VALUES Values are convictions and frameworks of philosophy of an individual on the basic of which he judges what is good or bad.

Desirable or undesirable, ethical or unethical. Rokeach a noted psychologist has defined values as Global beliefs that guide actions and judgments across a variety of situations He further defines, Values represent basic convictions that a specific mode of conduct (or end state of existence) is personality or socially preferable to an opposite mode of conduct (oe end state of existence) Features : Part of culture : Values basically comes from our culture which constitutes of ideas, beliefs of society. Learned response :Values our called learned response which is one acquires from the society. Included : Values are circulated and are passed through generation to generation by specific groups and institutions it starts from family educational institutions, religions and ethnic institutions Social Phenomenon : An individual way of thinking is influence by his society and family group behaviour constutes culture. If comes from society. Similarities between attitudes and values both are learned or acquired from the same source experience with people, object and event both affect cognitive process and behaviour of people. Both are endurable and difficult to change. Both influence each other and, more often than not, are used interchangeably.

Difference between attitudes and values. Attitudes Attitude exhibit predisposition to respond Values Values represent judgement ideas the what is right and what is wrong. They refer to several beliefs relating to a They represent single belief foe used on objects specific object or situation These are ones personal experiences or situations These are derived from social cultural mores.

Types of values : Rokeach a pioneer is studying human values conducted a research survey on human values. One the bans of his research findings he identified two basic type of values. Terminal values Instrumental values

Terminal Values :Terminal values represent the desirable end-state of existence, the goals are individual would like to achieve during his life time. Instruments values :Instrumental values reflect the way to achieve goals another words, these represent preferable modes of behaviour or means of achieving one terminal goals. Rokeach identified is terminal & 18 instrumental names : Terminal Values 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. World piece Happiness Equalty Achievement Inner peace Beauty in nature Family security Self respect Instrumental Value 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Honesty Forgiving nature Helpfulness Self control Independence Obedience A.. Open nuideaness

9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.

Salvation Friendship love Pleasure Freedom Wisdom Prospect National Security Social Respect Exciting life

9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.

Cleanliness Affection and love Politeness Rationality Responsibility Courage Competence Cheerfulness Intelligence Imagination

All port and his associates, had identified six types of values .All port and his associates developed a different type of questionnaire containing a description of different situations. The respondents were told to give their preference to the questions for which ranks were fixed accordingly. Based on the answers given and the rank accordingly allotted by the repondentsl Value was categorized into six types 1. Theoretical : Accords high importance on the discovery of truth through a critical and rational approach. 2. Economics : Emphasises on the usefulness and practicability money 3. 4. Aesthetic Social : : Places the top most importance on form and harmony Accords the highest value to the love a affection of mankind 5. Political : Assigns more. Unterest to the acquisition of power and influence. 6. Religions : Pay more values or importance to the religion they belong

Formation of values Research has proven that, 40% of ones values is genetically determind Rest of the values are accuired through experience with parents school-mates friends, peers, models & organizations Culture also influences in the formation of values.

Values & Ethics : Though sometimes people consider values and ethics synonymous and use them interchangeably. But they are different.

Values : Ethics :

are beliefs that affect an individuals fundamental ideas about what is good or bad. Is the way the values are acted out ethical was of behaviour is acting according is one personal values.

Values and Behaviour : 1. Values serve as foundations for attitudes : In practice, individuals enter organization with a pre-conceived motion of what ought and what ought not to be. These motions are value later. 2. Independent hold their own interpellations of right and wrong This affects then behaviour. 3. 4. Values affect both attitude and behaviour Values once formed are very difficult to change and are in challenge to modern management.