INDIA IN AFRICA: PAST AND PRESENT Come Carpentier de Gourdon India at independence in 1947 wa !e"t wit# a $riti # co!onia!

!e%ac& t#at inc!uded deep tie to a num'er o" Ea t and Sout#ern A"rican countrie wit#in t#e Empire( w#ic# were to emer%e a "ree nation in t#e en uin% &ear ) T#e traditiona! e*patriation o" Indian trader mo t!& "rom Gu+arat com'ined wit# t#e ,e*port- o" indentured !a'ourer '& t#e $riti # Indian admini tration to 'ui!d !ar%e and indu triou Indian communitie a!! t#e wa& "rom t#e .orn o" A"rica to t#e Cape) T#u Sout# A"rica and t#e "uture tate o" Soma!ia( /en&a( Tan0ania( 1%anda( 2am'ia( $ot wana( not to mention R#ode ia 3t#e "uture 2im'a'we4 and t#e A"ro5A ian i !and 6auritiu a!! #ad a u' tantia! pre ence "rom t#e u'continent 'ut t#e En%!i # co!onia! ro!e in t#e creation o" t#i dia pora made man& "or%et t#at India and A"rica #a7e #ad a cu!tura! and economic re!ation #ip "or centurie ( i" not mi!!ennia) T#e e !in8 e*tended 'ot# acro t#e Indian 9cean( w#ere t#e& were upported '& t#e Trade wind ( and t#e 6idd!e Ea tern !and 'rid%e w#ic# pro7ide an uninterrupted route( inter per ed wit# 7er& ancient and i!!u triou ci7i!i0ationa! oa e ( "or tra7e!er "rom t#e Indu 7a!!e& to t#e Ni!e de!ta)

It i #ence 7ain at t#i point to a i%n a date( #owe7er 7a%ue to t#e ori%in o" t#i a%e5o!d re!ation #ip 'etween t#e A"rican continent and t#e Indian u'continent w#ic# #are man& imi!ar %eo!o%ica!( c!imatic( 'otanica!( 0oo!o%ica!( ant#ropo!o%ica! and e7en cu!tura! c#aracteri tic ) 6ada%a car in particu!ar i 'e!ie7ed to #a7e 'ro8en awa& "rom w#at i now Sout# India ome :; to 1;; mi!!ion &ear a%o) T#e e*p!oration o" t#e common #erita%e wa one o" t#e %oa! o" t#e <;;= Gondwana!and E*pedition t#at a %roup o" Indian e*p!orer and cienti t undertoo8 "rom t#e .ima!a&a and a!on% t#e Great Ri"t >a!!e& to Cape A%u!#a on t#e Sout#ern tip o" t#e A"rican continent) A "ew indice ma& 'e noted a road po t on t#i immemoria! +ourne&)
FIRST SIGNS 9F AFR95ASIAN ?IN/S

6an8ind i %enera!!& #e!d to #a7e ori%inated in A"rica( "rom w#ere it emi%rated to t#e ot#er part o" t#e wor!d( 'ut "ir t to Sout# A ia acro t#e Ara'ian penin u!a and Sout#ern Iran( uppo ed!& around

:;;;; &ear a%o( accordin% to t#e %enetic e7idence ana!& ed '& ? Ca7a!!i S"or0a and S) 9ppen#eimer) T#e connection eem to #a7e endured o7er t#e mi!!ennia ince t#ere are trace o" more recent popu!ation mo7ement ( #ow'eit !imited in num'er 'etween t#e A"rican Ea tern coa t and A ia@ Sout# and Sout# Ea t( w#ic# ma& 'e !in8ed wit# t#e introduction o" A ian 7e%eta! 3t#e p!antain( t#e &am and t#e water &am4 and anima! 3t#e Indian 0e'u or ,$o Indicu -4 pecie into t#e '!ac8 continent) T#e ear!ie t ur'an ett!ement in A"rica #a7e 'een !ocated in Et#iopia and in E%&pt) T#e Tar ian and $adarian arc#eo!o%ica! ite in t#e upper Ni!e 7a!!e& eem to #a7e 'een "ounded '& ett!er "rom t#e 6idd!e Ea t w#o 'rou%#t certain crop "rom t#e Ferti!e Cre cent wit# t#em a'out 4A;; &ear $C( in particu!ar w#eat and 'ar!e&) In proto5#i toric time Au trone ian na7i%ator "rom t#e Indo56a!a&an arc#ipe!a%o ett!ed in e7era! i !and near t#e coa t o" A"rica and pro'a'!& reac#ed it a we!!) Some ma& a!read& #a7e a' or'ed e!ement o" Indian ci7i!i0ation "rom t#e u'continent w#ic# eem to #a7e e*tended it in"!uence o7er Sout# Ea t A ia '& t#en) ?ater( durin% t#e "ir t mi!!ennium o" t#e Common Era( 6ada%a car wa ett!ed '& Sout# Ea t A ian

ea"arer ( t#e 6erina( wit# an ,Indic-cu!ture( endowed wit# an e!a'orate ca te #ierarc#& and a Sam 8rt5re!ated !an%ua%e. A! o in t#e "ir t mi!!ennium( t#e pro perou 8in%dom o" A*um on t#e Red Sea( e*tendin% to Bemen and o"ten identi"ied a t#e rea!m o" t#e !e%endar& Cueen o" S#e'a o" $i'!ica! "ame( #ad a !ar%e merc#ant na7& w#ic# traded wit# India and C#ina) From A*um cara7an too8 man& o" t#e %ood a!on% t#e Ni!e and ot#er route to ot#er re%ion o" A"rica 3 A #ton Done ( Arnott and 9ronto( 199:4) It ma& not 'e a coincidence t#at t#e cript o" t#e Am#aric !an%ua%e i c!o e t( amon% emitic writin% & tem ( to t#e Indic nati7e one w#ic# are a!! deri7ed "rom $ra#mi t#at eem to #a7e appeared in t#e t#ird centur& $C) A!on% t#e centurie ( t#e merc#ant 8in%dom o" Sind#( Gu+arat( 6a#ara #tra( /on8an and /era!a 36a!a'ar4 carried out tradin% wit# Ea t A"rica and competed or "ou%#t wit# t#e 6u !im tate o" Ara'ia( Per ia( t#e 9ttoman Empire and in particu!ar wit# t#e Imamate o" 6u cat 39man4( an #eir o" m&t#ica! S#e'a( t#at pread it power "rom t#e mout# o" t#e Per ian Gu!" and 6a8ran 3in modern Pa8i tan4 to t#e coa ta! re%ion down to 6o0am'iEue( a!on% w#ic# merc#ant tate uc# a $arawa, /i ma&u( /i!wa( So"a!a and 6om'a a pro pered on t#e maritime out#5nort# trade route to t#e Si!8 Road) 9man #e!d

"orti"ied i !and depot uc# a 2an0i'ar( ?amu( Pem'a and t#e Comoro o" w#ic# a "ew e7entua!!& 'ecame independent u!tanate . T#e Indian i!7er rupee wa t#e main currenc& in t#at praw!in% area and 8ept t#i tatu under centurie o" ucce i7e Portu%ue e( Dutc#( Frenc# and $riti # dominance) /i wa#i!i de7e!oped a a !in%ua "ranca t#rou%#out Ea tern A"rica a a mi*ture o" Ara'ic and nati7e !an%ua%e wit# man& 'orrowin% "rom .indu tani) It i !i8e!& t#at ome o" t#e %o!d mined in 2im'a'we ince antiEuit& and e*ported '& cara7an to t#e 6o0am'iEue coa t wa o!d to Indian merc#ant ) So pre7a!ent wa t#e in"!uence o" India t#rou%# t#e ocean t#at carrie it name t#at t#e Fi"teent# centur& Portu%ue e t#ou%#t t#at t#e Indie 'e%an at t#e Cape w#ic# $arto!omeu Dia reac#ed in 14:: and w#ic# wa !ater %i7en t#e name ,Good .ope- '& /in% Do#n II) T#e 1:=A romantic opera ,?@A"ricaine- '& 6e&er'eer and Scri'e( !oo e!& in pired '& Camoen @ ,?u iade -( Portu%a!@ nationa! epic( indeed ima%ine t#at >a co de Gama came in contact t#ere wit# an Indian %odde and di co7ered a .indu !and) F#at appear now a a %eo%rap#ica! con"u ion ori%inated wit# t#e !e%end o" t#e Emperor o" t#e Ea t( Prie ter Do#n( !ocated rat#er 7a%ue!& 'ot# in A"rica or in A ia '& European medie7a! c#ronic!er ( t#ou%# #e i now %enera!!& #e!d to #a7e 'een t#e Emperor

3Ne%u Ne%u i4 o" Et#iopia 'ut t#e ancient S&rian 9rt#odo* communitie in /era!a and Centra! A ian Ne torian were a! o connected wit# t#e ori%in o" t#i tradition a t#eir e*i tence accredited t#e 'e!ie" in a 7a t Ea tern C#ri tian /in%dom) >a co de Gama( %uided '& a pi!ot "rom 6a!indi 3now in /en&a4 w#ere #e #ad "ound a !ar%e Indian merc#ant co!on&( reac#ed /o0#i8ode 3Ca!icut4 in 149: on t#e 6a!a'ar Coa t and did u #er in t#e European w#o were "ina!!& a'!e to '&pa t#e Ara' and Per ian intermediarie in t#eir Eue t "or pepper( ot#er pice and co7eted %ood "rom t#e Ea t Indie ) T#e& Euic8!& ou%#t to e!iminate ri7a! trader and e7entua!!& '!oc8ed t#e #ip "rom t#e Per ian Gu!" and Red Sea tate "rom reac#in% Sout# India and Ce&!on and in t#e endea7our to contro! t#e 9cean@ commercia! !ane t#e& et up outpo t on t#e Soma!i coa t and t#ere'& 'ecame em'roi!ed in t#e power tru%%!e in Ea t A"rica w#ere t#e& upported t#e Et#iopian Ne%u a%ain t t#e Ada! Amir o" .arar( A#med t#e Gra%n) T#e Portu%ue e contin%ent ent to a i t t#e 'e!ea%uered Et#iopian in 1A41( a"ter t#e deat# o" Emperor Dawit II( wa !ed '& Cri to7ao de Gama( a on o" t#e more "amou ,di co7erer- o" /era!a w#o wa captured and 8i!!ed '& t#e .arar arm& at t#e 'att!e o" Fo"!a in 1A4G)

T#e Portu%ue e empire created new and endurin% re!i%iou and cu!tura! !in8a%e 'etween India 3w#ere t#e Cat#o!ic Patriarc#ate in Goa wa een a t#e Ea tern >atican4 and it main A"rican pro7ince o" An%o!a and 6o0am'iEue) T#e Portu%ue e dominance o" t#e Indian 9cean and t#e A"rican contra costa #owe7er did not put an end to t#e pa a%e o" mercenarie and !a7e "rom Eritrea and Soma!ia to India w#ere t#e& were 8nown a .a' #i 3A'& inian 4 or 6a!i8 and er7ed t#e "eudin% Indian tate a o!dier and ai!or ) Camoen re"er to t#e na7a! 'att!e "ou%#t '& #i countr&men a%ain t a!!ied Gu+arati and E%&ptian "!eet at Diu( o"" t#e coa t o" Saura #tra) T#e .a' #i %enera!!& "ou%#t in t#e er7ice o" t#e re!ati7e!& new 6u !im tate o" t#e u'continent and ome 'ecame t#eir %enera! ( !i8e t#e "amou 6a!!i8 /a"ur( a t#e& were "eared warrior and e*pert eamen) In t#e i*teent# centur& t#e 6u%#a! ru!er w#o( a Centra! A ian tri'e men( were un"ami!iar wit# maritime matter de!e%ated to a "ew mercenar& d&na tie t#e uper7i ion o" t#e Fe t Indian coa t!ine and t#e Sidi .ou e o" Dan+ira( "or one( #e!d unti! t#e 'rea8down o" t#e Tur8ic Empire t#e #ereditar& c#ar%e o" Admira! o" t#e ea "rom t#e i !and "ortre in Dan+ira and ot#er tate w#ic# t#e $riti # a!!owed t#em to 8eep and w#ere t#e& pre er7ed t#e tradition o" t#e Ea t A"rican

i !and u!tanate ) A num'er o" 6u !im Indian prince 8ept A"rican !a7e and %uard in t#eir emp!o& ri%#t unti! Indian Independence in 1947 and t#o e mi%rant maintained t#eir eparate identit& and tradition to our da&) T#i 'rie" ur7e& a!!ow u to appreciate t#at t#e connection 'etween India and t#e Fe tern #ore o" t#e ocean t#at carrie #er name are deeper( o!der and more numerou t#an eit#er C#ina@ or Europe@ t#at are !ate comer in Ea t A"rica '& compari on) A we #a7e pointed out ear!ier( t#e $riti # u ed t#i o!d 'ond w#en or%ani0in% !ar%e5 ca!e Indian emi%ration to t#eir A"rican co!onie in order to contro! and de7e!op t#e re%ion e*tendin% "rom ,Cairo to t#e Cape-( accordin% to t#e am'itiou p!an promoted '& Ceci! R#ode "or t#e creation o" a $riti # 7ertica! a*i a!on% t#e $!ac8 continent( 'uttre in% t#e de "acto tatu o" t#e Indian 9cean a a $riti # ?a8e)
P9ST5INDEPENDENCE RE?ATI9NS

India@ independence "rom co!onia! ru!e preceded t#e !i'eration o" mo t o" A"rica '& at !ea t ten &ear and wa t#u een a a 'eacon o" #ope "or t#e $!ac8 Continent) 6a#atma Gand#i@ important !e%ac& in Sout# A"rica( w#ere #e 'e%an #i anti5co!onia!

tru%%!e( wa a 'ond and Ne#ru@ !on% tandin% acti7it& a a mem'er o" t#e internationa! ocia!i t and trade union mo7ement #ad made #im t#e "riend o" ome o" t#e "uture !eader o" t#e new A"rican tate w#o #ared #i commitment to t#e A"ro5A ian o!idarit& mo7ement t#at %a7e ri e to t#e Non5 A!i%ned 9r%ani0ation and !ater to t#e Group o" 77 "or a New Internationa! Economic 9rder 3NIE94) Pre ident N8wame N8ruma# o" G#ana wit# #i am'itiou 7i ion "or A"rican unit& wa ( wit# Ne#ru( a "oundin% "at#er o" Non5A!i%nment) A ,'rot#er in arm - wa Pre ident Na er o" E%&pt( anot#er countr& #i torica!!& tied wit# India( e pecia!!& ince t#e Sue0 Cana! #ad turned it into t#e %atewa& to t#e Indian 9cean "or European and e7en "or Nort# American ) A!%eria 'ecame anot#er Non5A!i%ned State at Independence and it re7o!utionar& !eader o"ten reco%ni0ed t#eir de't "or India@ unam'i%uou upport at t#e 1N and in ot#er "or a durin% t#eir "reedom tru%%!e) A !itt!e 8nown e""ect o" t#e connection "ormed 'etween certain A"rican countrie and India i mani"e ted '& t#e %radua! con7er ion o" more t#an 1;(;;; G#anean to a &ncreti tic "orm o" .indui m '& an autoc#t#onou piritua! !eader Swami G#anananda Sara wati( w#ic# #ow t#e %rowin%

in"!uence o" Indian ci7i!i0ation in an area w#ere #it#erto on!& C#ri tianit& and I !am were pro0e!&ti0in% 'ut w#ere .indui m #are man& trait wit# nati7e "ait# and #a a natura! a""init& wit# t#em) In t#e pro"ane domain( Indian $o!!&wood "i!m and popu!ar on% en+o& an endurin% and wide pread popu!arit& in man& part o" A"rica) 6an& o" t#e initia! nationa! !eader on t#e $!ac8 Continent dep!ored t#e po!itica! 'order in#erited "rom t#e co!oni0er w#ic# o"ten cut acro tri'a!( re!i%iou and eco!o%ica! re%ion and t#e& en7ied po t5 partition India@ po!itica! unit& in 7iew o" t#e "act t#at it di7er it& matc#ed A"rica@ in term o" !an%ua%e 3<;;; in A"rica( 4;; in India4( re!i%ion and et#nic %roup and t#at it #ared man& o" A"rica@ pro'!em and cur e uc# a wide pread po7ert& and i!!iterac&( #un%er and ma!nutrition 3Sout# A ia and Su'5 Sa#aran A"rica to%et#er account t#e #i%#e t num'er o" under5nouri #ed peop!e in t#e wor!d4( poor or em'r&onic interna! communication and in"ra tructure( tropica! and water5'orne di ea e ( an econom& "ocu ed on meetin% t#e "ormer co!oni0er @ need ( inter5re!i%iou con"!ict and a num'er o" 'order pro'!em and interna! in ur%encie ) 9ne cannot "or%et eit#er t#at poorer tropica! re%ion are %oin% to 'e t#e mo t %ra7e!& a""ected '& t#e

e""ect o" t#e on%oin% c!imate c#an%e on ocean !e7e! ( water upp!&( !o o" "ore t co7er and ara'!e oi!( natura! di a ter and o!d or new pandemic ) T#ere i indeed no !ac8 "or i ue on w#ic# con u!tation and cooperation are ad7i a'!e) N8ruma#@ consciencism doctrine( t#ou%# de"ined a rooted in indi%enou tradition( wa re!ated to t#e princip!ed po!icie ad7ocated '& 'ot# Gand#i and Ne#ru and o were Tan0anian Pre ident N&erere@ Ujjamaa 3appropriate de7e!opment4 and 2am'ian !eader /aunda@ .umani m) T#ere were t#u e7era! admirer o" India@ "reedom tru%%!e and pat# to de7e!opment amon% #ead o" tate on t#e continent and t#e c!o e re!ation were maintained '& Ne#ru@ dau%#ter Indira Gand#i in pite o" t#e re!ati7e!& ma!! economic ro!e p!a&ed '& India in A"rica due t#e "ormer@ e7ere "inancia! !imitation and t#e !atter@ %enera!!& di""icu!t circum tance ) $ond were a! o #e!d to%et#er '& t#e Commonwea!t# w#ic# India ne7er a'andoned and w#ere it wa in re%u!ar contact wit# ot#er En%!i #5 pea8in% "ormer co!onie uc# a Ni%eria( G#ana( /en&a( Tan0ania( 2am'ia( Sierra ?eone and Gam'ia( irre pecti7e o" po!itica! orientation and a!!iance ) T#e mo t pre ti%iou tate in A"rica a"ter t#e econd For!d Far( a mem'er o" t#e ?ea%ue o" Nation (

c#arter i%nator& to t#e 1N Dec!aration o" 194< and t#e #era!d o" t#e '!ac8 continent@ unit& a t#e principa! "ounder o" t#e 9A1( wa t#e Et#iopian empire( proud o" it G;;; &ear o" #i tor&( w#ic# #ad ne7er 'een co!oni0ed and #ad "ou%#t "or it "reedom t#rou%#out t#e #ort and i!! "ated Ita!ian occupation) T#e !a t Ne%u .ai!e Se!a ie wa 'orn in #i "at#er@ pa!ace in .arar w#ic# wa t#e "ormer #ome o" a .indu merc#ant and #e #ad t#rou%#out #i !i"e "riend!& re!ation wit# Indian ( inc!udin% S&riac C#ri tian !eader "rom t#e /era!a C#urc# and 7ariou 6a#ara+a ) .e wa we!! aware o" #i nation@ ancient !in8 wit# .indu tan) .e accordin%!& promoted a num'er o" cooperati7e pro+ect 'etween t#e two countrie in t#e area o" education( #ea!t#( a%ricu!ture and tec#nica! trainin%) T#e upport o" India to t#e anti5Apart#eid tru%%!e in Sout# A"rica and R#ode ia wa un"ai!in% and( contrar& to C#ina@ w#ic# in ome ca e Ha in An%o!a( Nami'ia( 2im'a'we( Sout# A"rica or Con%o 5 upported t#e 1S and t#eir !oca! a!!ie a%ain t A"rican re7o!utionar& mo7ement t#at were c!o e to t#e 1SSR( t#en $ei+in%@ arc#5enem&( India@ !eader did not p!a& po!itic "or economic ad7anta%e and tead"a t!& ided wit# t#e "reedom "i%#ter irre pecti7e o" t#eir ideo!o%&) Ne! on 6ande!a( w#o too8 muc# in piration "rom Gand#i and w#o e

A"rican Nationa! Con%re #a c!o e ideo!o%ica! and #i toric wit# it Indian predece or t#e Indian Nationa! Con%re ( and #i co!!ea%ue in t#e "reedom tru%%!e were rein"orced in t#eir &mpat#& "or India) Se7era! mem'er o" t#e Sout# A"rican Indian communit&( uc# a A#mad 6o#amed /at#rada( SR 6a#ara+( A'du!!a# 3Du!!a#4 9mar and Frene Ginwa!a were eit#er mem'er o" t#e ANC@ !eader #ip t#rou%#out t#e tru%%!e a%ain t Apart#eid or "i%ured prominent!& in t#e Con7ention "or a Democratic Sout# A"rica 3C9DESA4 and t#e Tran itiona! E*ecuti7e Counci! 3TEC4) F#i!e man& A"rican %o7ernment were connected wit# t#eir Indian counterpart '& 'ond o" ideo!o%ica! 8in #ip and per ona! "riend #ip t#e rapport 'etween A"rican popu!ation and t#e Indian communitie t#ere were not a!wa& cordia! a t#e Sout# A ian ett!er ( natura!!& con er7ati7e a e*patriate mo t o"ten are( and u ed to ta&in% wit#in t#e 'order o" t#eir ca te( tended to !oo8 down upon t#e !oca! peop!e and remained an una imi!ated minorit& w#o e pro perit& and e!"5 e%re%ation attracted 'ot# en7& and re entment) Idi Amin t#u en+o&ed t#e upport o" man& '!ac8 1%andan w#en #e e*pe!!ed Indian "rom t#e countr& in 197<( inc!udin% t#e =;(;;; w#o were citi0en o" t#e countr&( and( "aced wit# #o ti!it& and in ecurit&( man& PI9 3per on o"

Indian ori%in4 "rom Ea t A"rica emi%rated to $ritain( Canada( Au tra!ia( Sout# A"rica or returned to India in t#at period) In Sout# A"rica( w#ere t#e !ar%e t popu!ation o" Indian ori%in on t#e continent i e ta'!i #ed 3more t#an a mi!!ion( amountin% to <)AI o" t#e tota! popu!ation4( t#e eEuation 'etween $!ac8 and Indian citi0en i comp!e* and t#e !atter #a7e rea on to 'e a"raid o" nati7e animo it& a%ain t t#o e w#o came a!on%wit# t#e w#ite co!oni0er and er7ed or cooperated wit# t#em) Indian tend to 'e pre+udiced a%ain t t#e $!ac8 ( w#om e7en a &oun% 6/ Gand#i durin% #i ta& t#ere( a""ected '& a near!& uni7er a! wor!d7iew( re%arded a in"erior ( a!t#ou%# #e aid in #i more mature &ear t#at India and A"rica wou!d e7entua!!& e*c#an%e idea and er7ice ( not raw materia! a%ain t manu"actured %ood a wa t#e ca e wit# t#e European co!oni0er ) Po!itica!!& nowada& man& Indian Sout# A"rican ide wit# t#e 9ppo ition ,F#ite- Partie a!t#ou%# t#e& were %i7en rat#er %enerou #are o" port"o!io in t#e ucce i7e nationa! %o7ernment #eaded '& t#e ru!in% ANC( a noted '& S / Prad#an in an artic!e in For!d A""air 3>o!) 1G( No) 1( Sprin% <;;94) In t#e 6ande!a5!ed Go7ernment o" 1994 Frene Ginwa!a 'ecame Spea8er o" t#e Nationa! A em'!& and

A'du!!a# 9mar wa made 6ini ter o" Du tice to uper7i e t#e writin% o" t#e New Con titution) In t#e pro7ince o" Nata! #owe7er( t#e Indian communit& #a #ad to "ace o"ten undi %ui ed #o ti!it& "rom t#e In8at#a 3IFP4( t#e et#nic 2u!u Part& w#ic# ometime in7o8ed Idi Amin@ precedent "or ad7ocatin% t#e e*pu! ion o" PI9 "rom t#e countr&) At t#e nationa! !e7e! Pre ident 6'e8i reduced t#e num'er o" Sout# A"rican Indian in t#e ca'inet 'ut ti!! %a7e t#em a "ew port"o!io inc!udin% t#e Pre idenc&( En7ironment and Touri m( Education and Tran portation) .owe7er under #i watc# ten ion increa ed and t#e ANC( w#ic# #ad %ot a !ow percenta%e o" PI9 7ote o"ten adopted a re ent"u! tone toward Indian at a time w#en man& o" t#em were 3and ti!! are4 'ein% murdered or pu #ed out o" t#eir "arm '& nati7e mo' in pired '& t#e contemporar& #appenin% in 2im'a'we) T#o e ominou trend #a7e on!& ri en in recent &ear and one #a to "ear t#at Sout# A"rica( under t#e rat#er erratic ru!e o" Daco' 2uma and due to a 7ariet& o" economic and et#nic pre ure ( i 'ecomin% more 7io!ent and unru!& '& t#e da& and t#at tri'a! and racia! !o&a!tie wi!! o7erw#e!m t#e precariou po t5 co!onia! mu!ti5cu!tura! edi"ice) Indian wou!d

pro'a'!& one o" t#e mo t 7u!nera'!e communitie in uc# a ituation) In India it e!" t#ere i no %ain a&in% t#at t#e pri7ate ector t#rou%#out t#e econd #a!" o" t#e twentiet# centur&( #ad '& and !ar%e !itt!e intere t in A"rica( de pite t#e Go7ernment@ po!icie ) T#e continent wa not attracti7e eit#er in cu!tura! or economic term to mo t Indian w#o %a7e priorit& to t#e "ormer $riti # o7er!ord( to t#e 1nited State ( Canada and to a "ew European and A ian countrie w#ic# were pre ti%iou and promi in% de tination "or 'u ine and emi%ration) A a re u!t o" t#e "adin% awa& o" t#e Communi t ideo!o%& in t#e !ate nineteen ei%#tie and ear!& ninetie and o" t#e ri e o" neo5!i'era!i m( A"rica@ !in8 wit# India !o t muc# o" t#eir meanin% in t#e mind o" t#e economic p!anner w#o wi #ed to inte%rate Euic8!& into t#e a""!uent 1S5!ed ,Nort#-) In t#e emer%in% mu!tipo!ar wor!d( t#i reciproca! ne%!ect i 'ein% rep!aced '& a %enuine mutua! commitment to cooperate( at a time w#en C#ina #a made ma i7e trate%ic( in7e tment and tradin% inroad a!! o7er A"rica and w#en man& countrie are intere ted in miti%atin% t#e ri in% in"!uence o" t#e Far Ea tern %iant) E7en t#e 1SA and t#e E1 7iew rat#er "a7oura'!& India@ in"!uence in A"rica( %i7en t#e countr&@ traditiona!!& non5con"rontationa! and

pure!& ci7i!ian en%a%ement w#ic# i not een to po e t#e !on%5term c#a!!en%e t#at $ei+in% repre ent "or we tern predominance) New De!#i t#u #a 'een dea!t a winnin% #and i" it p!a& it card we!! on a continent t#at Indian #a7e a #i torica! "ami!iarit& wit# and i%n are t#at India i %i7in% a #i%# priorit& a%ain to t#e A"rican 7ector o" it "orei%n and economic po!icie )
S96E INDIAN INITIATI>ES IN AFRICA

In #i addre to t#e Ni%erian Par!iament in <;;7( Indian Prime 6ini ter 6anmo#an Sin%# tated t#at India #a a #ared de tin& and a common "uture wit# A"rica and wi #in% t#at t#e ,re!ation #ipJ'e 'rou%#t to "u!! '!oom-) T#e priorit& i 'ein% %i7en to capacit& 'ui!din% and .uman Re ource De7e!opment 3.RD4( A Dr) /amini /ri #na( "rom t#e 1ni7er it& o" 2am'ia point out in an artic!e to 'e pu'!i #ed in For!d A""air ( a mu!ti5pron%ed approac# #a 'een ta8en( com'inin% t#e e*ten ion o" !ine o" credit wit# t#e pro7i ion o" e*perti e in a wide ran%e o" area ( "rom #i%# tec# pro+ect to appropriate intermediate tec#no!o%ie ) 1nder t#e Indian Tec#nica! and Educationa! Cooperation Pro%ramme 3TECP4 a %rowin% num'er o" A"rican "rom e7era! nation are 'ein% trained in India)

In reco%nition o" it particu!ar!& o!d and c!o e !in8 wit# t#at re%ion 3#i%#!i%#ted '& I$SA( t#e trate%ic tri!atera! partner #ip o" India( $ra0i! and Sout# A"rica4( made up o" "ourteen tate ( and o" t#e economic importance o" t#e !atter( New De!#i #a et up t#e India5Sout#ern A"rica De7e!opment Communit& 3SADC4 Forum) It #a a! o tarted ta!8 wit# mo t o" t#e e7en ot#er re%iona! A"rican economic communitie : EC9FAS( ECCAS( C96ESA and EAC w#ic# re pecti7e!& repre ent t#e Fe tern( Centra! and Sout#5Ea tern nation o" t#e continent and #a i%ned 'ot# Pre"erentia! Trade and Compre#en i7e Economic Partner #ip A%reement wit# 6auritiu 3ca!!ed ometime t#e ,?itt!e India'ecau e o" it demo%rap#ic compo ition4 and t#e Sout#ern A"rican Cu tom 1nion 3SAC14) T#e !atter PTA i a'out to 'ecome an FTA 3Free Trade A%reement4) India #a initiated a re%u!ar dia!o%ue wit# Frenc# pea8in% nation on t#e continent w#ere more t#an a mi!!ion Indian !i7e and wor8 'ut w#ic# were traditiona!!& 8ept in t#e Frenc# p#ere o" neo5co!onia! in"!uence and #ad cant o""icia! e*c#an%e wit# t#e wor!d@ !ar%e t En%!i # pea8in% countr&) $i5annua! meetin% 'etween Francop#one Fe t A"rican tate and India tarted in <;;A in A'id+an and Da8ar and

#a7e continued ince) India #a con ciou !& c#o en to 8eep in mind Pari @ en iti7it& wit# re%ard to it A"rican ,%arden p!ot- 'ut i mo7in% a#ead wit# trade and tec#nica! cooperation initiati7e ) In t#e pu'!ic5pri7ate partner #ip ector( /amini /ri #na point out t#e intere t o" Indian ma+or companie in participatin% in t#e ?a%o 5A!%ier Tran 5Sa#ara pipe!ine w#ic# wa mooted '& t#e New Partner #ip "or A"rica@ De7e!opment 3NEPAD4) Anot#er important initiati7e i TEA659( or Tec#no5 Economic Approac# "or 3A"rica5India4 6o7ement w#ic# i meant to promote cooperation 'etween India and nine Fe t A"rican countrie ( primari!& "or in"ra tructure 'ui!din%) A num'er o" ot#er Su'5 Sa#aran nation are now candidate to +oin it) T#e Focu A"rica Pro%ramme o" India@ Commerce and Indu tr& 6ini tr&( tarted in <;;<( wa addre ed primari!& to e7en tate : Sout# A"rica( Ni%eria( 6auritiu ( Tan0ania( /en&a( G#ana and Et#iopia) In <;;G it wa e*tended to a!! Su'5Sa#aran tate w#ere India #a dip!omatic re!ation and to t#e i* Nort#5 A"rican countrie o t#at it #a 'ecome Pan5A"rican) A A;; mi!!ion 1SD !ine o" credit wa e*tended '& India to "inance pro+ect wit#in t#e "ramewor8 o" t#i pro%ramme 3/amini /ri #na( i'id)4)

Simi!ar !ine o" credit #a7e a! o 'een a7ai!a'!e to NEPAD( EC9FAS and C96ESA a we!! a e7era! 'i!atera! credit "aci!itie 3/) /ri #na( i'id)4) Priorit& area "or cooperation inc!ude #i%#er cienti"ic education( IT( RKD in renewa'!e ener%& and u taina'!e a%ricu!tura! tec#no!o%ie ) T#ere i no dou't t#at India@ "armin% e*perience can 'e preciou in muc# o" A"rica a it ma!! !and owner are more producti7e 3in A"rica t#e a7era%e "armer dedicate 1;;; #our per &ear to wor8in% #i !and a a%ain t dou'!e or trip!e t#at in India and ot#er A ian nation 4) A! o( due to ener%& carcit&( ma!! i0e o" t#e #o!din% ( un uita'!e %eo%rap#& and deart# o" capita! t#e mec#ani0ation o" a%ricu!ture #a pro7en to 'e impractica! and e7en counterproducti7e in man& area o" A ia and A"rica w#erea den e popu!ation "a7our !a'our !ow tec#no!o%& met#od and t#e u e o" !oca! re ource ( inc!udin% or%anic "erti!i0er and pe t contro! met#od ( mi*ed crop ( a%ro5"ore tr& etcJA Dr) Re+i D Nair put it in #i 'oo8 ,Emer%in% A"rica: Potentia! and C#a!!en%e - 3New De!#i( <;;94: ,w#ere !a'our i ine*pen i7e( tractori0ation ma& on!& mean u' titutin% #i%# co t capita! 3and u' eEuent c#ronic inde'tedne 4 "or !ow co t !a'our-) T#i rea!it& in"!uenced t#e Ujjamaa doctrine adopted '& Pre ident N&erere and India #a 'een !ed '& t#e ame imperati7e to reopen man& re!e7ant pa%e in

Gand#i@ 'oo8 o to a&) $io5d&namic a%ricu!ture 'a ed on !oca! tradition i a rea!m in w#ic# Sout# A ia and A"rica #a7e a !ot o" 8now!ed%e and e*perience to #are) In 6arc# t#e CII( ELI6 $an8 and 6ini trie o" Commerce and E*terna! A""air #e!d in De!#i t#e !ar%e t e7er Indo5A"rican conc!a7e( ca!!ed t#e India A"rica Pro+ect Partner #ip) A!t#ou%# not a !ar%e a t#e Precedin% C#ina5A"rica Summit( 9;; de!e%ate "rom India and ome GA A"rican countrie attended and di cu ed more t#an 1G; pro+ect "or an e timated 7a!ue e*ceedin% 1; 'i!!ion 1SD) T#e %oa! wa to rai e t#e 7o!ume o" 'i!atera! trade to t#e eEui7a!ent o" 7; 'i!!ion 1SD '& <;14) Ine7ita'!& oi! and %a are ma+or "actor in t#e economic d&namic ) Ni%eria i t#e econd !ar%e t ource o" crude "or India w#ic# i #ea7i!& in7o!7ed in e*p!oration and dri!!in% in An%o!a( Sudan and ot#er ener%&5ric# nation . T#ere i a! o an am'itiou p!an to 'ui!d a Nort# A"rican pipe!ine "rom A!%eria and ?i'&a to a Red Sea termina! in E%&pt in order to pump %a and oi! to 'e t#en #ipped to India . In ome o" t#o e countrie India and C#ina are tr&in% to wor8 cooperati7e!& in order to a7oid co t!& competition in 'iddin% "or conce ion and contract )

In t#e pri7ate ector( 'ot# t#e Federation o" Indian C#am'er o" Commerce and Indu tr& 3FICCI4 and t#e Con"ederation o" Indian Indu tr& 3CII4 #a7e et up Doint $u ine Counci! wit# man& o" t#eir A"rican nationa! and re%iona! counterpart ) T#e on%oin% mer%erMacEui ition o" 6TN Group( a Sout# A"rica 'a ed te!ecommunication compan& t#at co7er <1 countrie wit# t#e Indian %iant $#arti Airte! #a made new internationa!!& a it wi!! create t#e wor!d@ t#ird !ar%e t te!ecommunication con%!omerate ) Airte! i a! o 'ui!din% t#e EIG 3Europe5India5Gatewa&4 a #i%# peed connectin% !in8 t#at cro e Nort# A"rica and t#e Ara'ian penin u!a( in partner #ip wit# t#e te!ecom corporation o" e7era! countrie in t#at re%ion) A trai!5'!a0in% and 7ita!!& important pro%ramme wa concei7ed '& t#e t#en5Pre ident o" India( Dr) ADP A'du! /a!am and "orma!!& adopted in <;;A( to et up a Pan5A"rican communication networ8 3PANP4 "or te!e5education and te!e5medicine( '& "i'eroptic and ate!!ite w#ic# a! o pro7ide 7ideo5con"erencin% and ot#er tate o" t#e art "aci!itie 3 uc# a >9IP4 "or t#e participatin% #ead o" tate and %o7ernment) T#e >SAT5'a ed tar networ8( wit# 11= termina! di tri'uted eEua!!& amon% t#e A4 participatin% nation ( !in8 a num'er o" ma+or uni7er itie ( re earc# in titute ( !eadin% medica! centre and

remote!& !ocated #o pita! acro A"rica and India) 1nder t#e term o" t#e a%reement( India wa to mana%e t#e pro+ect "or A &ear 'e"ore !ettin% t#e A"rican 1nion ta8e it o7er) In ,India A"rica Re!ation - 3De!#i( <;;:4 Na7deep Sin%# Suri cite a ome ot#er ucce "u! e*amp!e o" Indian aid t#e IT Par8 in 6auritiu ( t#e Entrepreneur Trainin% and De7e!opment Centre in Sene%a! and t#e /o"i Annan Centre "or E*ce!!ence in IT in G#ana) India@ reco%ni0ed e*perti e in #i%# Eua!it& tec#nica! and cienti"ic education( #ai!ed '& Secretar& o" State .i!!ar& C!inton on #er 7i it to De!#i in Au%u t o" <;;9( ena'!e it to 'ui!d ad7anced !earnin% centre in t#e continent and t#e num'er o" trainin% !ot e*tended to A"rican tudent under t#e tec#nica! a i tance pro%ram now e*ceed 1=;; per annum) T#e Indian !eader #ip i c!ear!& tr&in% to !earn "rom t#e !e on pro7ided '& C#ina@ more e*ten i7e and am'itiou en%a%ement wit# t#e ,Dar8 Continent-( t#ere'& a7oidin% ome o" t#e mi ta8e and pit"a!! t#at #a7e marred t#e PRC@ ma i7e economic ru # to A"rica w#ere it #a attracted we tern oppo ition and t#e mi %i7in% o" man& A"rican '& eemin% too "ocu ed on economic re u!t and commercia! %ain wit#out a!wa& pa&in% enou%# attention to cu!tura! and po!itica! en iti7itie ) India i ta8in% care not to

t#reaten t#e trate%ic preponderance o" t#e Fe tern power in w#at #a o "ar 'een t#eir A"rican 'ac8&ard( w#i!e %radua!!& competin% wit# t#em) India@ po ition in t#e FT9 Do#a round wit# re%ard to tari"" and c!imate c#an%e #a7e %enera!!& 'een upporti7e o" A"rican intere t and ac8now!ed%ed a uc# and De!#i ee8 to maintain t#e tradition o" con u!tin% wit# A"rican and ot#er de7e!opin% nation 'e"ore ta8in% a tance on %!o'a! trade ne%otiation ( and it remain a !eadin% 7oice and ne%otiator "or t#e ,T#ird For!d-)
EC9N96IC P.I?9S9P.IES: PAST AND PRESENT

T#ere are a "ew 'ut not o man& para!!e! 'etween t#e #i tor& o" t#e de7e!opment mode! "o!!owed '& India and mo t A"rican countrie ince t#e& %ained independence) India( a a !ar%e( re!ati7e!& autar8ic and e!"5 u""icient nation wit# a emi5 ocia!i t econom& wa not u'mitted to t#e di8tat o" Fe tern or So7iet ad7i er to t#e e*tent t#at mo t ot#er de7e!opin% countrie were) T#u ( F F Ro tow@ "amou ,Non Communi t 6ani"e to- o" 19=; w#ic# wa "or two decade a $i'!e "or t#e mana%ement o" non5 ocia!i t economie in A"rica and ad7ocated an e*port5dependent moderni0ation( de"ined a

unEue tionin% we terni0ation o" cu!ture and ocietie ( #ad no noticea'!e impact on India w#ic# wa '& t#en "u!!& committed to t#e Ne#ru7ian doctrine o" tate5dri7en indu tria! 'ui!d5up( dome tic mar8et protection and import u' titution) F#en t#e %o7ernment in New De!#i 'e%an to 'rea8 awa& wit# t#at tradition in t#e !ate ei%#tie ( A"rica( a"ter "ai!ed attempt wit# autar8ic e!"5 u""icienc& ad7ocated '& t#e ?a%o P!an o" Action o" 19:<( wa a!read& "u!!& impacted '& Neo5?i'era! Rea%anomic w#o e mantra wa ,trade not aid- and w#ic# ou%#t to #atter tari"" 'arrier t#at pre7ented t#e penetration o" we tern %ood and capita! in #it#erto mi*ed or ocia!i t economie ) $ot# India and t#e 7a t ma+orit& o" A"rican countrie #ad rat#er ine""icient 'ut intru i7e 'ureaucracie p!a%ued '& corruption and "air!& centra!i0ed %o7ernment w#ic# e*erci ed an o"ten ti"!in% "orm o" contro! o7er t#e econom&( a!! mo t!& deri7ed "rom u piciou co!onia! admini tration t#at re!ied on w#at i ti!! 8nown in India a t#e ,!icen e Ra+-) Sout# A ia #are at !ea t in part w#at $en / Fred5 6en a# 3$rown Dourna! o" For!d A""air ( >o!) >( i ue 14 Eua!i"ie a A"rica@ di appointin% or e7en ne%ati7e e*perience wit# t#e imported Fe tern ,Fe'erian- in titution o" tate) F#en S A Dan"u!ani 3i'id)4 note t#at ,'e ide Ja "orced co#a'itation

'etween t#e di""erent cu!tura!( et#nic( tri'a!( c!an( racia! and re!i%iou %roup w#ic# are ma+or ource o" con"!ict(t#e po t5co!onia! tate wa add!ed wit# enormou re pon i'i!itie "or w#ic# it wa i!!5 prepared-( #e mi%#t a we!! 'e writin% a'out Sout# A ia) Accordin% to t#e wor!d & tem c#oo! o" economic ( t#e %!o'a! arc#itecture re t on a core o" !eadin% indu tria! nation and compri e a emi5perip#er& made up mo t!& o" Ea t A ian tate and two or t#ree ?atin American countrie w#i!e a!! ot#er are in t#e perip#er&) India #a 'ecome part o" t#e emi5 perip#er& in t#e !a t decade w#i!e C#ina i comin% c!o e to 'ein% part o" t#e core o" t#e & tem) $ot# C#ina and India can t#u #e!p A"rica tran ition to t#e emi5perip#er& t#ou%# t#e& are a! o a!read& e*p!oitin% it "or t#eir own 'ene"it and mi%#t 'ecome t#e new co!oni0er o" t#e dar8 continent under c#an%in% internationa! circum tance ) A"rica #a certain!& u""ered "rom 7ariou ine""icient e*periment wit# centra!i0ed ocia!i m 'ut it ma& #a7e 'een #urt muc# more( en7ironmenta!!& and ocia!!&( '& t#e !i'era! recipe o" %!o'a!i0ation en"orced '& t#e For!d $an8 and I6F and c#ampioned '& a "ew eminent A"rican economi t uc# a Dr) A!a ane 9uttara)

Re+i Nair 3i'id)4 point out t#at ,t#e concept o" !i'era!i m ma8e !itt!e en e in A"ricaN t#e !atter i 'a ed on indi7idua!i m 'ut t#ere i !itt!e indi7idua!i m in A"rica- 3p) <<:4 and #e conc!ude t#at ,A"rica@ "uture !ie in it a'i!it& to re tructure it indi%enou in titution and to re"orm t#e we tern one to 3 ic4 t#e need o" A"rican ocietie - 3i'id)4) Anot#er para!!e! t#at come to mind i t#at in Sout# A ia a in A"rica in t#e decade "o!!owin% independence( traditiona! in titution o" %o7ernance and !eader #ip uc# a t#e nati7e monarc#ie and c#ie" #ip were di mant!ed and decried a 'ac8ward re!ic o" "euda!i m or tri'a!i m a ociated wit# co!onia! u' er7ience) .owe7er in t#e !a t &ear ( t#e %enera! trend #a 'een "or A"rican 8in% to 'e new!& reco%ni0ed a "actor o" ta'i!it&( in7e ted wit# tron% popu!ar !e%itimac& ,in !oco-) In area o" Sout# and Sout# Ea t A ia too( t#e Ra+a ( Nawa' ( Su!tan and ot#er #ereditar& c#ie" are o"ten %ettin% 'etter i" %rud%in% reco%nition a u e"u! in"orma! ad+unct or e7en u' titute to t#e imper ona! and o"ten "ai!in% tate 'ureaucracie ) Faced wit# t#e %rowin% reco%nition t#at t#e !i'era! mode! o" de7e!opment promoted '& t#e Fa #in%ton Con en u and C#ica%o Sc#oo! i una'!e to o!7e t#e

ma+or pro'!em o" poor countrie and #a in "act made man& o" t#em wor e( due to t#e accumu!ation o" de't( t#e re!iance on ca # crop monocu!ture and e*port o" raw materia! ( and t#e 'ruta! impact o" t#e I6F@ , tructura! ad+u tment pro%ramme -( man& are !oo8in% "or uita'!e a!ternati7e ) A o'erin% o'+ect !e on i pro7ided '& e7era! countrie t#at #ad , pecia! re!ation #ip wit# t#e 1SA- 3!i8e Pa8i tan in Sout# A ia4 and w#ic# are now "ai!ed or "ai!in% tate in t#e t#roe o" interna! con"!ict ( "inancia! ruin and po!itica! c#ao ) A7oidin% to %et to c!o e to t#e Superpower o "ar ma& #a7e pared India ome o" t#o e di a ter 'ut our time i not one "or toutin% ideo!o%ie 'ut rat#er "or an werin% concrete pro'!em wit# pra%matic initiati7e ) Re+i Nair 3i'id) p) <=4 point out t#at India and A"rican nation mu t "ocu on "our pi!!ar to ac#ie7e pro perit&( to wit: create an attracti7e c!imate "or in7e tment '& 'ui!din% ta'!e( c!ean and imp!e !e%a! tructure N 'ui!d modern in"ra tructureN pur ue inno7ation 3!eap"ro%%in%4 and 'ui!d in titutiona! capacit&) It !oo8 indeed a i" in t#e comin% decade ( India wi!! p!a& increa in%!& important and di7er e ro!e in a!! a pect o" A"rican !i"e( "rom traditiona! peace5 8eepin% under 1N au pice to pro7idin% %uidance in matter o" "inance( #i%# tec#no!o%& and u taina'!e a%ricu!ture w#i!e #e!pin% de7e!op t#e touri m(

entertainment and arti tic ector amon% ot#er ) In t#at wa& India ma& e7en outc!a C#ina and miti%ate t#e !a tin% ocio5cu!tura! in"!uence o" Fe tern co!onia! and neo5imperia! power ) A"rica #a a!! to %ain "rom mu!tip!&in% partner and in7e tor i" it wi #e to attain rea! independence) T#e End
SE?ECT $I$?I9GRAP.B:

Ca7a!!i5S"or0a I)I) and F) ,T#e Great .uman Dia pora -( Addi on5Fe !e& 3199G4 9ppen#eimer S) ,9ut o" Eden: t#e Peop!in% o" t#e For!d- ?ondon( Con ta'!e 3<;;G4 A #ton5Done ( Arnott and 9ronto ,T#e .uman Eco & tem o" t#e Ni%er De!ta- En7ironmenta! Ri%#t Action( ?ondon 3199:4 Nair Re+i D) ,Emer%in% A"rica H Potentia! and C#a!!en%e - Concept( New De!#i 3<;;94 Ro tow F F ,T#e Sta%e o" Economic Growt# 5 A Non Communi t 6ani"e to-( Cam'rid%e 1ni7er it& Pre 319=;4

Sen Amart&a ,Po7ert& and Famine H An E a& in entit!ement and Depri7ation-( C!arendon Pre ( 9*"ord 319=14 Gupta A) ,T#e Non A!i%ned A"rica and t#e E*terna! Power -( T#e Non A!i%ned For!d 1 no) < 319:G4 Fiard .)D) ,Non Fe tern T#eorie o" De7e!opmentN Re%iona! Norm 7) G!o'a! Trend -) Fad wort#MT#omp on ?earnin%( $e!mont 3<;;;4 Sa#n D)E)( Doro # P) and Boun%er S)D) ,Structura! Ad+u tment Recon idered: Economic Po!ic& and Po7ert& in A"rica-( Cam'rid%e 1ni7er it& Pre 319974) Rodne& Fa!ter ,.ow Europe underde7e!oped A"rica- 3.oward 1ni7er it& Pre ( 19:<4 Suri Na7deep Sin%# ,India A"rica Re!ation : Emer%in% Po!ic& and De7e!opment Per pecti7eAcademic E*ce!!ence( De!#i 3<;;:4 Acce!erated De7e!opment in Su'5Sa#aran A"rica H an A%enda "or Action) For!d $an8 319:14

ARTIC?ES

Fred 6en a# $en /) ,State Capacit& or Recepti7e Societa! Capacit&-( $rown Dourna! o" For!d A""air ( >o!) 7( no) 1 3winterM prin% 199:4 /ri #na /amini( ,India5A"rica Partner #ip in t#e <1 t Centur&: E*pandin% t#e .ori0on-( For!d A""air 3in pu'!ication4 Dan"u!ani SA ,A"rica and t#e Ne*t 6i!!enium3$rown Dourna! o" For!d A""air ( >o!( 7( no) 1) Prad#an S / Prad#an ,Peop!e o" Indian 9ri%in in Po t5Apart#eid Sout# A"rica- For!d A""air ( >o!) 1G) No)1( 3Sprin% <;;94)