Fig. 3.

Properties of life
#1. Life is very complex.! #2. Life has excitability.! #3. Life has development.! #4. Life utilizes metabolism.! #5. Life's processes are regulated by homeostasis! #6. Evolution is major unifying principle! #7. Reproduction is fundamental!

Not Physiology
#1. Life is very complex and has complex macromolecules (DNA, RNA, protein).! #3. Life has development, growth, form! #6. Evolution is major unifying principle, and present-day organisms have an unbroken ancestry of 3 1/2 billion yrs! #7. Reproduction is fundamental causing us to dene "survival" in biology in terms of reproduction and production of fertile offspring.!

Physiology
#2. Life has excitability.! #4. Life utilizes metabolism.! #5. Life's processes are regulated by homeostasis!

Metabolism
! Catabolic processes, for the production and delivery of energy. (However, we will not dwell on the bioenergetics coverage as much as "BL A302 Cellular Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.") ! and (to a lesser extent) Anabolic processes, involving build-up. (You have heard the term "anabolic steroids," such as testosterone and drugs of abuse among athletes.)

Homeostasis
! ! ! ! ! Thermostat Negative feedback (servo mechanism). In house, "effector" would be furnace Heat (energy) is what changes temperature. 1 calorie raises temperature of 1 ml of water 1 degree C ! "calories" you "count" in a diet are kcal's)

(continued)
! 540 calories turns 1 ml of H2O to vapor. ! lose a lot of heat by panting or sweating. ! This is called "insensible" water loss, not because it does not make sense but because you are not aware of it as you are for micturation. ! Ectotherms "cold" (ambient) blooded. ! Endotherms (homeotherms).

Fig. 1.3

Human Thermostat
! Human "set point" 37oC = 98.6oF ! Reset set point in fever (pyrogens). ! Antipyretics (like aspirin) lower set point. Hibernation lowers set point. ! Produce heat by shivering or increasing metabolism (with thyroxine, epinephrine) ! Decrease heat loss: Arrector pili (smooth muscle) for piloerection, vasoconstriction ! Increase heat loss by panting [for dog] or sweating [for person] or vasodialtion.

Fig. 1.4

Weight regulation
! ! ! ! ! ! Hypothalamus Excellent regulation Do not lose calories (except untreated diabetes) 2000-3000 (k)cal/day Extra 250/day -> 25 lb/yr

Levels of analysis
! Levels of analysis (from introductory biology):element - molecule - organelle cell - tissue - organ - organ system organism - population - biosphere ! Levels of analysis (for this human physiology course):cell - tissue - organ organ system - organism

Integration
! Nervous system ! Hormones
! (endocrine vs. exocrine)

! Paracrine (local)

Fig. 6.29a

Fig. 6.29b

Fig. 6.29c

ACTH as an example
! Hypothalamus -> CRF -> Pituitary ! Portal systems (series vs parallel)
! (also in kidney and intestine to liver)

! Trophic hormone ! Adrenal cortex (vs. medulla) ! Negative feedback

Fig. 11.16

Fig. 11.3

Fig. 11.25

Thyroid (general knowledge)

! ! ! ! ! ! ! Hyperthyroid syndrome in adult Goiter insufficient dietary iodine Cretinism hypothyroid in infant Roger Guillemin & Andrew V. Schally 1977 Dietary iodine is from sea food. Now iodine is added to salt. worry if there is a reactor leak
! (like 3 mile Island or Chernobyl), ! taking lots of iodine