HYDROPOWER

Shivam Nagar

CONTENTS
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Howhydropowerworks Generatingtechnologies Pumpedstorage Kadamparai pumpedstorage ThreeGorgesDam Benefits Disadvantages Generationworldwide
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HOWHYDROPOWERWORKS
Hydrologiccycle

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HOWHYDROPOWERWORKS
1. Waterfromthereservoir flowsduetogravityto drivetheturbine 2. Turbineisconnectedtoa generator 3. Powergeneratedis transmitted

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GENERATINGTECHNOLOGIES
TypesofHydroTurbines:
Impulseturbines
Pelton Wheel CrossFlowTurbines

Reactionturbines
PropellerTurbines:Bulbturbine,Straflo,TubeTurbine, KaplanTurbine FrancisTurbines KineticTurbines

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IMPULSETURBINES
Usesthevelocityofthewatertomovetherunnerand dischargestoatmosphericpressure. Thewaterstreamhitseachbucketontherunner. Nosuctiondownside,waterflowsoutthroughturbine housingafterhitting. Highhead,lowflowapplications. Types:Pelton wheel,CrossFlow

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PELTONWHEEL
1. Nozzlesdirectforceful streamsofwateragainst aseriesofspoonshaped bucketsmountedaround theedgeofawheel. 2. Eachbucketreversesthe flowofwaterandthis impulsespinsthe turbine.
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PELTONWHEEL
3. Suitedforhighhead,low flowsites. 4. Thelargestunitscanbe upto200MW. 5. Canoperatewithheads assmallas15meters andashighas1,800 meters.

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CROSSFLOWTURBINES
1. Drumshaped 2. Elongated,rectangular sectionnozzledirected againstcurvedvanesona cylindricallyshapedrunner 3. squirrelcageblower 4. Waterflowsradially 5. Largerwaterflowsand lowerheadsthanthe Pelton.
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REACTIONTURBINE
1. Reactionturbinesare actedonbywater,which changespressureasit movesthroughthe turbineandgivesupits energy. Lowerheadandhigher flowsthancomparedwith theimpulseturbines.

2.

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PROPELLERHYDROTURBINE
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
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Runnerwiththreetosix blades. Watercontactsallofthe bladesconstantly. Throughthepipe,the pressureisconstant Pitchoftheblades fixedor adjustable Scrollcase,wicketgates,and adrafttube Types:Bulbturbine,Straflo, Tubeturbine,Kaplan
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BULBTURBINE
Theturbineand generatorareasealed unitplaceddirectlyinthe waterstream.

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KAPLANTURBINE
1. 2. Theinletisascrollshaped tubethatwrapsaroundthe turbine'swicketgate. Waterisdirectedtangentially, throughthewicketgate,and spiralsontoapropeller shapedrunner,causingitto spin. Theoutletisaspecially shapeddrafttubethathelps deceleratethewaterand recoverkineticenergy.
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3.

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FRANCISTURBINE
1. 2. 3. Theinletisspiralshaped. Guidevanesdirectthewater tangentiallytotherunner. Thisradialflowactsonthe runnervanes,causingthe runnertospin. Theguidevanes(orwicket gate)maybeadjustableto allowefficientturbine operationforarangeofwater flowconditions.
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4.

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FRANCISTURBINE
5. Bestsuitedforsiteswithhigh flowsandlowtomedium head. Efficiencyof90%. expensivetodesign, manufactureandinstall,but operatefordecades.

6. 7.

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OTHERS
Straflo : The generator is attached directly to the perimeter of the turbine. Tube Turbine : The penstock bends just before or after the runner, allowing a straight line connection to the generator Kaplan : Both the blades and the wicket gates are adjustable, allowing for a wider range of operation

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KINETICENERGYTURBINES
Alsocalledfreeflowturbines. Kineticenergyofflowingwaterusedratherthanpotential fromthehead. Operateinrivers,manmadechannels,tidalwaters,orocean currents. Donotrequirethediversionofwater. Kineticsystemsdonotrequirelargecivilworks. Canuseexistingstructuressuchasbridges,tailracesand channels.

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KINETICENERGYTURBINES

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PUMPEDSTORAGE
DuringStorage,water pumpedfromlower reservoirtohigherone. Waterreleasedbackto lowerreservoirto generateelectricity.

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PUMPEDSTORAGE

Operation:TwopoolsofWater Upperpool impoundment Lowerpool naturallake,river orstoragereservoir Advantages: Productionofpeakpower Canbebuiltanywherewith reliablesupplyofwater

The Raccoon Mountain project

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PUMPTURBINES
Operatingbothasaturbineforenergy generationandinreversedirectionasapump.

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PUMPTURBINES

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MOTORGENERATORS
Asynchronousmotorgeneratorstherotational speedofpumpturbinecanbevaried.Thus, thepumpcapacitycanbeadjustedtousing justthecurrentlyavailableamountofenergy.

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KADAMPARAIPOWERHOUSETNEB
Source Kadamparai reservoir/UpperAliyar Dam Salientfeatures:
Location Elevation InstalledCapacity No.ofunits Kadamparai/Coimbatore El.710 4x100=400MW 4

Modeofoperation: GenerationMode:Themachinewillbeoperatedtocaterthepeakhour demandforfullload PumpMode: Themachineswillbeoperatedaspumpmodetopumpthewaterfrom upperAliyar damtoKadamparai reservoirduringnighthours

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THREEGORGESDAM
TheThreeGorgesDamisahydroelectricdamthatspanstheYangtzeRiverbythe townofSandouping ,locatedinYiling District, Yichang,Hubeiprovince,China.The ThreeGorgesDamistheworld'slargestpowerstationintermsofinstalled capacity(22,500 MW)

BENEFITSOFHYDROPOWER
EnvironmentalBenefits Nooperationalgreenhousegasemissions SavingsinFuel NoSoxNox NonEnvironmentalBenefits Floodcontrol,irrigation,transportation, fisheries 7. Tourism
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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

DISADVANTAGES
1. Thelossoflandunderthereservoir 2. Interferencewiththetransportofsedimentbythedam 3. Problemsassociatedwiththereservoir

Climaticandseismiceffects Impactonaquaticecosystems,floraandfauna

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