Jallianwala Bagh massacre - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amritsar_Massacre

Jallianwala Bagh massacre

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Coordinates: 31.62053N 74.88031E

(Redirected from Amritsar Massacre) The Jallianwala Bagh massacre, also known as the Amritsar massacre, was a seminal event in the British rule of India. On 13 April 1919, a crowd of non-violent protesters, along with Baishakhi pilgrims, had gathered in the Jallianwala Bagh garden in Amritsar, Punjab to protest the arrest of two leaders despite a curfew which had been recently declared.[1] On the orders of Brigadier-General Reginald Dyer, the army fired on the crowd for ten minutes, directing their bullets largely towards the few open gates through which people were trying to run out. The dead numbered between 370 and 1,000, or possibly more. The "brutality stunned the entire nation",[2] resulting in a "wrenching loss of faith" of the general public in the intentions of Britain.[3] The ineffective inquiry and the initial accolades for Dyer by the House of Lords fueled widespread anger, leading to the Non-cooperation movement of 192022.[4] On Sunday, 13 April 1919, Dyer was convinced of a major insurrection and he banned all meetings, however this notice was not widely disseminated.[5] That was the day of Baisakhi, the main Sikh festival, and many villagers had gathered in the Bagh. On hearing that a meeting had assembled at Jallianwala Bagh, Dyer went with fifty Gurkha riflemen to a raised bank and ordered them to shoot at the crowd. Dyer continued the firing for about ten minutes, until the ammunition supply was almost exhausted; Dyer stated that 1,650 rounds had been fired, a number which seems to have been derived by counting empty cartridge cases picked up by the troops.[6] Official British Indian sources gave a figure of 379 identified dead,[6] with approximately 1,100 wounded. The casualty number estimated by the Indian National Congress was more than 1,500, with approximately 1,000 dead.[7] Dyer was initially lauded by conservative forces in the empire, but in July 1920 he was censured and forced to retire by the House of Commons.[8] He became a celebrated hero in Britain among most of the people connected to the British Raj,[9] for example, the House of Lords,[10] but unpopular in the House of Commons, that voted against Dyer twice.[11] The massacre caused a re-evaluation of the army's role, in which the new policy became "minimum force", and the army was retrained and developed suitable tactics for crowd control.[12] Some

Jallianwala Bagh Massacre

Narrow passage to Jallianwala Bagh Garden through which the shooting was conducted. Location of Amritsar in India

Location Coordinates Date Target Attack type Weapon(s) Deaths Injured (non-fatal) Perpetrators

Amritsar, British India 31.62053N 74.88031E 13 April 1919 17:30 (UTC+5:30) Hindu, Muslim and Sikh religious and political gathering massacre Lee-Enfield rifles 370-1,000 several thousands British Indian Army unit under the command of Brigadier Reginald Dyer 50

Number of participants

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historians consider the episode as a decisive step towards the end of British rule in India,[13] although others believe that greater self-government was inevitable as a result of India's involvement in World War I.[citation needed]

Contents
1 Background 1.1 India during World War I 1.2 After the war 2 Prelude to the massacre 3 The massacre 4 Aftermath 4.1 Reaction 4.2 The Hunter Commission 4.3 Demonstration at Gujranwala 4.4 Assassination of Michael O'Dwyer 5 Monument and legacy 5.1 Formation of the Shiromani Gurudwara Prabandhak Committee 5.2 Regret 5.3 Artistic portrayals 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links

Background
India during World War I
Main article: Ghadar Mutiny During World War I, British India contributed to the British war effort by providing men and resources. About 1.25 million Indian soldiers and labourers served in Europe, Africa, and the Middle East, while both the Indian administration and the princes sent large supplies of food, money, and ammunition. However, Bengal and Punjab remained sources of anticolonial activities. Revolutionary attacks in Bengal, associated increasingly with disturbances in Punjab, were significant enough to nearly paralyse the regional administration.[14][15] A pan-Indian mutiny in the British Indian Army, planned for February 1915, was the most prominent plan amongst a number of plots of the much larger HinduGerman Mutiny, formulated between 1914 and 1917 to initiate a Pan-Indian rebellion against the British Raj during World War I. The revolutionaries included the Indian nationalists in India, the United States and Germany, along with help from the Irish republicans and the German Foreign Office. The plot originated on the onset of the World War, between the Ghadar Party in the United States, the Berlin Committee in Germany, the Indian revolutionary underground in British India and the German Foreign Office through the consulate in San Francisco. The planned February mutiny was ultimately thwarted when British intelligence infiltrated the Ghadarite movement, arresting key figures. Mutinies in smaller units and garrisons within India were also crushed.

After the war

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In the aftermath of World War I, high casualty rates, increasing inflation compounded by heavy taxation, the deadly 1918 flu pandemic, and the disruption of trade during the war escalated human suffering in India. The costs of the protracted war in both money and manpower were great. In India, long the "jewel in the crown" of the British Empire, Indians were restless for independence. More than 43,000 Indian soldiers had died fighting for Britain. Indian soldiers smuggled arms into India to fight British rule. The pre-war Indian nationalist sentiment, revived as moderate and extremist groups of the Indian National Congress, ended their differences in order to unify. In 1916, the Congress succeeded in establishing the Lucknow Pact, a temporary alliance with the All-India Muslim League.

Prelude to the massacre

Ever since the Rebellion of 1857 British officials in India lived in fear of native conspiracies and revolts; they warned each other that the natives were most suspicious when they seemed superficially innocent.[16] Investigators at the time and historians since have found no conspiratorial links whatever to the events in Amritsar, but the British fears animated their responsesGeneral Dyer believed a violent thrashing would dampen conspiraciesand afterwards he was hailed in Britain for having preempted a terrorist attack. The events that ensued from the passage of the Rowlatt Act in 1919 were also influenced by activities associated with the Ghadar conspiracy. British Indian Army troops were returning from Europe and Mesopotamia to an economic depression in India.[17]

The Jallianwalla Bagh in 1919, months after the massacre.

The attempts at mutiny during 1915 and the Lahore conspiracy trials were still causing fear among the British. Rumours of young Mohajirs who fought on behalf of the Turkish Caliphate, and later, in the ranks of the Red Army during the Russian Civil War, were circulated in army circles. The Russian Revolution had also begun to influence Indians.[18] Ominously for the British, in 1919, the Third Anglo-Afghan War began and in India, Gandhi's call for protest against the Rowlatt Act achieved an unprecedented response of furious unrest and protests. The situation especially in Punjab was deteriorating rapidly, with disruptions of rail, telegraph and communication systems. Many army officers believed revolt was possible, and they prepared for the worst. In Amritsar, more than 15,000 people gathered at Jallianwala Bagh. The British Lieutenant-Governor of Punjab, Michael O'Dwyer, is said to have believed that these were the early and ill-concealed signs of a conspiracy for a coordinated revolt around May, at a time when British troops would have withdrawn to the hills for the summer. The Amritsar massacre, as well as responses preceding and succeeding it, contrary to being an isolated incident, was the end result of a concerted plan of response from the Punjab administration to suppress such a conspiracy.[19] James Houssemayne Du Boulay is said to have ascribed a direct relationship between the fear of a Ghadarite uprising in the midst of an increasingly tense situation in Punjab, and the British response that ended in the massacre.[20] On 10 April 1919, there was a protest at the residence of the Deputy Commissioner of Amritsar, a city in Punjab, a large province in the northwestern part of India. The demonstration was to demand the release of two popular leaders of the Indian Independence Movement, Satya Pal and Saifuddin Kitchlew, who had been earlier arrested by the government and moved to a secret location. Both were proponents of the Satyagraha movement led by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. A military picket shot at the crowd, killing several protesters and setting off a series of violent events. Later the same day, several banks and other government buildings, including the Town Hall and the railway station, were attacked and set afire. The violence continued to escalate, culminating in the deaths of at least five Europeans, including government

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employees and civilians. There was retaliatory shooting at crowds from the military several times during the day, and between eight and twenty people were killed. On 11 April, Miss Marcella Sherwood, an English missionary, fearing for the safety of her pupils, was on her way to shut the schools and send the roughly 600 Indian children home.[10][21] While cycling through a narrow street called the Kucha Kurrichhan, she was caught by a mob, pulled to the ground by her hair, beaten, kicked, and left for dead. She was rescued by some local Indians, including the father of one of her pupils, who hid her from the mob and then smuggled her to the safety of Gobindgarh fort.[21][22] After visiting Sherwood on 19 April, the Raj's local commander, General Dyer, issued an order requiring every Indian man using that street to crawl its length on his hands and knees.[10][23] General Dyer later explained to a British inspector: "Some Indians crawl face downwards in front of their gods. I wanted them to know that a British woman is as sacred as a Hindu god and therefore they have to crawl in front of her, too."[24] He also authorised the indiscriminate, public whipping of locals who came within lathi length of British policemen. Miss Marcella Sherwood later defended General Dyer, describing him "as the 'saviour' of the Punjab".[23] For the next two days, the city of Amritsar was quiet, but violence continued in other parts of the Punjab. Railway lines were cut, telegraph posts destroyed, government buildings burnt, and three Europeans murdered. By 13 April, the British government had decided to put most of the Punjab under martial law. The legislation restricted a number of civil liberties, including freedom of assembly; gatherings of more than four people were banned.[25]

The massacre
On 13 April, the traditional festival of Baisakhi, thousands of Sikhs, Muslims and Hindus gathered in the Jallianwala Bagh (garden) near the Harmandir Sahib in Amritsar. An hour after the meeting began as scheduled at 16:30, Dyer arrived with a group of sixty-five Gurkha and twenty-five Baluchi soldiers into the Bagh. Fifty of them were armed with .303 Lee-Enfield bolt-action rifles. Dyer had also brought two armoured cars armed with machine guns; however, the vehicles were left outside, as they were unable to enter the Bagh through the narrow entrance. The Jallianwala Bagh was surrounded on all sides by houses and buildings and had few narrow entrances. Most of them were kept permanently locked. The main entrance was relatively wide, but was guarded heavily by the troops backed by the armoured vehicles. Dyerwithout warning the crowd to disperseblocked the main exits. He explained later that this act "was not to disperse the meeting "The Martyrs' Well" at Jallianwala but to punish the Indians for disobedience."[26] Dyer ordered his Bagh. troops to begin shooting toward the densest sections of the crowd. Firing continued for approximately ten minutes. Cease-fire was ordered only when ammunition supplies were almost exhausted, after approximately 1,650 rounds were spent.[6] Many people died in stampedes at the narrow gates or by jumping into the solitary well on the compound to escape the shooting. A plaque in the monument at the site, set up after independence, says that 120 bodies were pulled out of the well. The wounded could not be moved from where they had fallen, as a curfew was declared, and many more died during the night.

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The number of deaths caused by the shooting is disputed. While the official figure given by the British inquiry into the massacre is 379 deaths, the method used by the inquiry has been subject to criticism. In July 1919, three months after the massacre, officials were tasked with finding who had been killed by inviting inhabitants of the city to volunteer information about those who had died.[27] This information was incomplete due to fear that those who participated would be identified as having been present at the meeting, and some of the dead may not have had close relations in the area.[28] When interviewed by the members of the committee, a senior civil servant in the Punjab admitted that the actual figure could be higher.[29] Since the official figures were probably flawed regarding the size of the crowd (15,00020,000), the number of rounds shot and the period of shooting, the Indian National Congress instituted a separate inquiry of its own, with conclusions that differed considerably from the Government's inquiry. The casualty number quoted by the Congress was more than 1,500, with approximately 1,000 being killed.[30] The Government tried to suppress information of the massacre, but news spread in India and widespread outrage ensued. Yet, the details of the massacre did not become known in Britain until December 1919.

Aftermath
Reaction
After General Dyer reported to his superiors that he had been "confronted by a revolutionary army", Lieutenant-Governor Michael O'Dwyer wrote in a telegram sent to Dyer: "Your action is correct and the Lieutenant Governor approves."[31] O'Dwyer requested that martial law should be imposed upon Amritsar and other areas, and this was granted by Viceroy Lord Chelmsford.[32][33] Both Secretary of State for War Winston Churchill and former Prime Minister H. H. Asquith however, openly condemned the attack. Churchill referring to it as "monstrous", while Asquith called it "one of the worst outrages in the whole of our history".[34] Winston Churchill, in the House of Commons debate of 8 July 1920, said, "The crowd was unarmed, except with bludgeons. It was not attacking anybody or anything When fire had been opened upon it to disperse it, it tried to run away. Pinned up in a narrow place considerably smaller than Trafalgar Square, with hardly any exits, and packed together so that one bullet would drive through three or four bodies, the people ran madly this way and the other. When the fire was directed upon the centre, they ran to the sides. The fire was then directed to the sides. Many threw themselves down on the ground, the fire was then directed down on the ground. This was continued to 8 to 10 minutes, and it stopped only when the ammunition had reached the point of exhaustion."[35] After Churchill's speech in the House of Commons debate, MPs voted 247 to 37 against Dyer and in support of the Government.[36] Rabindranath Tagore received the news of the massacre by 22 May 1919. He tried to arrange a protest meeting in Calcutta and finally decided to renounce his knighthood as "a symbolic act of protest".[37] In the repudiation letter, dated 30 May 1919 and addressed to the Viceroy, Lord Chelmsford, he wrote "I ... wish to stand, shorn, of all special distinctions, by the side of those of my countrymen who, for their so called insignificance, are liable to suffer degradation not fit for human beings"[38] Gupta describes the letter written by Tagore as "historic". He writes that Tagore "renounced his knighthood in protest against the inhuman cruelty of the British Government to the people of Punjab", and he quotes Tagore's letter to the Viceroy "The enormity of the measures taken by the Government in the Punjab for quelling some local disturbances has, with a rude shock, revealed to our minds the helplessness of our position as British subjects in India ... [T]he very least that I can do for my country is to take all consequences upon myself in giving voice to the protest of the millions of my countrymen, surprised into a dumb anguish of terror. The time has come when badges of honour make our shame glaring in the incongruous context of humiliation..."[39] English Writings Of Rabindranath Tagore Miscellaneous Writings

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Vol# 8 carries a facsimile of this hand written letter.[40] Cloake reports that despite the official rebuke, many Britons "thought him a hero for saving the rule of British law in India."[41]

The Hunter Commission

On 14 October 1919, after orders issued by the Secretary of State for India, Edwin Montagu, the Government of India announced the formation of a committee of inquiry into the events in Punjab. Referred to as the Disorders Inquiry Committee, it was later more widely known as the Hunter Commission. It was named after the name of chairman, Lord William Hunter, former Solicitor-General for Scotland and Senator of the College of Justice in Scotland. The stated purpose of the commission was to "investigate the recent disturbances in Bombay, Delhi and Punjab, about their causes, and the measures taken to cope with them".[42] The members of the commission were: Lord Hunter, Chairman of the Commission Mr. Justice George C. Rankin of Calcutta Sir Chimanlal Harilal Setalvad, Vice-Chancellor of Bombay University and advocate of the Bombay High Court Mr W.F. Rice, member of the Home Department Major-General Sir George Barrow, KCB, KCMG, GOC Peshawar Division Pandit Jagat Narayan, lawyer and Member of the Legislative Council of the United Provinces Mr. Thomas Smith, Member of the Legislative Council of the United Provinces Sardar Sahibzada Sultan Ahmad Khan, lawyer from Gwalior State Mr H.C. Stokes, Secretary of the Commission and member of the Home Department
[42]

After meeting in New Delhi on 29 October, the Commission took statements from witnesses over the following weeks. Witnesses were called in Delhi, Ahmedabad, Bombay and Lahore. Although the Commission as such was not a formally constituted court of law, meaning witnesses were not subject to questioning under oath, its members managed to elicit detailed accounts and statements from witnesses by rigorous cross-questioning. In general, it was felt the Commission had been very thorough in its enquiries.[42] After reaching Lahore in November, the Commission wound up its initial inquiries by examining the principal witnesses to the events in Amritsar. On 19 November, Dyer was called to appear before the Commission. Although his military superiors had suggested he be represented by legal counsel at the inquiry, Dyer refused this suggestion and appeared alone.[42] Initially questioned by Lord Hunter, Dyer stated he had come to know about the meeting at the Jallianwala Bagh at 12:40 hours that day but did not attempt to prevent it. He stated that he had gone to the Bagh with the deliberate intention of opening fire if he found a crowd assembled there. Patterson says Dyer explained his sense of honour to the Hunter Commission by saying, "I think it quite possible that I could have dispersed the crowd without firing but they would have come back again and laughed, and I would have made, what I consider, a fool of myself."[43] Dyer further reiterated his belief that the crowd in the Bagh was one of "rebels who were trying to isolate my forces and cut me off from other supplies. Therefore, I considered it my duty to fire on them and to fire well".[42] After Mr. Justice Rankin had questioned Dyer, Sir Chimanlal Setalvad followed, asking Dyer if "supposing the passage was sufficient to allow the armoured cars to go in, would you have opened fire with the machine guns?" "I think probably, yes."

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"In that case, the casualties would have been much higher?" "Yes." [42] Dyer further stated that his intentions had been to strike terror throughout the Punjab and in doing so, reduce the moral stature of the "rebels". He said he did not stop the shooting when the crowd began to disperse because he thought it was his duty to keep shooting until the crowd dispersed, and that a little shooting would not do any good. In fact he continued the shooting until the ammunition was almost exhausted.[44] He stated that he did not make any effort to tend to the wounded after the shooting: "Certainly not. It was not my job. Hospitals were open and they could have gone there."[45] Exhausted from the rigorous cross-examination questioning and ill, Dyer was then released. Over the next several months, while the Commission wrote its final report, the British press, as well as many MPs, turned hostile towards Dyer as the extent of the massacre and his statements at the inquiry became widely known.[42] Lord Chelmsford refused to comment until the Commission had been wound up. In the meanwhile, Dyer, seriously ill with jaundice and arteriosclerosis, was hospitalised.[42] Although the members of the Commission had been divided by racial tensions following Dyer's statement, and though the Indian members had written a separate, minority report, the final report, comprising six volumes of evidence and released on 8 March 1920, unanimously condemned Dyer's actions.[42] In "continuing firing as long as he did, it appears to us that General Dyer committed a grave error."[46] Dissenting members argued that the martial law regime's use of force was wholly unjustified. "General Dyer thought he had crushed the rebellion and Sir Michael O'Dwyer was of the same view," they wrote, "(but) there was no rebellion which required to be crushed." The report concluded that: Lack of notice to disperse from the Bagh in the beginning was an error The length of firing showed a grave error Dyer's motive of producing a sufficient moral effect was to be condemned Dyer had overstepped the bounds of his authority There had not been any conspiracy to overthrow British rule in the Punjab The minority report of the Indian members further added that: Proclamations banning public meetings were insufficiently distributed There were innocent people in the crowd, and there had not been any violence in the Bagh beforehand Dyer should have either ordered his troops to help the wounded or instructed the civil authorities to do so Dyer's actions had been "inhuman and un-British" and had greatly injured the image of British rule in India. The Hunter Commission did not impose any penal or disciplinary action because Dyer's actions were condoned by various superiors (later upheld by the Army Council).[47] The Legal and Home Members on the Viceroy's Council ultimately decided that, though Dyer had acted in a callous and brutal way, military or legal prosecution would not be possible due to political reasons. However, he was finally found guilty of a mistaken notion of duty and relieved of his command on 23 March. He had been recommended for a CBE as a result of his service in the Third Afghan War; this recommendation was cancelled on 29 March 1920.

Demonstration at Gujranwala
Two days later, on 15 April, demonstrations occurred in Gujranwala protesting the killings at Amritsar. Police and aircraft were used against the demonstrators, resulting in 12 deaths and 27 injuries. The Officer Commanding the Royal Air Force in India, Brigadier General N D K MacEwen stated later that:

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[48]

I think we can fairly claim to have been of great use in the late riots, particularly at Gujranwala, where the crowd when looking at its nastiest was absolutely dispersed by a machine using bombs and Lewis guns.

Assassination of Michael O'Dwyer

See also: Udham Singh On 13 March 1940, at Caxton Hall in London, Udham Singh, an Indian independence activist from Sunam who had witnessed the events in Amritsar and was himself wounded, shot and killed Michael O'Dwyer, the British Lieutenant-Governor of Punjab at the time of the massacre, who had approved Dyer's action and was believed to be the main planner. Dyer himself had died in 1927. The action by Singh was condemned generally, but some, such as the nationalist newspaper Amrita Bazar Patrika, also made positive statements. The common people and revolutionaries glorified the action of Udham Singh. Much of the press worldwide recalled the story of Jallianwala Bagh and alleged Michael O'Dwyer to have been responsible for the massacre. Singh was termed a "fighter for Michael O'Dwyer ca. 1912 freedom" and his action was referred to in The Times newspaper as "an expression of the pent-up fury of the down-trodden Indian People".[49] In Fascist countries, the incident was used for anti-British propaganda: Bergeret, published in large scale from Rome at that time, while commenting upon the Caxton Hall assassination, ascribed the greatest significance to the circumstance and praised the action of Udham Singh as courageous.[50] The Berliner Brsen Zeitung termed the event "The torch of Indian freedom". German radio reportedly broadcast: "The cry of tormented people spoke with shots." At a public meeting in Kanpur, a spokesman had stated that "at last an insult and humiliation of the nation had been avenged". Similar sentiments were expressed in numerous other places across the country.[51] Fortnightly reports of the political situation in Bihar mentioned: "It is true that we had no love lost for Sir Michael. The indignities he heaped upon our countrymen in Punjab have not been forgotten." In its 18 March 1940 issue Amrita Bazar Patrika wrote: "O'Dwyer's name is connected with Punjab incidents which India will never forget." The New Statesman observed: "British conservativism has not discovered how to deal with Ireland after two centuries of rule. Similar comment may be made on British rule in India. Will the historians of the future have to record that it was not the Nazis but the British ruling class which destroyed the British Empire?" Singh had told the court at his trial:

[52]

I did it because I had a grudge against him. He deserved it. He was the real culprit. He wanted to crush the spirit of my people, so I have crushed him. For full 21 years, I have been trying to wreak vengeance. I am happy that I have done the job. I am not scared of death. I am dying for my country. I have seen my people starving in India under the British rule. I have protested against this, it was my duty. What a greater honour could be bestowed on me than death for the sake of my motherland?

Singh was hanged for the murder on 31 July 1940. At that time, many, including Jawaharlal Nehru and Mahatma Gandhi, condemned the action of Udham as senseless but courageous. In 1952, Nehru (by then Prime Minister) honoured Udham Singh with the following statement which had appeared in the daily
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Partap:

I salute Shaheed-i-Azam Udham Singh with reverence who had kissed the noose so that we may be free.

Soon after this recognition by the Prime Minister, Udham Singh received the title of Shaheed, a name given to someone who has attained martyrdom or done something heroic on behalf of their country or religion.
[citation needed]

Wide view of Jallianwala Bagh memorial

Monument and legacy

A trust was founded in 1920 to build a memorial at the site after a resolution was passed by the Indian National Congress. In 1923, the trust purchased land for the project. A memorial, designed by American architect Benjamin Polk, was built on the site and inaugurated by President of India Rajendra Prasad on 13 April 1961, in the presence of Jawaharlal Nehru and other leaders. A flame was later added to the site.

Entrance to the present-day Jallianwala Bagh.

Bullet marks, visible on preserved walls, at present-day Jallianwala Bagh

The bullet marks remain on the walls and adjoining buildings to this day. The well into which many people jumped and drowned attempting to save themselves from the bullets is also a protected monument inside the park.

Formation of the Shiromani Gurudwara Prabandhak Committee

Shortly following the massacre, the official Sikh clergy of the Golden Temple conferred upon General Dyer the Saropa (the mark of distinguished service to the Sikh faith or, in general, humanity), sending shock waves among the Sikh community.[53] On 12 October 1920, students and faculty of the Amritsar Khalsa College called a meeting to demand the immediate removal of the Gurudwaras from the control of Mahants. The result was the formation of the Shiromani Gurudwara Prabhandak Committee on 15 November 1920 to manage and to implement reforms in Sikh shrines.[54]

Regret
Although Queen Elizabeth II had not made any comments on the incident during her state visits in 1961 and 1983, she spoke about the events at a state banquet in India on 13 October 1997:[55]

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It is no secret that there have been some difficult episodes in our past Jallianwala Bagh, which I shall visit tomorrow, is a distressing example. But history cannot be rewritten, however much we might sometimes wish otherwise. It has its moments of sadness, as well as

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gladness. We must learn from the sadness and build on the gladness.[55] On 14 October 1997 Queen Elizabeth II visited Jallianwala Bagh and paid her respects with a 30second moment of silence. During the visit, she wore a dress of a colour described as pink apricot or saffron, which was of religious significance to Hindus and Sikhs.[55] She removed her shoes while visiting the monument and laid a wreath at the monument.[55] While some Indians welcomed the expression of regret and sadness in the Queen's statement, others criticised it for being less than an apology.[55] Prime Minister of India Inder Kumar Gujral defended the Queen, saying that the Queen herself had not even been born at the time of the events and should not be required to apologise.[55] Winston Churchill, on the 8th July 1920, urged the House of Commons to punish General Dyer.[35] Churchill succeeded in persuading the House to forcibly retire General Dyer, but Churchill would have preferred to see the general disciplined.[36] In February 2013 David Cameron became the first serving British Prime Minister to visit the site,[56] laid a wreath at the memorial, and described the Amritsar massacre as "a deeply shameful event in British history, one that Winston Churchill rightly described at that time as monstrous. We must never forget what happened here and we must ensure that the UK stands up for the right of peaceful protests". Cameron did not deliver an official apology.[57]

Artistic portrayals
1981: Salman Rushdie's novel Midnight's Children portrays the massacre from the perspective of a doctor in the crowd, saved from the gunfire by a well-timed sneeze. 1982: The massacre is depicted in Richard Attenborough's film Gandhi with the role of General Dyer played by Edward Fox. The film depicts most of the details of the massacre as well as the subsequent inquiry by the Montague commission. 1984: The story of the massacre also occurs in the 7th episode of Granada TV's 1984 series The Jewel in the Crown, recounted by the fictional widow of a British officer who is haunted by the inhumanity of it and who tells how she came to be reviled because she defied the honours to Dyer and instead donated money to the Indian victims. 2002: In the Hindi movie The Legend of Bhagat Singh directed by Rajkumar Santoshi, the massacre is reconstructed with the Jallianwala Bagh memorial child Bhagat Singh as a witness, eventually inspiring him to become a revolutionary in the Indian independence movement. 2006: Portions of the Hindi movie Rang De Basanti nonlinearly depict the massacre and the influence it had on the freedom fighters. 2009: Bali Rai's novel, City of Ghosts, is partly set around the massacre, blending fact with fiction and magical realism. Dyer, Udham Singh and other real historical figures feature in the story.

See also
Vidurashwatha British Raj Massacre of Chumik Shenko Indian independence movement

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List of massacres in India

References
1. ^ Dalrymple, William (23 February 2013). "Apologising for Amritsar is pointless. Better redress is to never forget" (http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree /2013/feb/23/apologising-amritsar-teach-britishempire). The Guardian. Retrieved 13 December 2013. 2. ^ Bipan Chandra etal, India's Struggle for Independence, Viking 1988, p.166 3. ^ Barbara D. Metcalf and Thomas R. Metcalf (2006). A concise history of modern India (http://www.cse.iitk.ac.in/users/amit/books /metcalf-2006-concise-history-of.html). Cambridge University Press. p.169 4. ^ Collett, Nigel (2006). The Butcher of Amritsar: General Reginald Dyer. pp. 398399. 5. ^ Hunter Commission of Enquiry Report 6. ^ a b c Collett, The Butcher of Amritsar: General Reginald Dyer pp 266,337 7. ^ Brian Lapping, End of Empire, p. 38, 1985 8. ^ Manchester, William. The Last Lion: Winston S Churchill, Visions of Glory (1874-1932). Little, Brown. p. 694. 9. ^ Derek Sayer, "British Reaction to the Amritsar Massacre 1919-1920," Past & Present, May 1991, Issue 131, pp 130-164 10. ^ a b c Jaswant Singh (13 April 2002). "Bloodbath on the Baisakhi" (http://www.tribuneindia.com /2002/20020413/windows/main1.htm). The Tribune. Retrieved 16 March 2013. 11. ^ Manchester, William. The Last Lion : Winston Spencer Churchill, Visions of Glory (1874-1932). Little, Brown. p. 694. 12. ^ Srinath Raghaven, "Protecting the Raj: The Army in India and Internal Security, c . 191939," Small Wars and Insurgencies, (Fall 2005), 16#3 pp 253-279 online (http://www.tandfonline.com /doi/abs/10.1080/09592310500220528) 13. ^ Brain Bond, "Amritsar 1919," History Today, Sept 1963, Vol. 13 Issue 10, pp 666-676 14. ^ Gupta 1997, p. 12 15. ^ Popplewell 1995, p. 201 16. ^ Steven Patterson, "The Imperial Idea: Ideas of Honor in British India," Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History (2007) 8:1 17. ^ Sarkar 1983, pp. 169172,176 18. ^ Sarkar 1983, p. 177 19. ^ Cell 2002, p. 67 20. ^ Brown 1973, p. 523 21. ^ a b Ferguson, Niall (2003). Empire: How Britain Made the Modern World. London: Penguin Books. p. 326. ISBN 0-7139-9615-3. 22. ^ Collett, Nigel (2006). The Butcher of Amritsar: General Reginald Dyer. Hambledon Continuum: New Edition. p. 234. 23. ^ a b Banerjee, Sikata (2012). Muscular Nationalism: Gender, Violence, and Empire. p. 24. 24. ^ Talbott, Strobe (2004). Engaging India : Diplomacy, Democracy, and the Bomb. p. 245. 25. ^ Townshend, Britains Civil Wars. p137 26. ^ Collett, The Butcher of Amritsar: General Reginald Dyer p 255-58 27. ^ Hunter Report, p116-117. 28. ^ Nigel Collett (2007), The Butcher of Amritsar: General Reginald Dyer, Hambledon and London, p. 263 29. ^ Hunter Report, p117 30. ^ "Amritsar Massacre ninemsn Encarta" (http://www.webcitation.org/5kwriIrvt). Archived from the original (http://au.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761579959/amritsar_massacre.html) on 31 October 2009. 31. ^ Nigel Collett, The Butcher of Amritsar: General Reginald Dyer (2006) p. 267 32. ^ Derek Sayer, "British Reaction to the Amritsar Massacre 1919-1920," Past & Present, May 1991, Issue 131, p.142 33. ^ Nigel Collett, The Butcher of Amritsar: General Reginald Dyer (2006) p. 372 34. ^ Derek Sayer, "British Reaction to the Amritsar Massacre 1919-1920," Past & Present, May 1991, Issue 131, p.131 35. ^ a b "Hansard (House of Commons Archives)". Hansard: 17191733. 8 July 1920. 36. ^ a b Manchester, William (1988). The Last Lion: Winston Spencer Churchill, Visions of Glory (1874-1932). Little, Brown. p. 694. 37. ^ Rabindranath Tagore; Sisir Kumar Das (January 1996). A miscellany (http://books.google.com /books?id=EZOu04e1bNQC&pg=PA982). Sahitya Akademi. pp. 982. ISBN 978-81-260-0094-4. Retrieved 17 February 2012. 38. ^ "Tagore renounced his Knighthood in protest for Jalianwalla Bagh mass killing" (http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com /2011-04-13/india/29413338_1_knighthoodprotest-honour). The Times of India (Mumbai: Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd.). 13 April 2011. Retrieved 17 February 2012.

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39. ^ Kalyan Sen Gupta (2005). The philosophy of Rabindranath Tagore (http://books.google.com /books?id=B15fqPp2BSwC&pg=PA3). Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 3. ISBN 978-0-7546-3036-4. Retrieved 17 February 2012. 40. ^ Rabindranath Tagore; Introduction By Mohit K. Ray (1 January 2007). English Writings Of Rabindranath TagoreMiscellaneous Writings Vol# 8 (http://books.google.com /books?id=KmurjO7AQ1sC&pg=PA1021). Atlantic Publishers & Dist. pp. 1021. ISBN 978-81-269-0761-8. Retrieved 17 February 2012. 41. ^ J. A. Cloake (1994). Britain in the Modern World (http://books.google.com /books?id=uco8S8lxvCoC&pg=PT36). Oxford University Press. p. 36. 42. ^ a b c d e f g h i Collett, Nigel (2006). The Butcher of Amritsar: General Reginald Dyer. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 333334. ISBN 9781852855758. Unknown parameter |subject= ignored (help) 43. ^ Steven Patterson, The cult of imperial honor in British India (2009) P. 67 44. ^ Nick Lloyd, The Amritsar Massacre: The Untold Story of One Fateful Day (2011) p. 157 45. ^ Collett, The Butcher of Amritsar p. 337 46. ^ Cyril Henry Philips, "The evolution of India and Pakistan, 1858 to 1947: select documents" p.214. Oxford University Press, 1962 47. ^ Winston Churchill (8 July 1920), Winston Churchill's speech in the House of Commons (http://lachlan.bluehaze.com.au/churchill /amritsar.htm) Retrieved on 14 Sep 2010. 48. ^ Royal Air Force Power Review (http://www.raf.mod.uk/rafcms/mediafiles /BC18F893_1143_EC82_2E16AC19F19FE2D2.pd f), 1 (1), spring 2008, retrieved 24 October 2010. Unknown parameter |unused_data= ignored (help) 49. ^ The Times, London, 16 March 1940 50. ^ Public and Judicial Department, File No L/P + J/7/3822, Caxton Hall outrage, India Office Library and Records, London, pp 1314

51. ^ Government of India, Home Department, Political File No 18/3/1940, National Archives of India, New Delhi, p40 52. ^ CRIM 1/1177, Public Record Office, London, p 64 53. ^ Ajit Singh Sarhadi, "Punjabi Suba: The Story of the Struggle", Kapur Printing Press, Delhi, 1970, p. 19 54. ^ Indian critiques of Gandhi Google Books (http://books.google.com/?id=GGGudMuE4PIC& pg=PA173& dq=sgpc+saropa+general+dyer#v=onepage& q=sgpc%20saropa%20general%20dyer&f=false), Books.google.com, 2003, ISBN 978-0-7914-5910-2, retrieved 1 February 2011 55. ^ a b c d e f "In India, Queen Bows Her Head Over a Massacre in 1919" (http://www.nytimes.com /1997/10/15/world/in-india-queen-bows-herhead-over-a-massacre-in-1919.html?smid=plshare). New York Times. 15 October 1997. Retrieved 12 February 2013. 56. ^ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india /Jallianwala-Bagh-massacre-British-PM-defendsdecision-for-not-saying-sorry/articleshow /18594322.cms 57. ^ "David Cameron marks British 1919 Amritsar massacre" (http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics21515360). News. BBC. 20 February 2013. Retrieved 20 February 2013. "Not our finest hour: David Cameron to visit Amritsar massacre site but won't make official apology" (http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/davidcameron-visit-amritsar-massacre-1719343). News. Daily Mirror. 20 February 2013. Retrieved 20 February 2013. "Jallianwala Bagh killings shameful, says David Cameron" (http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_jallianwalabagh-killings-shameful-says-davidcameron_1802074). News. Daily News and Analysis. 20 February 2013. Retrieved 20 February 2013.

Further reading
Brown, Emily (1973), (in Book Reviews; South Asia). The Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 32, No. 3. (May, 1973), pp. 522523, Pacific Affairs, University of British Columbia, ISSN 0030-851X (//www.worldcat.org/issn/0030-851X). Cell, John W (2002), Hailey: A Study in British Imperialism, 18721969, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-52117-3. Collett, Nigel. The Butcher of Amritsar: General Reginald Dyer (2006) Draper, Alfred. The Amritsar Massacre: Twilight of the Raj (1985) Gupta, Amit K (1997), Defying Death: Nationalist Revolutionism in India, 18971938.Social Scientist, Vol. 25, No. 9/10. (Sep. Oct., 1997), pp. 327, Social Scientist, ISSN 0970-0293 (//www.worldcat.org/issn/0970-0293). Hopkirk, Peter (1997), Like Hidden Fire: The Plot to Bring Down the British Empire, Kodansha

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Globe, ISBN 1-56836-127-0. Judd, Dennis. "The Amritsar Massacre of 1919: Gandhi, the Raj and the Growth of Indian Nationalism, 1915-39," in Judd, Empire: The British Imperial Experience from 1765 to the Present (Basic Books, 1996) pp 258 72 online edition (http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=6969240) Lloyd, Nick. The Amritsar Massacre: The Untold Story of One Fateful Day (2011) Narain, Savita. The historiography of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, 1919 (New Delhi, Spantech and Lancer, 1998) 76pp ISBN 1-897829-36-1 Popplewell, Richard J (1995), Intelligence and Imperial Defence: British Intelligence and the Defence of the Indian Empire 19041924 (http://www.routledge.com/shopping_cart/products /product_detail.asp?sku=&isbn=071464580X&parent_id=&pc=), Routledge, ISBN 0-7146-4580-X. Sarkar, B.K. (1921), Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 36, No. 1. (Mar., 1921), pp. 136138, The Acedemy of Political Science, ISSN 0032-3195 (//www.worldcat.org/issn/0032-3195). Sarkar, Sumit (1983), Modern India, 18851947, Delhi:Macmillan, ISBN 978-0-333-90425-1. Swinson, Arthur. Six Minutes to Sunset: The Story of General Dyer and the Amritsar Affair (London: Peter Davies, 1964) Tinker, Hugh (1968), India in the First World War and after. Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 3, No. 4, 191819: From War to Peace. (Oct., 1968), pp. 89107, Sage Publications, ISSN 0022-0094 (//www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-0094).

External links
An NPR interview (http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6687085) with Bapu Shingara Singh the last known surviving witness. Churchill's speech (http://lachlan.bluehaze.com.au/churchill/amritsar.htm) after the incident. Amritsar Massacre at Jallianwala Bagh (http://www.amritsar.com/Jallian%20Wala%20Bagh.shtml) Listen to the Shaheed song of the Amritsar Massacre at Jallian Wala Bagh. Amritsar Massacre as a turning point in the British Raj (http://www.britishempirehistory.com/pages /7.html) Description and analysis of the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre. Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre&oldid=592507060" Categories: Conflicts in 1919 Mass murder in 1919 British India Protests in India Massacres in India Massacres committed by the United Kingdom Amritsar Political repression Military scandals HinduGerman Conspiracy 1919 in India History of Punjab, India Massacres of Sikhs Indian independence movement This page was last modified on 26 January 2014 at 18:03. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.

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