© Maya and Tara Balakrishnan 2009

Chemistry Chapter 4

Soluble:
NO3-; C2H3O2-
Cl-; Br-; I- except with Ag+; Hg22+; Pb2+
SO42- except with Sr2+; Ba2+; Hg22+; Pb2+

Insoluble:
S2- except with NH4+, the alkali metals, and Ca2+; Sr2+; Ba2+
CO32-; PO43-; except with NH4+, the alkali metals
OH- except with the alkali metals, and Ca2+; Sr2+; Ba2+

Strong Acids:
HCl; HBr; Hi; HNO3; H2SO4; HClO4; HClO3

Strong Bases:
LiOH; NaOH; KOH; RbOH; CsOH; Ca(OH)2; Ba(OH)2; Sr(OH)2

Weak Bases:
NH3

• Strong electrolytes dissociate completely so the conduct electricity

• Substances that don’t ionize (molecules don’t break into ions) in
solutions are nonelectrolytes
• Precipitation reactions produce a precipitate (insoluble solid)
o Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + 2KI (aq)  PBI2 (s) + 2KNO3 (aq)
• Exchange/Metathesis Reactions (can also be a precipitation
reaction)
o AX + BY  AY + BX
o AgNO3 (aq) + KCl(aq)  AgCl (s) +KNO3 (aq)
• In a net ionic equation, spectator ions are not written
• Acids ionize in aqueous solutions to form hydrogen ions, increasing
their concentration
• Molecules of different acids can ionize to form different numbers of
H+ ions
o HCl and HNO3 are monoprotic acids
o H2SO4 is a diprotic acid
• Bases accept H+ ions and produce OH- ions when dissolved in water
• Strong acids and strong bases are strong electrolytes
• Acid-Base Reaction/Neutralization Reaction and salts – neutralization
rxn between an acid and metal hydroxide produces water and a salt
o HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq)  H2O (l) + NaCl (aq)
o Net ionic equation is H+(aq) + OH-(aq)  H2O(l)
• Acid-base rxn’s with gas formation
© Maya and Tara Balakrishnan 2009

o 2HCl(aq) + Na2S(aq)  H2S(g) + 2NaCl(aq)

o net ionic eq: 2H+(aq) + S2-(aq)  H2S(g)
• carbonates and bicarbonates react with acids to form CO2 gas
• oxidation-reduction reactions (redox):
• loss of electrons = oxidization; gain of electrons = reduction
• Oxidation numbers help keep track of electrons (make sure none go
missing!)
o Atoms in elemental form have an oxidation number of 0
o Monoatomic ions: the charge on the ion
o Oxygen is usually -2 except when it’s peroxide
o Hydrogen is +1 when bonded to nonmetals and -1 when
bonded to metals
o Fluorine is -1 in all compounds. Other halogens are -1 in
most binary compounds but with H, they are positive
o The sum of oxidation numbers in a neutral compound is 0
• Displacement reactions
o A + BX  AX + B
o Can only work if A is above B in the activity series!
• Molarity (M) = moles solute/volume solution (L)
• Molarity of an ion in a compound is the molarity of the compound
times the amount of that ion in the compound
• Moles solute (in concentrated sol.) × Volume (concentrated sol.) =
Moles solute (in diluted sol.) × Volume (diluted sol.)
• Titration is combining a solution of known concentration (standard
solution) with a solution of unknown concentration to find the
unknown concentration
• The point where the stoichiometrically equal quantities are brought
together is the equivalence point (usually the end of the reaction)
and can be found with an indicator