Islamic Azad University

Karaj Branch
Chapter 8
Convection: Internal Flow
Entrance Conditions
Must distinguish between entrance and fully developed regions.
Hydrodynamic Effects: Assume laminar flow with uniform velocity profile at inlet of a
circular tube.
Velocity boundary layer develops on surface of tube and thickens with increasing x.
Inviscid region of uniform velocity shrinks as boundary layer grows.
Does the centerline velocity change with increasing x? If so, how does it change?
Subsequent to boundary layer merger at the centerline, the velocity profile becomes
parabolic and invariant with x. The flow is then said to be hydrodynamically fully
developed.
How would the fully developed velocity profile differ for turbulent flow?
2
3
Mean Velocity
Velocity inside a tube varies over the cross section. For every differential
area dA
c
:
Overall rate of mass transfer through a tube with cross section A
c
:
where u
m
is the mean (average)
velocity
! Can determine average velocity at any axial location (along the x-
direction), from knowledge of the velocity profile
(8.1)
(8.2)
4
Velocity Profile in a pipe
Recall from fluid methanics that for laminar flow of an incompressible,
constant property fluid in the fully developed region of a circular tube (pipe):
(8.3a)
(8.3b)
(8.3c)
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Thermal Considerations: Mean
Temperature
We can write Newtons law of
cooling inside a tube, by
considering a mean
temperature, instead of T
!

where T
m
is the mean (average) temperature
(8.4)
For constant r and c
p
, T
m
is defined:
(8.5)
6
Fully Developed Conditions
For internal flows, the temperature, T(r), as well as the mean
temperature, T
m
generally vary in the x-direction, i.e.
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Fully Developed Conditions
A fully developed thermally region is possible, if one of two possible
surface conditions exist :
Uniform wall temperature (T
s
=constant)
Uniform heat flux (q
x
=const)
Thermal Entry Length :
Although T(r) changes with x, the relative shape of the temperature
profile remains the same: Flow is thermally fully developed.
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It can be proven that for fully developed conditions, the local
convection coefficient is a constant, independent of x:
Fully Developed Conditions
9
Mean temperature variation
along a tube
We are still left with the problem of knowing how the mean temperature
T
m
(x), varies as a function of distance, so that we can use it in Newtons
law of cooling to estimate convection heat transfer.
Recall from Chapter 1, page 10 that by simplifying the energy balance for
flow inside a control volume
where T
m,i
and T
m,o
are the mean temperatures of the inlet and outlet
respectively
For flow inside a pipe:
(8.6)
10
Mean temperature variation
along a tube
P=surface perimeter
For a differential control volume:
where P=surface perimeter
=p D for circular tube,
=width for flat plate
! Integration of this equation will result in an expression for the variation
of T
m
as a function of x.
(8.7)
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Case 1: Constant Heat Flux
Integrating equation (8.7):
(8.8)
where P=surface perimeter
=pD for circular tube,
=width for flat plate
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Case 2: Constant Surface
Temperature,T
s
=constant
From eq.(8.7)
Integrating for the entire length of the tube:
where
(8.10)
(8.11)
(8.9)
A
s
is the tube surface area, A
s
=P.L=pDL,
DT
lm
is the log-mean temperature difference
with T
s
-T
m
=DT:
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Case 3: Uniform External
Temperature
" Replace T
s
by and by (the overall heat transfer coefficient,
which includes contributions due to convection at the tube inner and
outer surfaces, and due to conduction across the tube wall). Equations
(8.9) and (8.10) become:
(8.11) (8.12)
Reminder from Chapter 3, p. 19
lecture notes
14
15
Example (Problem 8.55)
Water at a flow rate of 0.215 kg/s is cooled from 70C to 30C by
passing it through a thin-walled tube of diameter D=50 mm and
maintaining a coolant at 15C in cross flow over the tube. What is the
required tube length if the coolant is air and its velocity is V=20 m/s?
The heat transfer coefficients are h
i
=680 W/m
2
.K for flow of water
inside the tube and h
o
=83.5 W/m
2
.K for a cylinder in air cross flow of
20 m/s
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Summary (8.1-8.3)
We discussed fully developed flow conditions for cases involving
internal flows, and we defined mean velocities and temperatures
We wrote Newtons law of cooling using the mean temperature,
instead of
Based on an overall energy balance, we obtained an alternative
expression to calculate convection heat transfer as a function of mean
temperatures at inlet and outlet.
We obtained relations to express the variation of T
m
with length, for
cases involving constant heat flux and constant wall temperature
(8.6)
(8.4)
(8.9)
(8.8)
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Summary (8.1-8.3)
" In the rest of the chapter we will focus on
obtaining values of the heat transfer coefficient
h, needed to solve the above equations
We used these definitions, to obtain appropriate versions of Newtons
law of cooling, for internal flows, for cases involving constant wall
temperature and constant surrounding fluid temperature
(8.10-8.12)
Heat Transfer Correlations for
Internal Flow
Knowledge of heat transfer coefficient is needed for
calculations shown in previous slides.
" Correlations exist for various problems involving internal flow, including laminar and
turbulent flow in circular and non-circular tubes and in annular flow.
" For laminar flow we can derive h dependence theoretically
" For turbulent flow we use empirical correlations
" Recall from Chapters 6 and 7 general functional dependence
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Laminar Flow in Circular Tubes
For cases involving uniform heat flux:
For cases involving constant surface temperature:
(8.13)
(8.14)
1. Fully Developed Region
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Laminar Flow in Circular Tubes
2. Entry Region: Velocity and Temperature are
functions of x
Thermal entry length
problem: Assumes the
presence of fully developed
velocity profile
Combined (thermal and
velocity) entry length
problem: Temperature and
velocity profiles develop
simultaneously
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Laminar Flow in Circular Tubes
For constant surface temperature condition:
Thermal Entry Length case or combined entry with Pr"5
Combined Entry Length case
All properties, except m
s
evaluated at average value of mean
temperature
(8.15)
(8.16)
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Turbulent Flow in Circular Tubes
For a smooth surface and fully turbulent conditions the
Dittus Boelter equation may be used for small to moderate
temperature differences T
s
-T
m
:
n=0.4 for heating (T
s
>T
m
)
and 0.3 for cooling (T
s
<T
m
)
For large property variations, Sieder and Tate equation:
All properties, except m
s
evaluated at average value of mean
temperature
(8.17)
(8.18)
22
The Gnielinski correlation takes into account the friction factor:
Friction factors may be obtained from the Moody diagram.
(8.19)
For small Pr numbers 3x10
-3
# Pr #5x10
-2
(i.e. liquid metals)
(8.20)
(8.21)
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Turbulent Flow in Circular Tubes
Example (Problem 8.55)
Repeat Problem 8.55. This time the values of the heat transfer
coefficients are not provided, therefore we need to estimate them.
Water at a flow rate of 0.215 kg/s is cooled from 70C to 30C by
passing it through a thin-walled tube of diameter D=50 mm and
maintaining a coolant at 15C in cross flow over the tube.
(a) What is the required tube length if the coolant is air and its velocity is
V=20 m/s?
(b) What is the required tube length if the coolant is water is V=2 m/s?
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Non-Circular tubes
Use the concept of the hydraulic diameter:
where A
c
is the flow cross-sectional area and P the wetted perimeter
! See Table 8.1 textbook for typical values of Nusselt numbers for
various cross sections
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Example (Problem 8.80)
You have been asked to perform a feasibility study on the design of a
blood warmer to be used during the transfusion of blood to a patient. It is
desirable to heat blood taken from the bank at 15C to a physiological
temperature of 37C, at a flow rate of 200 ml/min. The blood passes
through a rectangular cross-section tube, 6.4 mm by 1.6 mm, which is
sandwiched between two plates held at a constant temperature of 40C.
Compute the length of the tubing required to achieve the desired outlet
conditions at the specified flow rate. Assume the flow is fully developed
and the blood has the same properties as water.
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27
Summary
Numerous correlations exist for the estimation of
the heat transfer coefficient, for various flow
situations involving laminar and turbulent flow.
Always make sure that conditions for which
correlations are valid are applicable to your
problem.
! Summary of correlations in Table 8.4 of textbook
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