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GPRS

MS

BSS

SGSN

GGSN

CAC

CAC

RLC/MAC

Activate PDP Context Req (QoS Req)

Admission
Control
Create PDP Context Req (QoS Neg)

Install
DL TFT
Create PDP Context Res (QoS Neg)
Create BSS PFC Req (ABQS)
Create BSS PFC Acc (ABQS)
Activate PDP Context Acc (QoS Neg)

Set radio
priority
(Radio priority)
Radio Resource Request

...
Mapping to
PDP context

Scheduling

...
Modify BSS PFC Req (ABQS)

Modify PDP
context
Update PDP Context Req (QoS Neg)

Update
DL TFT

(analogue PDP context activation)

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1 PDP context
2 TBF

3 Radio block period

t
1 PDP context activation (SGSN, CAC)
2 Resource allocation at TBF setup (BSS, RLC/MAC)
3 Scheduling of RLC/MAC blocks within a TBF (BSS, RLC/MAC)

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Circuit
Switched
Generator

Packet
Generator

Internet Load Generator (SDL)

Funet

HTTP FTP SMTP WAP RT Telematics

Session
Arrival
Process

TCP/UDP

Mobitex

IP

Railway

Generator

CAC
(session
management)

Channel
Management

SNDCP

SNDCP
LLC
Relay

LLC
(SDL)

BSSGP

RLC/MAC

RLC/MAC

(SDL)

(SDL)

LLC
(SDL)

G b Uplink

Frame
Relay

Frame
Relay

Channel/Error
Transceiver

Model

BSSGP

G b Downlink

Transceiver

SGSN

BS

MS
Um

Web Interface

Statistical Evaluation
Throughput (S)

1
0.9
0.8
Funet
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
Railway
0.2
Mobitex
0.1
00 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Offered Load (G)

1
0.9
24 RA Slots
56 RA Slots
0.8
88 RA Slots
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
00 1000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
2000
Offered Load [byte/s]

Blocking Rate

GIST

Gb

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Downlink IP throughput per cell 3 TRX

Downlink PDCH utilization 3 TRX

30

100
0 fixed PDCH
1 fixed PDCH
BE, 0 fixed PDCH
BE, 1 fixed PDCH

0 fixed PDCH
1 fixed PDCH
BE, 0 fixed PDCH
BE, 1 fixed PDCH

Downlink PDCH utilization [% simulation time]

Downlink IP throughput [kbit/s]

25

20

15

10

80

60

40

20

0
5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

10

15

20

25

30

35

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Number of MS

40

Number of MS

Downlink IP throughput per user 3 TRX, 1 fixed

Downlink IP delay (95percentile) 3 TRX, 1 fixed

30

10000
Premium
Interactive
Background
without CAC

Premium
Interactive
Background
without CAC

25

20

15

10

Downlink IP delay [ms]

Downlink IP throughput [kbit/s]

8000

6000

4000

2000
5

0
5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

10

15

20

25

30

35

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40

Number of MS

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