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8.21 The Physics of Energy

Fall 2009
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The Basics: SI Units Energy, power, force, pressure The many forms of energy
Units and conversion
A tour of the energy landscape CO2 and other greenhouse gases Common sense and computation
8.21 Lecture 2
Units and the Scales of Energy Use

September 11, 2009
8.21 Lecture 2: Units and the scales of energy use
Outline
The basics: SI units The principal players: energy, power, force, pressure The many forms of energy

A tour of the energy landscape: From the macroworld to our world CO2 and other greenhouse gases: measurements, units, energy connection Perspectives on energy issues --- common sense and conversion factors
SI International System MKSA = Meter, Kilogram, Second, Ampere Units Not cgs or English units! Electromagnetic units Charge Coulombs Current Amperes Electrostatic potential Volts Resistance Ohms Thermal units Temperature Kelvin (K )
Derived units Energy Joules Power Watts Pressure Pascals Force Newtons
More about these next...
Outline
The principal players: energy, power, force, pressure
Force, Energy, Power and Pressure

[ X ] means The units of X Basics: m kilograms, l meters t seconds, and Q coulombs For example: [ speed ] = l/t = meters/second
Newtons second law Force = mass acceleration [ force ] = [mass][acceleration] = m l/t2 = kilogram meter/second2 = kg m/s2 1 kg m/s2 = 1 Newton The force of gravity on you: Fgravity = mg = 80 kg 9.8 m/s2 = 784 Newtons Kinetic energy Energy =
1 2 2
We can get the units of any physical quantity by using a denition or physical law that relates it to something we already know...
mass velocity-squared
[ energy ] = [mass][velocity ] = m l2 /t2 = kilogram meter2 /second2 = kg-m2 /s2 1 kg m2 /s2 = 1 Joule = 1 Newton-meter Your kinetic energy walking at 3 miles per hour:
2 Ekinetic = 1 2 mv = 1 2 meters 80 kg 3 miles hour 1609 mile 1 hours 2 3600 second
= 72 Joules
Power
Power = energy per unit time dE /dt
[ power ] = [energy][time1 ] = ml2 /t2 (1/t) = kilogram meter2 /second3 = kg-m2 /s3 1 kg m2 /s3 = 1 Watt = 1 Joule/second Power you exert climbing stairs at 0.5 meters per second E Pclimbing = mg h = 80 kg .5 m 9.8 m/s2 = 390 Joules = E/t = 78 Joules /1 second = 390 Watts
Pressure
Pressure = force per unit area dF /dA 1/l2 = kilogram/meter second2 = kg m1 s2
[ pressure ] = [force][area1 ] = ml/t2
1 kg m1 s2 = 1 Pascal = 1 Newton/meter2 You, standing on the ground: pgravity = Force 784 Newtons 784 = = = 34, 000 Pascals Area 0.023 36 in2
Outline
The many forms of energy
Forms of Energy
A long time to discover energy conservation. Energy disappears? No! Changing form...
kinetic to potential to chemical to thermal to Einsteins rest energy ... In fact it is conservation of energy, a single number characterizing a system or even each part of a system, that can be traced through time and as it ows and changes, that makes energy so important in physics. Units: All these different forms must have the same units of mass length2 / time2 ) Review a little 8.01 & 8.02 and see whats to come
K INETIC E NERGY
2
1 2 mv 2
mass [speed]2 l t
2
[mass] [speed] = m
Energy manifest in motion
l2 =m 2 t
W ORK A ND POTENTIAL ENERGY
Fd
force distance
l2 ml [force] [distance] = 2 l = m 2 t t
When a force acts on an object over a distance it does work that can show up as kinetic energy or be stored as potential energy
W ORK B Y P RESSURE
PV
orce volume pressure volume = farea
l2 m 3 [pressure] [volume] = 2 l = m 2 lt t
T HERMAL E NERGY
1 2NR T
1 2 nkB T
Thermal energy per degree of freedom at temperature T . Alternatively,

N number of moles R the gas constant R = 8.31447 Joules mole K T temperature in Kelvins
n number of molecules kB Boltzmanns Constant 1.381 1023 J K1 T temperature in Kelvins
[NRT] = moles
Joules mole K
l2 K=m 2 t
Kinetic energy of all the molecules makes its appearance as heat
Note that the mole departs from MKS units: It is a gram molecular weight, the molecular weight of a compound expressed in grams.
10
E LECTRICAL E NERGY
Q CHARGE
V ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL
Electrostatic potential Electric eld Force and the force does work on a charge that is moved. How to measure electrostatic potential in SI Units? What potential do you have to move one Coulomb of charge through to get (or lose) 1 Joule of energy: 1 Joule 1 Joule/sec 1 Watt 1 Volt = = = 1 Coulomb 1 Coulomb/sec 1 Ampere
T HERMAL E NERGY
N R T nkB T
Convenient, colloquial unit of energy: the BTU 1 BTU = energy to heat 1 pound of H2 O from 60 to 61 F
)
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
QV
Q+
11
T WO
F O R M S O F E NER G Y T HAT M AY NOT B E A S FAMILIAR .. .
Q UA NTUM E NERGY
E = h
h is Plancks constant is the frequency of light. Energy of one quantum of light (photon).
h = 6.626 1034 J s
[energy] = [h] [frequency]
ml2 1 = [ h ] t2 t [h] = [energy] [time] = J s
E I N S TEI N S R E S T E N E R G Y: E = mc2
Einsteins relativity showed that mass itself is a form of energy with the speed of light as the conversion factor...
E = mc2 [E ] = [mc2 ]
ml2 t2
12
Outline
Translations and scales: units and energy subcultures
13
Theres no other quantity that is described in more different units than energy.
exajoules, quads, teraWatt-years
GLOBAL UNITS
Units of Energy and Power

1 electron volt (eV) 1 eV per molecule 1 erg 1 foot pound 1 calorieIT * (calIT) 1 calorieth* (calth) 1 BTUIT * 1 kilocalorieIT * (kcal) or CalorieIT * (Cal) 1 kilowatt-hour (kWh) 1 cubic meter natural gas 1 therm (U.S.) 1 tonne TNT (tTNT) 1 barrel of oil equivalent 1 ton of coal equivalent 1 ton of oil equivalent 1 quad 1 terawatt-year (TWy) 1 watt (W) 1 foot pound per second 1 horsepower (electric) 1 ton of air conditioning 1.602 x 10-19 J 96.49 kJ mol-1 10-7 J 1.356 J 4.1868 J 4.184 J 1.055 kJ 4.1868 kJ 3.6 MJ 36 MJ 105.5 MJ 4.184 GJ 5.8x106 BTU 6.118 GJ 7 GcalIT 29.3076 GJ 10 GcalIT 41.868 GJ 1015 BTU 1.055 EJ 31.56 EJ 1 joule/sec 1.356 W 746 W 3.517 kW
thermochemical International Table
tonnes of coal, tons of TNT, barrels of oil, INDUSTRIAL STRENGTH UNITS therms, kiloWatt hours BTU, kilocalories calories, foot-pounds, Joules ergs, electron-Volts
E NE RGY U NIT S P OW E R U NIT S
HUMAN S IZED UNITS CHILD SIZED UNITS MICROW ORLD UNITS
* th definition four significant figures * IT actual value varies
14
E NE RGY U NIT S
G LO BA L U NIT S,
U NIT E XA J OULE (EJ) Q UA DRILLION BTU ( QUA D ) T RILLION K ILOWATT- HOURS T ERAWAT T- YEARS (TW YR )
World Total Energy consumption (2005) World Oil consumption (2006) World Net Electricity consumption (2005) U. S. Total Energy consumption (2005) U. S. Oil consumption (2006) U. S. Total Electricity consumption (2005) U. S. Transportation energy consumption
SI EQ UIVALENT 10 J 1.055 1018 J 3.6 1018 J 31.54 1018 J

18
2005 H UMAN C ONSUMPTION 488 EJ 463 quads 136 TkWh 14.5 TWyr
I NDUST R IAL S TR EN G T H U NIT S

U NIT 1 KWH
THERM
SI BTU
EQ UIVALENT
A PPROX IMAT E PHYSICAL

SIGNIFICANCE
3.6 106 J 1.055 108 J 1.055 109 J 4.184 109 J 6.12 109 J 2.9 1010 J Denition. Approx chemical energy in 2000 lb of TNT Denition: 5.8106 BTU energy of 159 liters of oil Denition: 7 GCal Energy in 1000 kg of coal 105 BTU Raise 1000 lb of H2 O 100 F
MILLION
31.010 barrels 15.7 TkWh 101 quads 6.9109 barrels 2.8 TkWh 28.4 quads
9
488 EJ 190 EJ 56.5 EJ 106 EJ 42 EJ 10.1 EJ 30.0 EJ
T ON TNT BARREL OF OIL

T O N N E O F C OA L
means its a denition means its given to 4 signicant gures means its a nominal value. Actual value varies, quoted value is often used. From U. S. DOE Energy Information Administration Website
Notice how many units are close to 109 J not an accident close to one human year of work (see later!)
H UMAN SIZ E D AND C H I LD S I ZED UNIT S

U NIT 1 1
CAL O RIE FT- LB
M ICROW O RL D U NIT S
U NIT
ER G EV
SI EQ U I VA LEN T 4.1868 J 1.356 J 1.055 10 J

3
A PPROX IMAT E
SIGNIFI CANCE
P HYSICAL
SI EQ U I VA LEN T 107 J 1.602 1019 J
P HYSICAL SIGNIFI CANCE cgs unit 1 gm-cm/sec2 1 dyne-cm Move one electron through one volt
1 BTU 1 C AL ORIE OR K IL OCAL ORIE
Energy needed to heat 1 g r a m H2 O 1 C Lift one pound 1 foot against earths gravity Heat 1 lb H2 O from 60 to 61 at one atm
More on the electron volt and erg Charge of 1 electron = 1.602176462(63) 1019 Coulombs 1 (electron charge) 1 Volt = 1 electron-volt = 1 eV 1 eV = 1.602176462(63) 1019 Joules Energy of a single quantum (E = h ) of green light is 2.5 eV Present record computer efciency is 36 op/erg which is 2.78 kJ/TFlop
4.1868 103 J
The Green 500 website http://www.baselinemag.com/c/b/Projects-Management/ lists a Blue-Gene-L supercomputer at Daresbury Lab, GB, as the most efcient computer in 2007
15
E NE RGY U NIT S
G LO BA L U NIT S,
U NIT E XA J OULE (EJ) Q UA DRILLION BTU ( QUA D ) T RILLION K ILOWATT- HOURS T ERAWAT T- YEARS (TW YR )
World Total Energy consumption (2005) World Oil consumption (2006) World Net Electricity consumption (2005) U. S. Total Energy consumption (2005) U. S. Oil consumption (2006) U. S. Total Electricity consumption (2005) U. S. Transportation energy consumption
SI EQ UIVALENT 1018 J 1.055 1018 J 3.6 1018 J 31.54 1018 J

31.0109 barrels 15.7 TkWh 101 quads 6.9109 barrels 2.8 TkWh 28.4 quads 488 EJ 190 EJ 56.5 EJ 106 EJ 42 EJ 10.1 EJ 30.0 EJ
2005 H UMAN C ONSUMPTION 488 EJ 463 quads 136 TkWh 14.5 TWyr
means its a denition means its given to 4 signicant gures means its a nominal value. Actual value varies, quoted value is often used. From U. S. DOE Energy Information Administration Website
16
I NDUST R IAL S TR EN G T H U NIT S

U NIT 1 KWH
THERM
SI BTU
EQ UIVALENT
A PPROX IMAT E PHYSICAL

SIGNIFICANCE
3.6 106 J 1.055 108 J 1.055 109 J 4.184 109 J 6.12 109 J 2.9 1010 J Denition. Approx chemical energy in 2000 lb of TNT Denition: 5.8106 BTU energy of 159 liters of oil Denition: 7 GCal Energy in 1000 kg of coal 105 BTU Raise 1000 lb of H2 O 100 F
MILLION
T ON TNT BARREL OF OIL

T O N N E O F C OA L
Notice how many units are close to 109 J not an accident close to one human year of work (see later!)
17
H UMAN SIZ E D AND C H I LD S I ZED UNIT S

U NIT 1 CALORIE 1 FT- LB 1 BTU 1 C ALORIE OR K ILOCALORIE SI EQUIVALENT 4.1868 J 1.356 J 1.055 103 J 4.1868 103 J A PPROXIMATE PHYSICAL
SIGNIFICANCE
Energy needed to heat 1 gram H2 O 1 C Lift one pound 1 foot against earths gravity Heat 1 lb H2 O from 60 to 61 at one atm
18
M ICROW O RL D U NIT S
U NIT
ER G EV
SI EQ U I VA LEN T 107 J 1.602 1019 J
P HYSICAL SIGNIFI CANCE cgs unit 1 gm-cm/sec2 1 dyne-cm Move one electron through one volt
More on the electron volt and erg Charge of 1 electron = 1.602176462(63) 1019 Coulombs 1 (electron charge) 1 Volt = 1 electron-volt = 1 eV 1 eV = 1.602176462(63) 1019 Joules Energy of a single quantum (E = h ) of green light is 2.5 eV Present record computer efciency is 36 op/erg which is 2.78 kJ/TFlop
The Green 500 website http://www.baselinemag.com/c/b/Projects-Management/ lists a Blue-Gene-L supercomputer at Daresbury Lab, GB, as the most efcient computer in 2007
19
P OWER U NITS
U NIT WAT T
FOOT- LB / SE C HOR SE PO WE R
SI EQ U I VA LEN T 1 J/sec (SI Unit) 1.356 W 746 W
P HYSICAL SIGNIFI CANCE One Ampere thru one Ohm resistance (for example) Just what it says! Just what it says!
Power back to energy: 1 Watt-second = 1 Joule, or more commonly 1 kilowatt-hour = 1 kWh = 103 3600 = 3.6 106 Joules = 3.6 MJ 1 MJ = 1 MegaJoule 5-10 hard-working human beings working for an hour
20
Outline
A tour of the energy landscape: From the macroworld to our world
21
A guide for our tour: The workingman (or woman).

Although we use Joules for units (as consistently as possible), it will be helpful to relate to a human scale. 100 Watts is an average value for power production by a manual laborer...
100 Watts for 8 hours a day, 200 days a year One = 100
TH E HUMA N YEA R
= HY R
Joules days hours seconds 200 = 580 MegaJoules 8 3600 hour year second day
A typical gamma-ray burst perhaps the collapse of a neutron star to form a black hole 1044 Joules 1.7 1035 hyr
Solar energy output in a year 3. 8 1026 Watts 3.16 107 seconds/year =12 1034 Joules ( 12 1034 J/year) / (580 MJ/hyr) 2. 1 1026 hyr/year
22
World annual human energy consumption in 2005 490 EJ = 884 109 hyr
Annual energy losses in U. S. (2005) 56 quads 1.055 EJ/quad = 59 EJ 59 EJ = 102 109 hyr
Efforts of > 100 times the earths population for a year Efforts of ~ 15 times the earths population for a year
Rest energy of a person 80 kg (3108 m/sec)2 = 7.2 EJ 7.2 1018 J = 12.4 109 hyr
Solar radiation arriving at the top of the earths atmosphere per second 1.7 1017 J = 2.93 108 hyr
Annual output of typical nuclear power plant 1 GW 3.6 107 sec/year = 3.6 1016 J .036 EJ = 6.2 107 hyr
Efforts of 2 times the earths population for a year Efforts of ~ U. S. population for a year
Efforts of 2 times Californias population for a year
23
U. S. per capita yearly energy consumption in 2005 106 EJ / 300 106 people = 350 GJ/person 350 GJ/person = 600 hyr/person
Compare to world: 130 /person
Per day? 1 GJ/(person-day) 2 hyr/(person-day)
Average yearly Northeast U. S. household energy consumption

3 Joule 180 106 BTU year 1.06 10 BTU = 191 GJ/year 191 GJ/year = 329 hyr/household
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Energy_use_in_the_United_States
24
Energy required per person BOS-LAX via Boeing 747 0.01 gallon/mile 2600 miles = 26 gallons 142 MJ/gallon of Jetfuel 26 gallons = 3.692 GJ 3.692 GJ 6.36 hyr
http://travel.howstuffworks.com/question192.htm
One tank of gasoline 15 gallons 3.79 liters/gallon = 56.9 liters 56.9 l 34.8 MJ/l = 1.98 GJ = 3.4 hyr
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasoline#Energy_content
25
Recommended U. S. dietary energy intake 2,000 2,500 kCal/person-day 2000 kCal/day 4.187 103 J/kCal 365 days/year = 3.1 GJ/ (person-year) Result: One years energy intake per person, 3.1 3.9 GJ Yearly energy input per person amounts to 5.3 6.7 hyr
Energy input to produce average Swedish (where I could nd data) diets Complex denitions of system boundaries Include: crop production, processing, storage, transportation, storage, preparation, cooking... Exclude: Capital cost of equipment, packaging, waste, human labor ... Result: 6.9 21.0 GJ/person-year 12 36 hyr/person
Or 10 MJ/(person-day)
The system boundaries in the study included farm production with production of farm inputs, drying of crops, processing, storage and transportation up to the retailer. They also included storage, preparation and cooking in households. The system boundaries excluded production of capital goods such as machinery and buildings, packaging material, waste treatment, transportation from the retailer to the consumer and dishwashing. The economic value of products and by-products was the basis for allocation of energy use during processes with multiple outputs. The energy use was calculated as process energy with no inclusion of production and delivery energy, conversion and transmission losses. Only commercial energy inputs were considered, e.g., inputs derived from electricity, fuel oil, coal or gasoline. Energy inputs from the sun or from human labour were not considered
26
Outline
CO2 and other greenhouse gases: measurements, units, energy connection
27
Measurement of CO2 (and other greenhouse gases)

In later lectures we will have much to say about global climate change, its origins and relation to energy use and to CO2 . Here... Properties of CO2 . Important measures of CO2 . Other greenhouse gases.
Properties of CO2
Atomic weight 12+16+16=44. Compared to air 78% N2 and 21% O2 . Atomic weight 28.6. So CO2 has density 44/28.6 = 1.54 density of air. Sublimes (directly from solid to gas) at -70 C at atmospheric pressure. No liquid state at pressures below 5 atm. At higher pressures CO2 melts at -57 C.
28
Important measures of CO2

In the atmosphere in parts per million (ppm) Transfer and production through human activity and in earths carbon cycle usually in millions of metric tonnes (MMT) Emissions in energy processes: kilograms CO2 per Joule of energy produced (kg/J). (Usually energy produced at the source, not including losses and other inefciencies. )
CO 2 in the atmosphere
Pre-industrial concentration: 280 10 ppm. Present concentration: 383 ppm. Increase due to human activity
For example: Find quoted CO2 emission per kWh of coal produced electricity. Does not include efciency of power plant ( 35%) or transmission losses, or conversion losses in application.
29
CO 2 produced by human activity (millions of metric tonnes!)

Total CO 2 in the atmosphere: 2,996,000 MMT World CO 2 emissions from fossil fuel (2007): 28,190 MMT Emissions as a fraction of total: 0.94% Leading emitters from fossil fuel (2007): Region United States China Europe CO 2 emission in U. S. by sector (2006): Sector Residential Commercial Industrial Transportation Electric Power CO 2 emissions per person in U. S. per year: 6 109 tonnes = 20, 000 kg/person 3 108 persons Staggering! CO 2 (MMT) 1,204 1,045 1,650 1,990 2,344 CO 2 (MMT) 5,957 5,322 4,675
Some U. S. data
http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/ggrpt/carbon.html
30
CO 2 emission in energy processes

Different fossil fuels have different carbon and energy content. Data typically given in standard unit of kilograms of carbon per million BTU of energy produced at the source. Well convert to kilograms of CO 2 per GJ of energy. Fuel Coal Jet fuel, kerosene, gasoline Liquied petroleum gas Natural gas CO 2 emission factor kg(C)/Million (BTU) 26 19 17 14.5 kg(CO 2 )/GJ 90 66 59 50
31
Other greenhouse gases:

Methane (CH 4 ), nitrous oxide (N 2 O), and a variety of chloro- and uorocarbons (collectively halocarbons) contribute signicantly to the greenhouse effect. Current concentration 383 ppm 1800 ppb 319 ppb 1 ppb Atmospheric lifetime (years) Variable (5 200) 12 114 5 250 Increased radiative forcing (W/m 2 ) 1.66 0.5 0.16 0.34
Gas Carbon dioxide Methane Nitrous oxide Halocarbons
GWP 1 23 296 140 10,000
GWP is a measure of global warming potential (per unit mass) with CO 2 dened as 1. Increased radiative forcing is the increase in the rate that energy is made available at the earths surface due to this greenhouse gas, measured in W/m2 and can be compared with the solar energy input. Source: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, cdiac@ornl.gov.

Water, while an important greenhouse gas, is omitted from the table. Atmospheric lifetime of CO 2 is hard to estimate because so many different processes affect it.
32
Outline
Perspectives on energy issues --- common sense and conversion factors

33
1. The energy content of matter is enormous

Matter equivalent of annual human energy budget: 4.9 1020 J M = M c2
c = 3.0 108 m/sec = 4.9 1020 /9.0 1016 = 5.4 103 kg
not even heavy lifting! What does one gram buy? 103 kg (3 108 m/sec)2 = 9 1013 J enough to run a 2.86 megawatt powerplant for a year.
34
2. The solar energy incident on the earth is enormous

Suns energy incident at the top of the earths atmosphere varies between 1321 and 1412 watts/m2 throughout the year. Average of 1366 watts/m2 . Solar power incident on the earth
2 1366 W/m2 R 1.74 1017 W = 0.174 EJ/sec
so in 488/(.174) seconds = 47 minutes the sun delivers all the energy used by humanity in a year.
35
3. Estimate what area of solar would provide U. S. annual energy budget at 100% efciency?
Find data: National Renewable Energy Laboratory has solar radiation atlas. (www.nrel.gov/gis/solar.html) Convert to SI units: Units are kWh/m2 /day, 1 day = 24 hours, 1 kWh/day = 1 kWh 24h/day 42 W
AV ERAGE P OW ER
So insolation is 42 W/m2 times the factor, I , in the table. Compute area needed for E = 1.05 1020 J/year Take I = 6.5 (looks typical for American southwest), 1.05 1020 J/year (3.15 107 sec/year) (6.5 42 W/m2 ) = 1.2 104 km2
36
Collector area = 1.2 104 km2 Looks pretty promising. Its the reason why we believe solar energy is the best long-term energy source. Warning, big multiplication factor from inefciencies (stay tuned).
37
4. Whats the ratio of typical carbon based energy source to typical nuclear energy source?
Atomic energy scales are eV energy necessary to ionize hydrogen is 13.6 eV. Nuclear energy scales are MeV energy necessary to remove a proton from a typical nucleus is 8 MeV. Energy of reaction for H2 + 1 2 O2 H2 O is 3 eV/reaction. Energy of reaction for ssion of uranium is 200 MeV/reaction. Nuclear fuels have roughly 1 million times the energy density of carbon fuels.
38

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8.21 The Physics of Energy

Units and conversion

Units and the Scales of Energy Use

8.21 Lecture 2: Units and the scales of energy use

Units and conversion

Units and conversion

8.21 Lecture 2: Units and the scales of energy use

Units and conversion

8.21 Lecture 2: Units and the scales of energy use

Units and conversion

Force, Energy, Power and Pressure

8.21 Lecture 2: Units and the scales of energy use

Units and conversion

Power = energy per unit time dE /dt

Pressure = force per unit area dF /dA 1/l2 = kilogram/meter second2 = kg m1 s2

[ pressure ] = [force][area1 ] = ml/t2

8.21 Lecture 2: Units and the scales of energy use

Units and conversion

The many forms of energy

8.21 Lecture 2: Units and the scales of energy use

Units and conversion

8.21 Lecture 2: Units and the scales of energy use

Units and conversion

W ORK A ND POTENTIAL ENERGY

8.21 Lecture 2: Units and the scales of energy use

Units and conversion

orce volume pressure volume = farea

Thermal energy per degree of freedom at temperature T . Alternatively,

n number of molecules kB Boltzmanns Constant 1.381 1023 J K1 T temperature in Kelvins

Kinetic energy of all the molecules makes its appearance as heat

8.21 Lecture 2: Units and the scales of energy use

Units and conversion

Units and conversion

F O R M S O F E NER G Y T HAT M AY NOT B E A S FAMILIAR .. .

[energy] = [h] [frequency]

ml2 1 = [ h ] t2 t [h] = [energy] [time] = J s

Units and conversion

Translations and scales: units and energy subcultures

8.21 Lecture 2: Units and the scales of energy use

Units and conversion

Units of Energy and Power

* th definition four significant figures * IT actual value varies

8.21 Lecture 2: Units and the scales of energy use

Units and conversion

SI EQ UIVALENT 10 J 1.055 1018 J 3.6 1018 J 31.54 1018 J

I NDUST R IAL S TR EN G T H U NIT S

A PPROX IMAT E PHYSICAL

488 EJ 190 EJ 56.5 EJ 106 EJ 42 EJ 10.1 EJ 30.0 EJ

T ON TNT BARREL OF OIL

H UMAN SIZ E D AND C H I LD S I ZED UNIT S

SI EQ U I VA LEN T 4.1868 J 1.356 J 1.055 10 J

SI EQ U I VA LEN T 107 J 1.602 1019 J

1 BTU 1 C AL ORIE OR K IL OCAL ORIE

8.21 Lecture 2: Units and the scales of energy use

Units and conversion

SI EQ UIVALENT 1018 J 1.055 1018 J 3.6 1018 J 31.54 1018 J

Units and conversion

I NDUST R IAL S TR EN G T H U NIT S

A PPROX IMAT E PHYSICAL

T ON TNT BARREL OF OIL

Units and conversion

H UMAN SIZ E D AND C H I LD S I ZED UNIT S