CBSE-i CLASS X- POLITCAL SCIENCE STUDENTS MANUAL

UNIT: III- OUTCOMES OF DEMOCRACY CONTENT: Accountable, Responsive an !e"iti#ate $ove%n#ent& Re uction o' ine(ualit) an *ove%t)& Acco##o ation o' social ive%sit)& Di"nit) an '%ee o# o' citi+en Conclusion

SCO*E
The aim of this chapter is to build an understanding that right, freedom, equality & accountability which are essential components of democracy provide the more suitable conditions for people to enjoy a life with dignity and economic prosperity. However in terms of outcome the idea of democracy does not bear the same fruits in all democratic systems. This is because the availability of political rights, education, economic opportunities and will of political leaders varies in all democratic countries e.g. democratic system in US and in western !uropean countries li"e U#, $ermany, %rance etc. have been more successful in providing dignified life to their citi&ens. Same is true for Scandinavian countries namely 'enmar", (orway, %inland etc. and also for )apan whereas democracies li"e *angladesh lies on the other e+treme. However democratic system in ,ndia, *ra&il and South frica has produced mi+ed outcomes. lthough democracy offers opportunities for citi&ens for participation and ta"ing part in policy ma"ing but its outcomes cannot be ta"en as for granted because every country has different group of peoples and they influence public policies in different manner. So outcome of democracy in different countries are different. 'emocracy as a form of government is a rule based on the consent of the people.,t implies that the ultimate authority of the government is vested in the common people

CBSE-i CLASS X- POLITCAL SCIENCE STUDENTS MANUAL so that the policy is made to conform to the will of the people and to serve the interest of the people.

T,is c,apte% is o%"ani+e as 'ollo-s Section- .- -ecent trends in democratisation and recogni&ed the need to evaluate the functioning of 'emocracy. Section- / . -ole played by democracy in reduction of /overty. Section -0diversity. Section-1 . nalyses the conditions under which democracies promote dignity and freedom of individuals. Section- 2 . 'raws conclusions and spells out implications for policy. cquire "nowledge as to how democracy helps in accommodation of social

OUTCOMES OF DEMOCRACY ACCOUNTA3!E, RES*ONSI4E AND !E$ITIMATE $O4ERNMENT

Accountable. 'emocracy ensures that decision ma"ing will be based on norms and procedures and if anybody wants to "now if the decision is ta"en through the correct procedure or not he0she can find it out because in democracy people have the right and means to e+amine the procedure of decision ma"ing. This is "nown as Transparency. (ondemocratic government does not provide this feature. So, if we are trying to find out the 1utcomes of democracy we must accept that democracy is a type of government that follows procedure and is acceptable to the people. ,t also develops a mechanism for citi&ens to ta"e part in decision ma"ing. How can we say that democracy produces an accountable government2 3Accountability means that if you are accountable to someone for something that you do then you are responsible for it and must be prepared to justify your actions. 'emocracy produces a responsible government because public officials can finally be held accountable for their actions. ,t further creates condition for responsible
2

CBSE-i CLASS X- POLITCAL SCIENCE STUDENTS MANUAL government in the sense that its actions are open to scrutiny and criticism by the legislative that has ability to remove it from power. Government responsiveness to mass preferences is fundamental to most conceptions of democracy. ,f someone or something is responsive then he0she reacts quic"ly and favorably. ,n this matter democratic government is always ready to react quic"ly and in favor of the people than any other type of the government. 4e all e+pect that the democratic government would be attentive to the needs and demands of the people and it should be largely free of corruption but it is not fair to e+pect such a high degree of quality because other forms of the government are also not free of corruption as 5r.)awahar 6al (ehru says 7'emocracy is good. , say this because other systems are worse8. 'emocratic government is certainly better than its alternatives. This government is legitimate and it is people9s own government. That is why everybody supports the idea of democracy. !e"iti#ac):. The concept of legitimacy entails justification in terms of the prescribed norms and procedures. The term 36egitimacy9 has been derived from the 6atin word legitimara meaning 3to declare lawful9. ,t broadly means rightfulness to secure legitimacy the $ovt. has to justify its actions in terms of law. This ensures the social acceptance and effective implementation of rules, policies and decisions.
5A6& E4A!UATION OF DEMOCRACY

ccording to braham 6incoln 'emocracy is a 7 Government of the people, for the people and by the people. ll governments claim that they are the 3government of the people9 but most of the governments "eep people under control to raise ta+es from them in order to run machinery of the government and to prevent the integrity and security of the country against all forces inside and outside the country. 'emocratic government is a better government as it promotes equality among citizens, enhances the dignity of individuals, improves the equality of decision making, provides a method to resolve conflicts and allows room to correct mistake . The outcomes of democracy may differ from nation to nation because it depends

CBSE-i CLASS X- POLITCAL SCIENCE STUDENTS MANUAL upon the social situations, economic achievements and the culture of the nation. *ut it produces: Accountable, Responsive an , le"iti#ate "ove%n#ent

The most important outcome of democracy is that it produces a government that is accountable to citi&ens. Since democracy is based on the idea of deliberation and negotiations decision ma"ing may ta"e some time. ,n democracy decision ma"ing is based on norms and procedures, its decisions will be more acceptable and effective for the people. The following measure can be helpful in measuring favourable outcomes of democracy. Con itions essential 'o% t,e success o' De#oc%ac). Social: . Social justice, social unity, social education. !conomic: . !conomic equality & economic security. /olitical:. n atmosphere of liberty, equality, justice, rule of law, periodic and free elections, free press impartial judiciary, rights and liberties of people. 5oral: . 'uty bound, concern for common interest, honesty.for the ruler and the ruled. ,ntellectual: >ommon sense, toleration, openness, adaptiveness, fle+ibility

;. -egular, free and fair elections <. 1pen public debate on major policies and legislatures
=. >iti&en9s right to information about the
Source : /olitical Science by (.'. rora ?Tata 5c$raw Hill@

governments and its functioning

. DEMOCRACY IN USA The United States has been supporting democracy abroad for many decades. %rom 4oodrow 4ilson9s efforts following 4orld 4ar. , to the reconstruction of $ermany

CBSE-i CLASS X- POLITCAL SCIENCE STUDENTS MANUAL and )apan after 4orld 4ar ,,, U.S. policyma"ers have aimed to create a world of democratic nations. 'uring the >old 4ar and the current war on terrorism, efforts to foster democracy have been inconsistent or have clashed with other strategic goals, but the U.S. commitment to the growth of democracy abroad has been repeatedly e+pressed. 1ver the past <A years, the United States has made assistance for the development of democracy in other nations is a "ey element of its national security policy. ,n recent years democracy assistance has become not merely a goal for diplomacy ?although it remains that@ but an increasingly frequent practical problem. host of international and multilateral donor agencies and even military forces ?both ( T1 and U.S.@ have ta"en on the tas" of helping build democracies in highly challenging environments, including authoritarian and semi authoritarian states, recently emerging and transitional democracies, and societies scarcely out of, or even in the midst of, violent conflicts ?e.g., U"raine, *osnia, !gypt, fghanistan, ,raq, Haiti, 'emocratic -epublic of the >ongo@. U.S. efforts to assist the spread of democracy encompass a host of activities: diplomatic pressures, trade sanctions, and economic development aid, military and political support for democratic forces or in some cases ?e.g., Baire, /hilippines@ withdrawal of support for dictators
*%actice: 7o%8s,eet .

REDUCTION OF INE9UA!ITY AND *O4ERTY

'emocracy provides fair share to every citi&en in the distribution of natural resources. ,t is based on political equality. ,t also tries to gives almost equitable distribution in production and income. *ut if we loo" at the actual facts we will find that there are wide ranges of inequalities in democracy. Fi"u%e .

small proportion of population enjoys high share in income while large population has to live with very small share. ,n frica, top <CD people have ECD share in income and bottom <CD people have less than =D share in total income. ,n
5

CBSE-i CLASS X- POLITCAL SCIENCE STUDENTS MANUAL *angladesh more than half of the population lives in poverty and the situation is not very encouraging in ,ndia and *ra&il. 4hereas result are mi+ed in nature in ,ndia and Srilan"a However, democracy has almost eliminated poverty in US and 4estern !uropean

countries. ,n democratic setup only !conomic inequality and disparity in society can be minimi&ed, poverty and unemployment could be chec"ed . ,n various democracies 3-ight to employment9 is given to its citi&ens.
*%actice: 7o%8s,eet II

ACCOMMODATION OF SOCIA! DI4ERSITY lmost every country in the world is a heterogeneous society. /eople differ from each other in terms of cast, religion, race and language etc. nd democracy considered being the most suitable form of government to accommodate various diversities because in democracy equal rights and opportunities are given to every citi&en (o society can fully and permanently resolve conflicts among different citi&ens but we can certainly learn to respect these difference and we can also evolve the mechanism to negotiate these differences. *elgium is an e+ample of how these differences were accommodated in citi&ens. :o- Social ive%sit) can be acco##o ate in i''e%ent societies; Some !uropean countries are facing wide spread fear about immigrants, ethnic and religious diversity. >ountries are facing problem in recogni&ing the maintenance of group difference and formation of ethno.culture and religious communities. (ew type of culture has emerged in the world which is called 3 #ulticultu%alis#< but this integration is not an easy tas" and countries find great responsibilities to develop this "ind of culture. A%"u#ents a"ainst #ulticultu%alis# ,t leads to segregation %igure <

CBSE-i CLASS X- POLITCAL SCIENCE STUDENTS MANUAL ,t leads to welfare dependency !migrants do not feel the responsibility. ,t focuses on the cultural right of groups rather than the rights of an individual. ,t concentrates on 3ethniccultu%alis#

The social diversity can be accommodated by Mutual Acco##o ation 5ulticulturalism can be achieved to mutual accommodation but it cannot be achieved within a day because in this process the debate on recognition, family, relations, women and children will also arise. ,t is desirable that all the cultures should participate in creation of climate of trust and brotherhood. 'emocracy in ,ndia has been evolving in positive direction in terms of multicultural values.
*%actice: 7o%8s,eet III DI$NITY AND FREEDOM OF T:E CITI=ENS

%igure =.

!very society is different in terms the religions followed, language spo"en and the culture of the people. There can be people of different castes, cultures, and religion in a country, but it is only in a democracy that equal treatment is given to all the individuals. 'emocracy accommodates all the social diversity by guaranteeing dignity and freedom to all the citi&ens.

CBSE-i CLASS X- POLITCAL SCIENCE STUDENTS MANUAL

Source: $oogle ,mages

Ta"e for e+ample the case of women. %or a long time, they were denied equal rights, justice, dignity and freedom, but democracy has ensured all these to women. (ow the principle of individual freedom and dignity has a legal as well as a moral force.

Ta"e another e+ample the conflict among various ethnic groups are minimi&ed by giving them adequate representation in the government in different parts of the world it is also ensured that the rule of the majority is not by those who are in majority just in a number. The majority group needs to wor" in harmony with the minority group to ensure that interest and concern of every group are represented in the government.

5a6 E(ualit) o' 7o#en

%igureE %or societies which have been built for long on the basis of subordination and domination, it is not a simple matter to recogni&e that all individuals are equal. Ta"e the case of dignity of women. 5ost societies across the world were historically male dominated societies. 6ong struggles by women have created some sensitivity today that respect to and equal treatment of women are necessary ingredients of a democratic society. That does not mean that women are actually always treated with respect. *ut once the principle is recognised, it becomes easier for women to wage a struggle against what is now unacceptable legally and morally. ,n a non.democratic
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CBSE-i CLASS X- POLITCAL SCIENCE STUDENTS MANUAL set up, this unacceptability would not have legal basis because the principle of individual freedom and dignity would not have the legal and moral force there. Efforts to fight inequality 4orld bodies have defined gender equality in terms of human rights, especially womenFs rights, and economic development. !"#E$ defines gender equality as %leveling the playing field for girls and &omen by ensuring that all children have equal opportunity to develop their talents.% The United (ations /opulation %und has declared that women have a right to equality. GGender equity% is one of the goals of the United (ations 5illennium /roject, to end world poverty by <C;AH the project claims,G Every single Goal is directly related to women's rights and societies where women are not afforded equal rights as men can never achieve development in a sustainable manner. Thus, promoting gender equality is seen as an encouragement to greater economic prosperity. %or e+ample, nations of the rab world that deny equality of opportunity to women were warned in a <CCI United (ations.sponsored report that this disempowerment is a critical factor crippling these nationsF return to the first ran" of global leaders in commerce, learning and culture. ,n <C;C, the !uropean Union opened the European "nstitute for Gender Equality 'E"GE@ in Jilnius, 6ithuania to promote gender equality and to fight se+ discrimination

5b6 Caste Ine(ualities The same is true of caste inequalities. 'emocracy in ,ndia has strengthened the claims of the disadvantaged and discriminated castes for equal status and equal opportunity. /erhaps it is the recognition that ma"es ordinary citi&ens values their democratic rights. figureK

CBSE-i CLASS X- POLITCAL SCIENCE STUDENTS MANUAL RI$:TS IN T:E CONSTITUTION OF SOUT: AFRICA E(ualit) !veryone is equal before the law and has the right to equal protection and benefit of the law.

:u#an i"nit)

!veryone has inherent dignity and the right to have their dignity respected and
protected

!i'e !veryone has the right to life.

F%ee o# an secu%it) o' t,e pe%son !veryone has the right to freedom and security of the person, which includes the right

!veryone has the right to bodily and psychological integrity, which includes the right Slave%), se%vitu e an 'o%ce labou%,(o one may be subjected to slavery, servitude or forced labour.

*%ivac) !veryone has the right to privacy

F%ee o# o' %eli"ion, belie' an opinion !veryone has the right to freedom of conscience, religion, thought, belief and opinion. -eligious observances may be conducted at state or state.aided institutions, provided that F%ee o# o' e>p%ession !veryone has the right to freedom of e+pression, which includes freedom of the press and other mediaH freedom to receive or impart information or ideasH

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CBSE-i CLASS X- POLITCAL SCIENCE STUDENTS MANUAL freedom of artistic creativityH and cademic freedom and freedom of scientific research .

FUNDAMENTA! RI$:TS IN CONSTITUTION OF INDIA

%undamental -ights in constitution of ,ndia has granted citi&ens of the country to live with dignity and freedom. %undamental rights of the citi&ens are too liberal that there is too little that a citi&en of this great country can complain about. %undamental rights are protected by Supreme >ourt. There are (") fundamental rights in the constitution of ,ndia and they are L-ight to equality L-ight to freedom L-ight to freedom from e+ploitation L-ight to freedom of religion L>ultural and educational rights LThe right to constitutional remedies L-ight to /roperty *+ight for equality a@!quality before law: !veryone is treated equally before law. (o privileges to anyone. b@ !qual protection of the law: ll people are governed and protected by law equally. (o e+ception to /resident or $overnor. *+ight to freedom a@ !reedom of speech and e"pression: !veryone has a right to e+press his0her opinions freely, by orally , writing, pictures or electronic media or in any other manner. b@ !reedom to #ssemble: /eople have the rights to assemble and hold demonstrations, ta"e out processions, conduct public meetings etc, on -eligious or non.religious matters. ? rticles ;M.;I@ ? rticles ;N.<<@ ? rticles <=.<M@ ? rticles <A.<I@ ? rticles <N.=C@ ? rticle =<@

?Kth %.- deleted since MMth amendment,;NKI@

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CBSE-i CLASS X- POLITCAL SCIENCE STUDENTS MANUAL c@ !reedom to form associations or unions: /eople have rights to form associations or unions and continue them. '$ !reedom of %ovement and residence: !nsures every citi&en the freedom to move anywhere in the country. e$ !reedom of &eside and settle: $uaranties every citi&en the freedom to settle in any part of the country. f@ !reedom of 'rofession: !very citi&en is free to practice any profession, any occupation, trade or business. L#ultural and educational rights $uarantees the rights of any sections of citi&ens residing in any part of ,ndia having language, scripts or culture of its own, to conserve the same. L+ight to constitutional remedies a@ $rants freedom to move the Supreme >ourt in case of violation of fundamental rights. *@ Supreme >ourt to issue writs for enforcement of any of the rights So#e i#po%tant 'un a#ental %i",ts "ua%antee b) i''e%ent constitutions

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- Every person has the right to an adequate standard of living and the continuous improvement of living conditions. -Every person has the right to the highest level of physical and mental health, and rights to CBSE -i of health including: access all resources needed to maintain a high level CLASS X- POLITCAL SCIENCE The right to adequate food andSTUDENTS nutrition MANUAL The right to clean water The right to sanitation The right to health care -Every person has the right to an education directed to the full development of the human personality. Rights that directly relate to economic growth and development include: -The right to adequate work and appropriate working environment. Meaning every person has the right to work and receive a fair monetary wage for work. -The right to work in a safe environment. -The right to equal pay for equal work with no difference based on se ! or race. "umans have the right to participate in making decisions regarding their right to development through: -The right to self-determination. This right includes free political opinion and the ability to choose how each person wishes to pursue his#her own economic! social and cultural development. -The right to dispose of wealth and resources however they see fit! and no person can be deprived of his#her means of subsistence. -The right to technical and scientific knowledge especially in regard to improved production, conservation and distribution of food. -The right to information regarding the most efficient development and use of natural resources. -The right to enjoy the improvement of all aspects of environmental and industrial hygiene to maintain health and well-being. -The right to be an active participant and beneficiary of the right to development. The right to development strongly recogni es that all people are equal and should be treated equally in their access and enjoyment of resources and means to improve and continue personal development. $hildren have the right to a standard of living that promotes full development of their physical, mental, spiritual and social capacities. !pecifically children have the right to have access to nutrition, clothing, housing and an education that provides them with the tools needed to sustain an adequate standard of living. "hildren have the right to protection from harsh wor#ing conditions that interfere with their ability to enjoy any of the aforementioned rights, and therefore limit their development. %omen have the right to wor# and enjoy equal pay, benefits, and opportunities for
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CBSE-i CLASS X- POLITCAL SCIENCE STUDENTS MANUAL -ight to equal protection under the law -ight to freedom of thought -ight to freedom of speech and press -ight to freedom of association -ight to freedom of movement within the country -ight to vote in general election -ight to direct a childFs upbringing -ight to privacy -ight to marry -ight to property -ight to freedom of contract by parties with proportional bargaining power
*%actice: 7o%8s,eet I4 ? 4

Su##a%) !+pectations from democracy also function as the criteria for judging any democratic country. 4hat is most distinctive about democracy is that its e+amination never gets over. s democracy passes one test, it produces another test. s people get some benefits of democracy, they as" for more and want to ma"e democracy even better. That is why when we as" people about the way democracy functions, they will always come up with more e+pectations, and many complaints. The fact that people are complaining is itself a testimony to the success of democracy: it shows that people have developed awareness and the ability to e+pect and to loo" critically at power holders and the high and the mighty. public e+pression of dissatisfaction with democracy shows the success of the democratic project: it transforms people from the status of a subject into that of a citi&en. 5ost individuals today believe that their vote ma"es a difference to the way the government is run and to their own self.interest. @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

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CBSE-i CLASS X- POLITCAL SCIENCE STUDENTS MANUAL

7ORAS:EET . Accountable, Responsive an !e"iti#ate $ove%n#ent&

Multiple C,oice 9uestions

;. The basic outcome of democracy is that it produces a government that is a. ccountable to the citi&ens b. ccountable to the monarch c. ccountable to the dictator d. none <. Some people thin" that democracy produces less OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO government. a. effective b. efficient

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CBSE-i CLASS X- POLITCAL SCIENCE STUDENTS MANUAL

c. ineffective d. none =. 'emocracy is based on the idea of OOOOOOOOOO and OOOOOOOOOOOOO. a. deliberation and negotiation b. (egotiation and discussions. c. discussions and deliberations d. none M. 'emocracies ensure that decision ma"ing will be based on. a. (orms and /rocedures b. (ormal /rocedures c. (orms of the $overnment d. (one A. 'emocratic government developsOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO for citi&ens to hold the ccountable.

government a. 5echanism b. 5achinery c. 1rgani&ation d .(one

7ORAS:EET IIS,o%t Ans-e%-I

Re uction o' Ine(ualit) an *ove%t)&

;. -elate democracy and political equality. OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

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CBSE-i CLASS X- POLITCAL SCIENCE STUDENTS MANUAL

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO <. -ecogni&ed the importance of poor population in democracy. OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

=. (ame the country where top <CD have ECD share in income. OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

M. (ame the country where more than half of the population lives in poverty. OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

A. %ind the reason why poor countries are still dependent on rich countries2 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

7ORAS:EET IIIS,o%t Ans-e% T)pe - II

Acco##o ation o' Social ive%sit)&

;. 'ifferentiate between homogeneous and heterogeneous society.

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CBSE-i CLASS X- POLITCAL SCIENCE STUDENTS MANUAL

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

<. Suggest some ways by which social diversity can be accommodated2

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

=. 4rite merits and demerits9 of democratic regimes. OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

M. !valuate the rule of 5ajority. OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

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CBSE-i CLASS X- POLITCAL SCIENCE STUDENTS MANUAL

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

7ORAS:EET I4: !on" Ans-e% T)pe ;.

Di"nit) an '%ee o# o' citi+en

ssess the conditions of women of women in various societies of the world.

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

<.

ssess the ways by which conflicts can be accommodated among the various ethnic groups OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

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OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO = . 'iscuss the ways by which democracy can be strengthened. OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

4or"sheet . J 'iscuss the following quotes in your class and write your opinion on the statements ;. 4e e+pect anything and everything from democracies but if some of our e+pectations are not met, we start blaming the idea of democracy. <. 'emocracy is good. , say this because other systems are worse. . (ehru =. 'emocracy9s ability to generate its own support is itself an outcome that can9t be ignored M. The cost of time the democracy pays in decision ma"ing is perhaps worth it.

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A. 'emocracy is remedy to all problems.

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7E3 REFERENCE
Sou%ce : Fi"u%e . http:00www.thp.org0node0;K=I %igure <, M,E,K,I : http00google.co.in0images2 %igure =. http:00healeylibrary.wi"ispaces.com0(U-S($PE;= %igure.A http:00www.italymag.co.u"0italy0gender0italian.men.and.women.will.

reach.equality.<EC; www.wi"ipedia.com

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