate pencil/pencil beam pair. Switching configurations are modified to reconfigure the beam at different SLLs. In the second case, a different set of values of excitation voltages are calculated. Switching configurations are modified to reconfigure the beam from pencil to flat-top at same SLL. Excitation voltage amplitudes are chosen to lie between 1 and +1 for pencil/flat-top pair and between 0 and 1 for pencil/pencil pair for all the cases as listed in Table 1. Figures 2 and 3 show normalized power pattern for pencil/ pencil pair and pencil/flat-top pair without ground plane, respectively. The details of switching elements (on=1 and off=0) for obtaining dual beam in each case are shown in Table 2. In the second example, we consider the same array with a ground plane placed at a distance l/4 behind the array parallel to xz plane.

Table 7 Desired and obtained results with ground plane using different optimization algorithms Pencil beam Algorithms SLL Flat top beam SLL Ripple

Desired Obtained Desired Obtained Desired Obtained DE GSA ABC 18 18 18 18.85 18.61 18.51 18 18 18 17.22 17.53 18.17 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.88 0.99 0.89

Fig. 5 Normalized power pattern for pencil/flat-top pair with ground plane

Ann. Telecommun. Table 8 Amplitude and switching distributions using DE, GSA and ABC Algorithms DE Design of pencil and flat top beam pair with ground plane

Excitation voltage amp. 0.00034,0.08906,0.21736,0.07512,0.39476,0.15436,0.06896,0.02824,0.14534,0.2243,0.47698,0.59568, 0.27626,0.99964,0.93394,0.79388,0.62556,0.71,0.6446,0.64224,0.3087,0.23418,0.32478,0.26016,0.12588, 0.08264,0.09582,0.11578,0.27476,0.30242 Switch combinations Pencil beam Flat top beam 1,1,1,1,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,1,0,0 1,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,1,1,0,1,0,0 GSA Excitation voltage amp. 0.08796,0.07352,0.01318,0.13466,0.02404,0.16796,0.10964,0.03366,0.0272,0.26716,0.03216,0.14744, 0.0026,0.2688,0.58776,0.46072,0.23278,0.6374,0.93434,0.83104,0.34668,0.69452,0.24812,0.66008, 0.39688,0.25148,0.25486,0.24118,0.21512,0.09466; Switch combinations Pencil beam Flat top beam 0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1 1,0,1,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,1,1,0,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,1,1,0,0,0,1 ABC Excitation voltage amp. 0.10646,0.32266,0.21652,0.78302,0.97557,0.91308,0.21382,0.84052,0.83382,0.64896,0.41944,0.38372, 0.55676,0.39928,0.51986,0.38594,0.18664,0.22594,0.21112,0.24908,0.10764,0.13216,0.34144,0.23434, 0.04208,0.1059,0.05172,0.07348,0.13842,0.02904; Switch combinations Pencil beam Flat top beam 1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1 1,1,0,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,1,1,1,0,1,0,0

Two cases have been studied like before. In the first case, excitation voltage distributions are calculated to generate dual pencil beam patterns. Switching configurations are modified in each case to reconfigure the beams at different SLLs using the same excitation. In the second case, we calculate a different set of values of excitation voltages. Switching configurations are modified to reconfigure the beams from pencil to flat-top using the same excitation voltages (Table 3). The details of switching elements (on=1 and off=0) for both the cases are shown in Table 4. Desired and obtained results of proposed reconfigurable array without and with ground plane are shown in Tables 5 and 6, respectively. Figures 4 and 5 show normalized power pattern for pencil/ pencil pair and pencil/flat-top pair with ground plane, respectively. In the example of pencil-flat beam pair without ground plane the maximum variation of real and imaginary parts of active impedances of the antenna, when it switches between patterns [28], is found out to be 3.47 and 63.413 ,
Table 9 Parametric setup of different algorithms DE Parameter Population size F Cr Max cycle Total function evaluations Value 60 0.8 0.9 1,000 60,000 GSA Parameter Population size

respectively. Since the flat-topped beam is generated by switching off many elements, its power is 1.19 dB less than the power of the pencil beam [29]. In the example of pencil flat beam pair with ground plane the maximum variation of real and imaginary parts of active impedances of the antenna, when it switches between patterns, is found to be 18.38 and 7.55 respectively. The power of flat-topped beam is 5.35 dB less than that of the pencil beam. The article draws a tradeoff curve between directivity and the height of the linear array above the ground plane. Figure 6. shows that the peak directivities are separated approximately by an interval of l/2. For h =0, the array elements become shortened and does not radiate. In the aforesaid analysis, we consider the diameter of each dipole to be 0.01l. Current distribution on each dipole is assumed to be sinusoidal. To obtain the simulation results in the four instances presented in the paper, PSO is run for 1,000 generations with a particle size of 60. Modification introduced in PSO makes it an outstanding candidate in the

ABC Value 60 50 20 1,000 60,000 Parameter Swarm size Limit Max cycle Total function evaluations Value 30 25 2,000 60,000

G0 Max cycle Total function evaluations

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evolutionary optimization algorithms family. However, we applied three other state-of-the-art metaheuristics like DE, GSA, ABC [25 27] in an attempt to make a fair comparison among the algorithms regarding their performances. The algorithms are allowed to run for a similar number of function evaluation (as used in MPSO) and applied on a single instantiation of the design problem of generation of pencil-flat beam pair with ground plane. Comparative results obtained are shown in Table 7. Table 8 presents the amplitude and switching distributions in each case using DE, GSA, and ABC. The parameters for DE, PSO, and GA are set following the guidelines provided in [2527]. The parametric setup for all the algorithms are shown in Table 9. Figures 7, 8, and 9 present the corresponding radiation patterns using DE, GSA, and ABC.

Fig. 8 Normalized power pattern for pencil/flat-top pair with ground plane using GSA

5 Conclusions This paper presents a technique based on modified particle swarm optimization for reconfiguring the beam using linear array of parallel half-wavelength dipole antennas with or without ground plane. Both the cases modify the switching configuration to generate multiple beams having different radiation characteristics using common excitation voltages. Thus, the array switches the pattern between different pencil beams or from pencil to flat top beam. The method has application in real-time reconfiguration problems. The method used real common excitation voltages for generating multiple beams through switching. This greatly simplifies the design of feed network. Moreover inclusion of induced currents on turned off elements allows impedance matching without introducing any modification in active array feed. In the optimization problem, the maximum variation of the active impedance of driven elements when the radiation patterns switch from one beam to another for both the cases is calculated. It is noticed that the power of flat-top beam is significantly less than that of the pencil beam. The work also studies the effect of distances between antenna array and the ground pane in the array directivity. We use DE, GSA and ABC along with PSO in order to present a comparative analysis in one of the four design instances. Realistic antenna with mutual coupling is used in the simulation in place of isotropic element considering the

Fig. 7 Normalized power pattern for pencil/flat-top pair with ground plane using DE

Fig. 9 Normalized power pattern for pencil/flat-top pair with ground plane using ABC

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practical scenario. The results show the effectiveness of the proposed method applied in the present study.

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