S. Socrate 2013 K.

Qian

Loading Conditions on each Section (x) Applied loading only along the axis (x) of the bar. The only internal resultant at any sections ! x is the axial force N(x) Find N(x)along the bar (axial force diagram) by cutting the bar at each x and imposing x-equilibrium. For the example shown, equilibrium at x gives: for x<xB :! Fx = 0 = N(x) +FC +FB ! N(x) = FC + FB ! N(x) = FC for x>xB :! Fx = 0 = N(x)+FC And the entire axial force diagram is: For distributed loading fx(x) (with fx (x) in N/m + along x), obtain the force by integrating fx(x) along the bar. For the bar shown:
L

N( x ) = ! f x ( x)dx
x

The differential relationship between the distributed load fx (x) and the axial force N(x) is dN( x )

dx

= ! f x ( x)

This can be directly obtained from !Fx=0 on a dx slice of the bar

Kinematics constraint (geometry of deformation) Cross sections ! x : stay flat, translate by ux(x) Section deformation Section at x has displacement ux(x) Section at x+dx has displacement ux(x+dx)= ux+dux Local measure of deformation at section x : du x (change in length)/(original length) !

dx

Strain "! section deformation cross sections stay flat ! Same !a at all points of section

du x ! a ( x) = ( x) dx
du x # =! dx = ! " a ( x) dx dx 0 0
x x

Structural response Elongation:

du x u ( x ) = u ( x ) + dx = u0 + ! " a ( x) dx Displacement field : x x 0 ! dx x0 x0

with ux(x0)=u0 determined by Boundary conditions (e.g., u0 =0 at support)

Section equilibrium The Axial Force N(x) at section x is obtained by integrating the contributions of each elemental area dA, which carries a normal stress "n

N(x) = ! " n ( x, y, z ) dA
A

Constitutive Properties If the material is linear elastic, and the modulus of elemental area dA is E, the stress can be obtained as:

" n ( x, y, z ) = E ( x, y, z) # ! a ( x)
Section Response
Constant over cross section

N(x) = ! & n ( x, y, z ) dA = ! E ( x, y, z ) % a ( x) dA = ! E ( x, y, z )
A A A

du x dA dx

N(x) =

du x du x E ( x , y , z ) dA = ( EA) eff ( x) $" "# invert ! dx A dx

A

du x N(x) ( x) = dx ( EA) eff ( x)

Effective Section Stiffness:

( EA) eff ( x) = ! E ( x, y, z ) dA

If only 1 material, E(x)! (EA)eff=E(x)A(x); If 2 materials (E1, E2) ! (EA)eff= E1 A1 + E2 A2

Special case: homogeneous bar (modulus E) ; constant cross section A ; constant axial force Equilibrium (x) !Fx=0 ! N =P (constant along bar)

K=

: axial stiffness of the bar

#n =

N
structure K 1

N : normal stress A

"a =
E=

!
L

: axial strain

#n : Young' s Modulus of the material "a

A E L $ # "

"n
E 1

#
material

K=

material , geometry

!=

L A P ; P=E ! EA L ! !
1/ K K

!a

Solution Procedures: 1)! Force Method for Statically Indeterminate (SI) Bars in Axial Loading ! ! ! ! ! Remove redundant support ! Replace with redundant reaction Solve the companion Statically Determinate (SD) problem Obtain the displacement at the redundant support in terms of the redundant reaction Impose zero displacement at the redundant support and obtain the redundant reaction Back-substitute the redundant reaction in the solution to the companion SD probem to find the solution to the SI problem. Determine the free and constrained DOFs of the joints in the truss Draw FBDs of the joints for the free DOFs. Draw the unknown axial forces, N , positive, i.e., coming out of the joints. Impose equiibrium of the joints along the free DOFs (!Fx=0 and/or !Fy=0). Obtain all the axial forces in the bars. Draw FBDs of the joints for the constrained DOFs. Now the axial forces are known: draw them the way they act (pushing the joint if N is compressive, pulling if N is tensile) indicating their magnitude in the FBDs. Draw the cartesian components of the unknown reactions positive ( along x and y) Impose equiibrium of the joints along the constrained DOFs (!Fx=0 and/or !Fy=0). Obtain the cartesian components of the reactions at the supports. Check global equilibrium!

2)! Method of Joints for Statically Determinate trusses ! ! ! !