1 Topic 01 (Atom & Stoichiometry) (A-Level)

1. In the radioactive decay of an isotope of lead to an isotope of bismuth, a particle is emitted. Which particle is ?
0 1

X C neutron

0 1

X
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A electron

B ion

D proton

decomposing sodium a*ide to liberate nitrogen gas, 0hich inflates the bag/ 2NaN3 3N2 + 2Na A typical dri5er7s airbag contains 8' g of sodium a*ide/ !alculate the 5olume of nitrogen this 0ill produce at room temperature/ A 9/2 dm+ $ 1+/9 dm+ ! 2:/: dm+ ) :2/' dm+
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2. As a simplification, an adult human can be considered to have a daily diet of 1.80 kg of carbohydrate (empirical formula CH2O). Which mass of carbon dioxide does a person produce each day if all the carbohydrate eaten is digested and oxidised? A 0.267 kg B 0.800 kg C 1.32 kg D 2.64 kg
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. The diagram shows the mass spectrum of a sample of naturallyoccurring copper.

&. A pure hydrocarbon is used in bottled gas for coo4ing and heating/ When 1' cm+ of the hydrocarbon is burned in :' cm+ of o ygen (an e cess), the final gaseous mi ture contains +' cm+ of carbon dio ide and 2' cm+ of unreacted o ygen/ All gaseous 5olumes 0ere measured under identical conditions/ What is the formula of the hydrocarbon? A !2H& $ !+H& ! !+H% ) !#H1'
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10. "n collision, airbags in cars inflate rapidly due to the production of nitrogen/ 6he nitrogen is formed according to the follo0ing e1uations/ 2(a(+ 2(a 2 +(2 1'(a 2 2;("+ ;2" 2 8(a2" 2 (2 Ho0 many moles of nitrogen gas are produced from 1 mol of sodium a*ide, (a(+? A 1/8 $ 1/& ! +/2 ) #/'
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What is the relative atomic mass of this copper? A 63.3 B 63.5 C 63.6 D 64.0
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!. The use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question. What is the number of molecules in 500 cm3 of oxygen under room conditions? A 1.25 x 1022 B 1.34 x 1022 C 3.0 x 1022 D 3.0 x 1026
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11. N2O4 is a poisonous gas. It can be disposed of safely by reaction with sodiu hydro!ide. N2O4"g# + 2NaO$"a%# NaNO3"a%# + NaNO2"a%# + $2O"l# &hat is the ini u 'olu e of 0.( ol d )3 NaO$"a%# needed to dispose of 0.02 ol of N2O4* +,c 3 - 12.( c 3 . 40 c 3 / ,0 c 3
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". In the preparation of soft margarine, glyceryl trieleostearate

12. + sa ple of chlorine containing isotopes of ass nu bers 3( and 30 was analysed in a ass1spectro eter.$ow any pea2s corresponding toCl were recorded*
+ 2

+2 is suitably hydrogenated so that, on average, one of its side-chains is converted into the CH3(CH2)4CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)7CO2 residue and two side-chains are converted into the CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7CO2 residue. How many moles of hydrogen are required to convert one mole of glyceryl trieleostearate into the soft margarine? A4 B5 C6 D9
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-3

.4

/(
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1 . 6he isotopic composition of an element is indicated belo0/

#. Which of these samples of gas contains the same number of atoms as 1g of hydrogen (Mr : H2, 2)? A 22 g of carbon dio ide (Mr : !"2, ##) $ % g of methane (Mr : !H#, 1&) ! 2' g of neon (Mr : (e, 2') ) % g of o*one (Mr : "+, #%)
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What is the relati5e atomic mass of the element? A 1'/2 $ 1'/8 ! 1'/% ) 11/'
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$. ,elf-igniting flares contain Mg+.2/ With 0ater this produces diphosphane, .2H#, 0hich is spontaneously flammable in air/ Which e1uation that includes the formation of diphosphane is balanced? A Mg+.2 2 &H2" +Mg("H)2 2 .2H# $ Mg+.2 2 &H2" +Mg("H)2 2 .2H# 2 H2 ! 2Mg+.2 2 12H2" &Mg("H)2 2 .2H# 2 2.H+ ) 2Mg+.2 2 12H2" &Mg("H)2 2 +.2H#
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1!. 3se of the )ata $oo4let is rele5ant to this 1uestion/ " ides of nitrogen are pollutant gases 0hich are emitted from car e hausts/ <n urban traffic, 0hen a car tra5els one 4ilometre, it releases '/2+ g of an o ide of nitrogen ( "y, 0hich occupies 12' cm+/ What are the 5alues of and y? (Assume 1 mol of gas molecules occupies 2#/' dm+/) A = 1, y = 1 $ = 1, y = 2 ! = 2, y = 1 ) = 2, y = #
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%. 3se of the )ata $oo4let is rele5ant to this 1uestion/ Most modern cars are fitted 0ith airbags/ 6hese 0or4 by

1". <n the $asic " ygen steel-ma4ing process the .#"1' impurity is remo5ed by reacting it 0ith calcium o ide/ 6he only product of this reaction is the salt calcium phosphate, !a+(."#)2/ <n this

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2 Topic 01 (Atom & Stoichiometry) (A-Level)

reaction, ho0 many moles of calcium o ide react 0ith one mole of .#"1'? A1 $ 1/8 !+ )&
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A 6.55% B 13.1 % C 26.2% D 30.0%

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1#.3se of the )ata $oo4let is rele5ant to this 1uestion/ A typical solid fertiliser for use 0ith household plants and shrubs contains the elements (, ., and ; in the ratio of 18 g : +' g :18 g per 1'' g of fertiliser/ 6he recommended usage of fertiliser is 1# g of fertiliser per 8 dm+ of 0ater/ What is the concentration of nitrogen atoms in this solution? A '/'+ mol dm@+ $ '/'8 mol dm@+ ! '/#2 mol dm@+ ) '/:8 mol dm@+
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2 . A sample of the hydrocarbon C6H12 is completely burned in dry oxygen and the product gases are collected as shown. [Ar : H, 1 ; C, 12 ; O, 16.]

1$. 3se of the )ata $oo4let is rele5ant to this 1uestion/ <n leaded petrol there is an additi5e composed of lead, carbon and hydrogen only/ 6his compound contains 29/: A carbon and &/19 A hydrogen by mass/ What is the 5alue of in the empirical formula .b!%HX? A8 $& ! 1& ) 2'
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1%. A household bleach contains sodium chlorate(<), (a!l", as its acti5e ingredient/ 6he concentration of (a!l" in the bleach can be determined by reacting a 4no0n amount 0ith a1ueous hydrogen pero ide, H2"2/ (a!l"(a1) 2 H2"2(a1) (a!l(a1) 2 "2(g) 2 H2"(l) When 28/' cm+ of bleach is treated 0ith an e cess of a1ueous H2"2, '/'+8' mol of o ygen gas is gi5en off/ What is the concentration of (a!l" in the bleach? A %/:8 B 1'@# mol dm@+ $ '/:'' mol dm@+ ! '/%:8 mol dm@+ ) 1/#' mol dm@+
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The increases in mass of the collecting vessels ' and ( of the apparatus are MP and MQ, respectively. What is the ratio MP / MQ? A 0.41 B 0.82 C 1.2 D 2.4
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2!. Unnilpentium is an artificial element. One of its isotopes is

232 10(

Unp.

Which of the following statements is correct? A Unp has a nucleon number of 105.
232 10(

1&. A mixture of 10 cm3 of methane and 10 cm3 of ethane was sparked with an excess of oxygen. After cooling to room temperature, the residual gas was passed through aqueous potassium hydroxide. What volume of gas was absorbed by the alkali? A 15 cm3 B 20 cm3 C 30 cm3 D 40 cm3
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B The atom
230 10(

X is an isotope of
232 10(

Unp.

20. One of the most important chemical species responsible for the removal of ozone from the stratosphere is a free radical of chlorine, 35Cl . What does 35Cl contain? protons neutrons electrons A 17 18 16 B 17 18 17 C 18 17 17 D 18 17 18
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C There are 262 neutrons in

232 10(

Unp.

D The proton number of

232 10(

Unp is 262.

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21.Use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question. Analytical chemists can detect very small amounts of amino acids, down to 3 x 1021 mol. How many molecules of an amino acid (Mr = 200) would this be? A9 B 200 C 1800 D 360 000
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22.Use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question. A garden fertiliser is said have a phosphorus content of 30.0% P2O5 soluble in water. What is the percentage by mass phosphorus in the fertiliser?

2". Cranular urea, !"(2H#, can be used to remo5e ("2 from the flue gases of po0er stations, con5erting it into harmless nitrogen/ 2!"(2H# 2 ("2 2!"2 2 y H2" 2 * (2 What are the 5alues of , y and * in a balanced e1uation? y * A 1D 2 1E $ 2 # + ! + # +D ) + # +
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to

2#. 6he diagram sho0s the mass spectrum of a sample of *inc/ 3se the data to calculate the relati5e atomic mass of the sample/ A &8 ! &8/8 $ &8/28 ) &8/&&

of

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3 Topic 01 (Atom & Stoichiometry) (A-Level)

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2$. 6he foul smell that s4un4s spray is due to a number of thiols, one of 0hich is methanethiol, !H+,H, 0hich burns as follo0s/ !H+,H 2 +"2 !"2 2 ,"2 2 2H2" A sample of 1' cm+ of methanethiol 0as e ploded 0ith &' cm+ of o ygen/ What 0ould be the final 5olume of the resultant mi ture of gases 0hen cooled to room temperature? A 2' cm+ $ +' cm+ ! 8' cm+ ) :' cm+
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0'&>1#

28. 4he petrol additi'e tetraethyl1 lead"I5#6 7b".2$(#46 is now banned in any countries. &hen it is co pletely burned in air6 lead"II# o!ide6 .O2 and $2O are for ed. $ow any oles of o!ygen are re%uired to burn one ole of 7b".2$(#4* + 8.( - 11 . 13.( / 20
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29. &hich ion has neutrons* + /) - $3O+

ore electrons than protons and . O/) / O$)

ore protons than

31. 4he a ount of calciu ions in a sa ple of natural water can be deter ined by using an ion1e!change colu n as shown in the diagra . + (0 c 3 sa ple of water containing dissol'ed calciu sulphate was passed through the ione!change resin. 9ach calciu ion in the sa ple was e!changed for two hydrogen ions. 4he resulting acidic solution collected in the flas2 re%uired 2( c 3 of 1.0 : 10)2 ol d )3 potassiu hydro!ide for co plete neutralisation. &hat was the concentration of the calciu sulphate in the original sa ple* + 2.( : 10)3 ol d )3 - 1.0 : 10)2 ol d )3 . 2.0 : 10)2 ol d )3 / 4.0 : 10)2 ol d )3
0'&>11

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2. 3se of the )ata $oo4let is rele5ant to this 1uestion/ When a sports medal 0ith a total surface area of 18' cm2 0as e5enly coated 0ith sil5er, using electrolysis, its mass increased by '/21& g/ Ho0 many atoms of sil5er 0ere deposited per cm2 on the surface of the medal? A %/' B 1'1% $ 1/% B 1'19 ! 1/2 B 1'21 ) #/1 B 1'22
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. 3se of the )ata $oo4let is rele5ant to this 1uestion/ <n forming ionic compounds, elements generally form an ion 0ith the electronic structure of a noble gas/ Which ion does not ha5e a noble gas electronic structure? A <@ $ Gb2 ! ,n22 ) ,r22
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0. ,amples of 1' cm+ of each of the first four members of the al4ane series are separately mi ed 0ith :' cm+ of o ygen/ ?ach is then burned and the total 5olume, F, of residual gas measured again at room temperature and pressure/ Which graph represents the results that 0ould be obtained?

!. 6he first stage in the manufacture of nitric acid is the o idation of ammonia by o ygen/ 0(H+(g) 2 "2(g) y("(g) 2 *H2"(g) Which 5alues for 0, , y and * are needed to balance the e1uation? 0 y * A # 8 # & $ # & # 8 ! 8 & 8 # ) & 8 & #
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". 3se of the Data Booklet is rele5ant to this 1uestion/ 6itanium(<F) o ide, 6i"2, is brilliantly 0hite and much of the o ide produced is used in the manufacture of paint/ What is the ma imum amount of 6i"2 obtainable from 19/' tonnes of the ore ilmenite, He6i"+? A 1'/' tonnes $ 12/: tonnes ! 1#/' tonnes ) 1:/: tonnes
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#. !arbon disulphide 5apour burns in o ygen according to the follo0ing e1uation/ !,2(g) 2 +"2(g) !"2(g) 2 2,"2(g) A sample of 1' cm+ of carbon disulphide 0as burned in 8' cm+ of o ygen/ After measuring the 5olume of gas remaining, the product 0as treated 0ith an e cess of a1ueous sodium hydro ide and the 5olume of gas measured again/ All measurements 0ere made at the same temperature and

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4 Topic 01 (Atom & Stoichiometry) (A-Level)

pressure, under such conditions that carbon disulphide 0as gaseous/ What 0ere the measured 5olumes? 5olume of gas 5olume of gas after after burning > adding (a"H(a1) > cm+ cm+ A +' ' $ +' 2' ! 8' 2' ) 8' #'
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$.An element I consists of four isotopes/ 6he mass spectrum of I is sho0n in the diagram/

What is the relati5e atomic mass of I? A 91/'' $ 91/+' ! 91/:8 ) 92/''

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%. '/2'' mol of a hydrocarbon undergo complete combustion to gi5e +8/2 g of carbon dio ide and 1#/# g of 0ater as the only products/ What is the molecular formula of the hydrocarbon? A !2H# $ !2H& ! !#H# ) !#H%

0'9>12

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! Topic 01 (Atom & Stoichiometry) (A-Level)

SECTION B

&. Which pairs of compounds have the same empirical formula? 1 ethane and ethane 2 ethene and cyclohexane cyclohexane and oct-1-ene
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!0. 6he isotope cobalt-&' (

30 20

) is used to destroy cancer cells .o

in the human body/ Which statements about an atom of cobalt-&' are correct? 1 <t contains ++ neutrons/ 2 <ts nucleus has a relati5e charge of 2:2/ + <t has a different number of neutrons from the atoms of other isotopes of cobalt/
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!1. 3se of the )ata $oo4let is rele5ant to this 1uestion/ 6he technetium@99 isotope (996c) is radioacti5e and has been found in lobsters and sea0eed adJacent to nuclear fuel reprocessing plants/ Which statements are correct about an atom of 996c? 1 <t has 1+ more neutrons than protons/ 2 <t has #+ protons/ + <t has 99 nucleons/
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!2. Hor complete combustion, 1 mol of an organic compound I 0as found to re1uire 2/8 mol of molecular o ygen/ Which compounds could be I? 1 !2H8"H 2 !2H2 + !H+!H"
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! . "n a scale in 0hich the mass of a 12! atom is 12 the relati5e molecular mass of a particular sample of chlorine is :2/ Which properties of the atoms in this sample are al0ays the same? 1 radius 2 nucleon number + isotopic mass
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!!. Which compounds have the empirical formula CH2O? 1 methanal 2 ethanoic acid methyl methanoate
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!". 6he relati5e molecular mass of a molecule of chlorine is :2/ Which properties of the atoms in this molecule are the same? 1 radius 2 nucleon number + relati5e isotopic mass
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6 Topic 01 (Atom & Stoichiometry) (A-Level)

T)*+,- S*CT.+/
1. Antimony, Sb, has been known for about 6000 years. It is present in many ancient forms of bronze, but now its main use is to strengthen lead alloys. Antimony is produced in a two-stage process from stibnite, a sulphide ore, Sb2S3. The ore is first roasted in oxygen to form the oxide. 2Sb2S3 + .............. O2 ; Sb4O6 + ..............SO2 (i) Balance the above equation. The oxide is then reduced with carbon. Sb4O6 + 3C ; 4Sb + 3CO2 (ii) What is the oxidation number of antimony in Sb4O6? .......................................................... (iii) Calculate the volume of carbon dioxide, measured at room temperature and pressure, that would be produced by the processing of 10 moles of Sb2S3. [2] (2) Use your answer to (c) to explain why chlorine has a relative atomic mass of 35.5. [1] [Total : 6]
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. A compound, A, has the following composition by mass. C, 66.7%; H, 11.1%; O, 22.2%. It has an Mr of 72. Calculate the molecular formula of A.

[2]
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!. Compounds of phosphorus have many uses in everyday life, e.g. fertilisers, matches and in water softeners. (0) State the full electronic configuration of phosphorus.

[4] w02/q3 2. (0) Define an isotope in terms of its sub-atomic particles. ..............................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................[1] (1) Phosphoric acid, H3PO4, is used in the manufacture of phosphate fertilisers. Deduce the oxidation number of phosphorus in H3PO4. ..........................................................................................................[1] (c) The salt sodium phosphate, Na3PO4, is a water-softening agent. (i) Write the equation for the complete neutralisation of phosphoric acid with aqueous sodium hydroxide. .............................................................................................................. Sodium phosphate was prepared from 50.0 cm3 of 0.500 mol dm3 H3PO4 and an excess of aqueous sodium hydroxide. (ii) How many moles of H3PO4 were used?

..............................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................[1] (1) In a mass spectrometer some hydrogen chloride molecules will split into atoms. The mass spectrum of HCl is given. Chlorine has two isotopes. The hydrogen involved here is the isotope only.
1 1

(iii) Use your equation in (c)(i) to calculate how many moles of sodium hydroxide are required.

[3] ". Phosphorus sulphide, P4S3, is used in small amounts in the tip of a match. On striking a match, this compound burns. (i) Construct an equation for this reaction.

(i) What particle is responsible for the peak at mass 35? ............................................. (ii) What particle is responsible for the peak at mass 38? ............................................. [2] (c) Use the relative heights of the peaks to determine the proportions of the two isotopes of chlorine. Explain simply how you obtained your answer.

.............................................................................................................. (ii) Both oxides formed in (i) dissolve in water to give acidic solutions. Construct an equation for the reaction of each oxide with water. ..............................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................[4] [Total : 9]

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7 Topic 01 (Atom & Stoichiometry) (A-Level)

"04#$2

Use the Data Booklet to complete the table below to show the atomic structure of 56Fe and of 59Co. number of isotope
56

protons

Neutrons

electrons

Fe Co

59

#. 1.20dm3 of ammonia gas were dissolved in water to form 200 cm3 of aqueous alkali at room temperature and pressure. (i) Use the Data Booklet to calculate how many moles of NH3(g) were dissolved. (c) A sample of iron has the following isotopic composition by mass. isotope mass 54 56 57 % by mass (ii) Write the equation for the neutralisation of aqueous ammonia by dilute sulphuric acid. 5.84 91.68 2.17

(i) Define the term relative atomic mass.

.............................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................. (iii) Calculate the volume of 0.50mol dm3 sulphuric acid that is required to neutralize the 200 cm3 of aqueous ammonia.

..............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................. [3]
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$. Some perfumes and scents of flowers and fruit contain compounds which are structural isomers. Two such examples are citronellol and geraniol.

(ii) By using the data above, calculate the relative atomic mass of iron to three significant figures.

[5] [Total: 10] Confirm that citronellol and geraniol are isomers by calculating their molecular formula and their relative molecular mass, Mr. (i) Molecular formula ..................................................................................................... (ii) Mr ..........................................................................................................[2]
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9. Hydrogen sulphide burns with a blue flame in an excess of oxygen to form sulphur dioxide and water. (i) Write a balanced equation for the complete combustion of H2S.

.............................................................................................................. (ii) What is the change in the oxidation number of sulphur in this reaction? from ........................................ to .................................................. (iii) What volume of oxygen, measured at room temperature and pressure, is required for the complete combustion of 8.65 g of H2S? Give your answer to two decimal places. [5]

%. Iron and cobalt are adjacent elements in the Periodic Table. Iron has three main naturally occurring isotopes, cobalt has one. (0) Explain the meaning of the term isotope. ..............................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................[2] (1) The most common isotope of iron is 56Fe; the only naturally occurring isotope of cobalt is 59Co.

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