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Section6: BodyComposition
ACSMGuidelines:Chapter4(pp.6272) ACSMManual:Chapters4

HPHE4450 Dr. Cheatham

Outline
ImportanceofBodyComposition GeneralPrinciples
Basicprinciples

AnthropometricMethods
BodyMassIndex(BMI) Circumferences/WaisttoHipRatio SkinfoldMeasurements

DensitometryMethods
Hydrostatic(Underwater)Weighing Plethysmography (AirDisplacement)

OtherMethods
BioelectricalImpedanceAnalysis(BIA) DualEnergyXRayAbsorptiometry (DEXA)

InterpretationofResults

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Introduction
Definition:Relativeproportionoffatandfat freetissueinthebody. Clinicalsignificance:Obesityiscorrelatedtoan increasedriskof:
Coronaryarterydisease(CAD) Noninsulindependentdiabetesmellitus(NIDDM) Hypertension(HTN) Certaincancers Hyperlipidemia (highbloodcholesterol)

WhydowemeasureBC?
Excessbodyfatisassociatedwith:
Hypertension,Type2Diabetes,Stroke,CAD,Hyperlipidemia

Toassessthedecreaseinbodyfatweightthatoccurs inresponsetoaweightmanagementprogram. Tohelpathletesdeterminethebestbodycomposition forperformance. Tomonitorfatandfatfreeweightinpatientswith disease. Totracklongtermchangesthatoccurinbodyfatand fatfreemasswithaging.

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BasicPrinciples

BasicPrinciples

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Terminology
PercentBodyFat(%BF)
Thepercentageofthebodyweightthatisadiposetissue

FatWeight(FW)
Thetotalweightoftheadiposetissue

FatFreeWeight(FFW)
Thetotalweightofeverythingthatisnotfat

LeanBodyMass(LBW)
Moresoreferstotheweightofmuscle

Overweight
Deviationinbodyweightfromsomestandardoridealweightinrelationto height

Overfat
Undesirablepercentbodyfat(differencemalesvs.females)

Obesity
Surplusofadiposetissueresultingfromexcessiveenergyintakerelativeto energyexpenditure

BCTechniques
Definition:Measurementofthehumanbody Categoriesinclude:
Heightandweight(bodymassindex[BMI],waisttohip ratio[WHR]) Circumferencesandgirths Skinfolds Bioelectricalimpedanceanalysis Hydrostaticweighing

Purpose:Toevaluatebodyweightandcomposition inthehealthandfitnessfield,oftentoestablishan individualstarget,desirable,oroptimalweight

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Anthropometry BodyMassIndex(BMI)
Bodymassindex=__Weightinkg__ (Heightinmeters)2 Statistics:
Formostpeople,obesityrelatedhealthproblems increasebeyondaBMIof25.0 Inincreasedriskofhypertension,TC/HDLratio,CADand mortalityrateareassociatedwithaBMI 30

Limitations:
Itisdifficultforclientstointerpretweightlossandgain Thereisnodifferentiationbetweenfatweightandfat freeweight Thereisonlyamodestcorrelationwithpercentbodyfat determinedbyhydrostaticweight

Anthropometry BodyMassIndex(BMI)

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Anthropometry BodyMassIndex(BMI)

Anthropometry BodyMassIndex(BMI)

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Anthropometry Circumferences
Uses:
Prepostchangesinbodymeasurements
Usefulforweightmanagementprograms/motivationfor clients/patients

WaistcircumferenceusedalongwithBMIcanbeused asanestimateofdiseaserisk(ACSMManual,Table4.2) Estimate%BF(limitedaccuracy) CalculateWaisttoHipRatio

Advantages:
Easilylearned Quicklyadministered Quantifieschangesinmusclewithspecifictraining (musclegirthsize) Easytodocumentchangesinbodysize

Anthropometry WaistCircumference

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Anthropometry Circumferences Sites

Anthropometry Circumferences Sites

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Anthropometry Circumferences Procedures

Anthropometry WaisttoHipRatio
Definition
Comparisonbetweenthecircumferenceofthe waistandhips,representingthepersons distributionofbodyfat

WHR=Waistcircumference(cm) Hipcircumference(cm) Waistcircumferencealonemaybeusedasan indicatorofhealthrisk Truncal adiposityincreasestheriskofchronic disease

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Anthropometry WaisttoHipRatio
Thepatternofbodyfat distributionisanimportant predictorofthehealthrisks ofobesity.
Android(malepattern)
Trunk/abdominalfat Increasedriskforhypertension, diabetes,dyslipidemia,CAD, prematuredeath

Gynoid (femalepattern
Hipandthigh

Anthropometry WaisttoHipRatio

ACSM Box 4.1 (Waist) ACSM Box 4.1 (Buttocks/Hips)

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Anthropometry WaisttoHipRatio
WaistMeasurement

HipMeasurement

Anthropometry Skinfold Assessment

Principle ~33%ofourtotalbody fatliesdirectly beneaththeskin (subcutaneous) Therefore,by measuringskinfold thicknesswecan estimatebodydensity and%bodyfat Accuracy( 45%)

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Anthropometry Skinfold Assessment Sites

Anthropometry Skinfold Assessment Sites

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Anthropometry Skinfold Assessment Sites

Anthropometry Skinfold Sites(Chest)

Diagonal fold; one-half the distance between the anterior axillary line and the nipple (men), or one-third of the distance between the anterior axillary line and the nipple (women)

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Anthropometry Skinfold Sites(Abdomen)

Correctlocation WRONGorientation

Vertical fold; 2 cm to the right side of the umbilicus

Anthropometry Skinfold Sites(Thigh)

Vertical fold; on the anterior midline of the thigh, mid-way between the proximal border of the patella and the inguinal crease (hip)

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Anthropometry Skinfold Sites(Tricep)

Vertical fold; on the posterior midline of the upper arm, halfway between the acromion and olecranon processes, with the arm held freely to the side of the body

Anthropometry Skinfold Sites(Suprailiac)

Diagonal fold; in line with the natural angle of the iliac crest taken in the anterior axillary line immediately superior to the iliac crest

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Anthropometry Skinfold Sites(Midaxillary)

Vertical fold; on the midaxillary line at the level of the xiphoid process of the sternum.

Correctlocation WRONGorientation

Anthropometry Skinfold Sites(Subscapular)

Diagonal fold (at a 45 degree angle); 1 to 2 cm below the inferior angle of the scapula

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Anthropometry Skinfold Sites(Calf)

Vertical fold; at the maximum circumference of the calf on the midline of its medial border

Anthropometry Skinfolds Assessment Procedures

Technique:
Firmlygraspallsubcutaneousfat(withoutmuscle) Usetwofingers(thumbandindex)about8cm apart,perpendiculartolongaxisofsite1cmabove thesitetobemeasured Releasethescissorgripofthecaliperbutsupport itsweightwhilemeasuringnolongerthan1to2 secondstothenearest0.5mm Measureeachsiteatleasttwotimes,rotating throughthesites(shouldbewithin1to2mm) Usetheaverageofeachskinfoldsiteforuseinthe regressionformula

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Anthropometry Skinfolds Assessment Procedures

Anthropometry Skinfolds Assessment Procedures

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Anthropometry Skinfolds Assessment Procedures

Note:Makesuretocarrybodydensityouttothreedecimalplaces.

Anthropometry Skinfolds Assessment Procedures

Note:Makesuretocarrybodydensityouttothreedecimalplaces.

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Anthropometry Skinfolds Assessment Procedures

ConvertingBodyDensityto%BodyFat
GeneralizedEquations:
%Fat=(457/BodyDensity) 414.2(Brozek) %Fat=(495/BodyDensity) 450(Siri)

Anthropometry Skinfolds Assessment Procedures

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HydrostaticWeighing
MeasurementofDensity
Density=mass/volume
Mass=Thebodyweightwemeasureinairon thescale Volume=Whywearedoinghydrostatic weighing

Useofhydrostaticweighingtomeasure volume
BasedonArchimedesPrinciple:
"Whenasolidbodyispartiallyorcompletely immersedinwater,theapparentlossinweight willbeequaltotheweightofthedisplaced liquid. Byknowingthedensityofwater,itiseasytogo fromweighttovolume.

HydrostaticWeighing
ConsideredtheGoldStandard(Sortof) MeasurementofBodyDensity
Underwater,muscleandboneismoredensethan fat Therefore,themoremuscle/bone,themorethe subjectwillweighunderwaterorviceversa ByweighingthesubjectintheairANDunderwater, wecanmeasureBODYDENSITY Frombodydensity,%bodyfatiscalculated

Accuracy( 3%)

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HydrostaticWeighing

More Muscle

Same Weight

More Fat

HydrostaticWeighing
BWAIR Body Density =

((

BWAIR (BWUWW Tare) H2O Density

- (RV +100)

BWAIR = Bodyweight in air in grams BWUW = Bodyweight underwater in grams Tare = Chair weight (and any other apparatus) in grams H2O Density = Density of water at specific temperature RV = Residual volume in mL Residual Volume (males) = (0.027 * Ht) + (0.017 * age) - 3.45 Residual Volume (females) = (0.032 * Ht) + (0.009 * age) - 3.90 Residual Volume (both) = 0.24 x FVC % Body Fat = (457 body density) 414.2 (Brozek)

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AirDisplacementPlethysmography

BioelectricalImpedanceAnalysis
Premise:
Thevolumeoffatfreetissueisproportionaltothe electricalconductivityofthebody Fat(tissuewithlittlewater:14%to22%)isapoor electricalconductor Leantissue(mostlywater:>90%)isagoodelectrical conductor

Accuracyishighlyvariable
Greatlyaffectedbycaffeine,alcohol,fluidintake

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BioelectricalImpedanceAnalysis

BioelectricalImpedanceAnalysis

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BIAProcedures
Conditions:
Noeatingordrinkingwithin4hoursofthetest Noexercisewithin12hoursofthetest Urinatecompletelywithin30minutesofthetest Noalcoholconsumptionintheprevious48hours Nodiureticsintheprevious7days Limiteduseofdiureticagentsbeforethetest

BIAProcedures
PreTestProcedures:
Recordage,gender,height,weight,activitylevel,frame size

Performingthetest:
Calibratetheinstrument Preparethesubjectforthetestbyhavingthemlie downonthetable
Havesubjectremovealljewelry,rightsockandshoe Armsandlegsshouldnottoucheachother

Cleanelectrodesiteswithalcoholpad,allowtodry Attachelectrodesandwires Allowvaluestostabilize(~30seconds) EnterinformationintoBIAsoftware

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BIAProcedures

OtherMethods
MagneticResonanceImaging(MRI)and ComputedTomography(CT)

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OtherMethods
DualEnergyXRay Absorptiometry

SummaryofMethods

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InterpretationofData
BasedonBMI:

InterpretationofData
BasedonCircumferences:
Pre toPostChanges WaistCircumference WaisttoHipRatio

WHR

Waist Circumference

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InterpretationofData
BasedonSkinfolds,BIA,anytechniquethat providesacalculationof%BF
Pre toPostChanges PopulationNorms CalculationsofFatWeight,FatFreeWeight,Ideal BodyWeight

InterpretationofData

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InterpretationofData
%BFPopulationNorms
Seepreviousslide %BFconsideredsatisfactoryforhealth:
Men:10to22% Women:20to32%

InterpretationofData
FatWeight:
FW=BWx%BF %BFneedstobeindecimalform(i.e.25%=0.25)

FatFreeWeight:
FFW=BWx(1%BF) ORFFW=BW FW %BFneedstobeindecimalform

IdealBodyWeight:
IBW=FFW/(1 Desired%BF) Desired%BFmustbeindecimalform

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InterpretationofData
IdealBodyWeight(contd)
Howdoyoupickadesired%BF?
Usepopulationnormcharts Basedonattainableorincrementalgoals Basedon%BFconsideredsatisfactoryforhealth

PracticeProblem
Male#1 90.9 45

19 20 14 19 25 30 22

21 20 18 24 27 30 25 22 16 21 5 JP7,Brozek

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PracticeProblem
Calculatethefollowing:
BodyDensity %BodyFat FatWeight(kg) FatFreeWeight(kg) IdealBodyWeight
Usea%desiredbodyfatof18%

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