3.4.

AML8lCAn ClvlL WA8

Anu
8LCCnS18uC1lCn
Amer|can C|v|| War and keconstrucnon: Cut||ne

1heory sess|on
1) 1he Crlsls of Lhe unlon

2)1he Clvll War
3) 8econsLrucuon

racnca| sess|on:
lllm vlewlng/dlscusslon: u.W. CrlmLh's !"# %&'(" )* + ,+-).(1913)
1. 1he Cr|s|s of the Un|on
Soluuons Lo Lhe quesuon of slavery ln Lhe
Mexlcan cesslon:
lree soll pollcy
LxLenslon of Lhe Mlssourl Compromlse Llne
opular soverelgnLy
1he Compromlse of 1830
1he admlsslon of Callfornla (an lndependenL republlc) as a
free sLaLe
1he dlvlslon of Lhe remalnder of Lhe Mexlcan cesslon lnLo Lwo
LerrlLorles, new Mexlco and uLah, wlLhouL federal resLrlcuons
on slavery
1he seulemenL of Lhe 1exas-new Mexlco boundary dlspuLe
on Lerms favorable Lo new Mexlco

A sLrlcLer fugluve slave law.
1he Comprom|se of 18S0. lL auempLed Lo seule Lhe lssues arlslng from Lhe acqulsluon
of LerrlLory from Mexlco by admlmng Callfornla as a free sLaLe and provldlng LhaL Lhe
sLaLus of slavery ln uLah and new Mexlco would be deLermlned by Lhe seulers.
1he Cr|s|s of the Un|on
1he kansas-nebraska AcL (1834)
ured Scou Case
ulvlslon of Lhe Whlg parLy: Lhe Amerlcan arLy
(know-noLhlng parLy) and Lhe 8epubllcan
parLy
Llncoln-uouglas debaLes
!ohn 8rown
1he kansas-Nebraska Act opened a vasL area ln Lhe nauon's hearLland Lo Lhe posslble
spread of slavery by repeallng Lhe Mlssourl Compromlse and provldlng LhaL seulers
would deLermlne Lhe sLaLus of slavery ln Lhese LerrlLorles.
8leedlng kansas
lallure of popular soverelgnLy ln kansas:
1wo rlval governmenLs:
ro-slavery ln LecompLon
lree ln 1opeka
DkLD SCC11 Case
ured Scou as palnLed ln 1837, Lhe
year Lhe Supreme CourL ruled LhaL
he and hls famlly musL remaln ln
slavery, desplLe Lhe facL LhaL Lhey
have reslded ln free soll (llllnols and
Wlsconsln 1errlLory) aer hls
masLer's deaLh.

Chlef !usuce 8oger 8. 1aney
declared LhaL only whlLe persons
could be cluzens of Lhe unlLed
SLaLes. 1he nauon founders, 1aney
lnslsLed, belleved LhaL blacks had
no rlghLs whlch Lhe whlLe man was
bound Lo respecL." uescended from
dlerenL ancesLors and lacklng a
hlsLory of freedom, blacks, he
conunued, could never be parL of
Lhe nauon's pollucal famlly".
(loner, 319)
L|nco|n-Doug|as Debates (18S8)
A house dlvlded agalnsL lLself cannoL sLand. l belleve LhaL Lhls governmenL
cannoL endure permanenLly half slave and half free" (Llncoln)
Cn Lhe le, SenaLor SLephen uouglas (uemocraL, llllnols). Cn Lhe rlghL, Abraham
Llncoln (8epubllcan, candldaLe for llllnols)

1he end of the Second arty System
Cne of Lhe consequences of Lhe lugluve Slave
AcL of 1830 was Lhe fragmenLauon of Lhe
Whlg arLy (Lhe end of Lhe Second arLy
SysLem: Whlgs agalnsL uemocraLs)
8eLween 1832 and 1836, Lhe Whlg parLy was
replaced by Lwo new parues:
1he Amerlcan arLy (know-noLhlng parLy)
1he 8epubllcan arLy
Iohn 8rown
!ohn 8rown ln an 1847 porLralL by
AugusLus WashlngLon, a back
phoLographer.

. Auacked a weapon sLore ln Parpers
lerry, vlrglnla (1839)
. WanLed Lo free and arm slaves
.Coal: Lo make Lhe lnsuLuuon of
slavery collapse
Several people goL kllled

8rown was caughL and hanged

8rown's execuuon Lurned hlm lnLo a
marLyr Lo much of Lhe abolluonlsLs ln
Lhe norLh.
An 1833 palnung of Lhe federal arsenal aL Parpers lerry, vlrglnla (now WesL
vlrglnla). !ohn 8rown's rald on Parpers lerry ln CcLober 1839 helped Lo brlng
on Lhe Clvll War.
resldenual Llecuons
- 4 candldaLes
- 2 from Lhe SouLh, 2 from Lhe norLh
- 1hreaL of secesslon lf Llncoln won
resldenual Llecuons 1860
ked shows sLaLes won by Llncoln, green by 8recklnrldge (SouLhern uemocraL),
orange by 8ell (ConsuLuuonal unlon), and b|ue by uouglas ([norLhern]
uemocraL).
L|nco|n, e|ected res|dent |n 1860 => secess|on of 10 Southern states (Confederate
States of Amer|ca - Ieerson Dav|es, pres|dent of the Confederacy)
An 1860 engravlng of a mass meeung ln Savannah, Ceorgla, shorLly aer Llncoln's elecuon as
presldenL, whlch called for Lhe sLaLe Lo secede from Lhe unlon. 1he banner on Lhe obellsk aL Lhe
cenLer reads, Cur Mouo SLaLe's 8lghLs, LquallLy of Lhe SLaLes, uon'L 1read on Me" - Lhe lasL a
slogan from Lhe Amerlcan 8evoluuon
Secesslon and War
- 6 weeks aer elecuon SouLh Carollna seceded.
- 8y lebruary 1861: Mlsslsslppl, llorlda, Alabama, Ceorgla,
Loulslana, and 1exas
- 1he ConfederaLe SLaLes of Amerlca - resldenL: !eerson
uavls

- Auack on lorL SumLer, Aprll 12, 1861
- vlrglnla, Arkansas, 1ennessee, and norLh-Carollna [oln Lhe
Confederacy.
- Mlssourl, kenLucky, Maryland, uelaware, and Lhe WesLern
parL of vlrglnla remaln loyal Lo Lhe unlon.
1he Clvll War
resldenL Llncoln lnaugural address (March 4,
1861):
?ou have no oaLh reglsLered ln Peaven Lo desLroy a
governmenL, whlle l have a mosL solemn one Lo
'preserve, proLecL and defend' lL"

Cn Aprll 12, ConfederaLe guns opened re on
lorL SumLer (SouLh Carollna)

A 8lchmond, vlrglnla, carLoonlsL ln Aprll 1861 deplcLs Llncoln as a caL
seeklng Lo caLch Lhe souLhern sLaLes as mlce eelng Lhe unlon, whlch
lles dead on Lhe le.
8ombardmenL of lorL SumLer, a llLhograph by naLhanlel Currler and !ames
lves deplcung Lhe beglnnlng of Lhe Clvll War.
1nL SLCLSSICN CI SCU1nLkN S1A1LS, 1860-1861
8y Lhe ume secesslon ran lLs course, eleven sLaLes had le Lhe unlon
2. 1he C|v|| War
1he rsL modern war (rallroads, Lelegraphs, mass-
produced weapons, [olnL army-navy Lacucs, lron-
plaLed warshlps, rled guns and arullery, Lrench
warfare)
1hree fronLs:
- Lhe LasL fronL
- Lhe WesL fronL
- dlplomacy -> 1he Lmanclpauon roclamauon (1863)
- -> Couon dlplomacy" Lhe Confederacy
1PL ClvlL WA8 ln 1PL LAS1, 1861-1862
uurlng Lhe rsL Lwo years of Lhe war, mosL of Lhe ghung Look place ln vlrglnla and Maryland
1he C|v|| War |n the West,
1861-1862
MosL of Lhe unlon's vlcLorles ln Lhe
rsL Lwo years of Lhe war occurred ln
Lhe WesL, especlally aL Shlloh and new
Crleans
1nL LMANCIA1ICN kCCLAMA1ICN
WlLh Lhe excepuon of a few areas, Lhe Lmanclpauon roclamauon applled only Lo slaves ln parLs
of Lhe Confederacy noL under unlon conLrol on !anuary 1, 1863. Llncoln dld noL free Lhe slaves"
wlLh sLroke of hls pen, buL Lhe roclamauon dld change Lhe naLure of Lhe Clvll War.
!"# %&'()*'+, %-,. /-01, an engravlng from Lhe 8rlush magazlne /0.1", CcLober 18,
1862, porLrays Lhe rellmlnary Lmanclpauon roclamauon as Lhe lasL move of a
desperaLe gambler.
Ireedom to the S|ave
1hls hand colored llLhograph from
1863 celebraLes Lhe promlse of
emanclpauon and also llnks Lhe
Amerlcan ag - Lhe symbol of
nauonallLy - wlLh freedom by placlng a
llberLy cap aLop lL. Cn Lhe le are
symbols of freedom lncludlng a school,
a plow, and a black man readlng a
newspaper. A broken chaln lles ln Lhe
rlghL foreground. 1he lmage conveys
Lhe opumlsm lnsplred by Lhe
Lmanclpauon roclamauon. 8uL many
former slaves would never fully en[oy
Lhe klnds of freedom lmaglned ln Lhls
llLhograph.
2. 1he Clvll War
1he SouLh:
1he lmpressmenL AcL (1863): Congress auLhorlzed
mlllLary omcers Lo selze farm goods Lo supply Lhe
army, paylng wlLh lncreaslngly worLhless money.
1he norLh:
1he LnrollmenL AcL (1863) (dra, conscrlpuon)
Lxempuons:
SubsuLuuon (paylng anoLher man Lo serve)
CommuLauon (paylng a $300 fee Lo Lhe governmenL)
1he k|ots |n New ork: 1he Mob Lynch|ng a Negro |n C|arkson Street, an engravlng from Lhe
8rlush magazlne 23304('+(#5 6).5). ,#74, AugusL 8, 1863, reveals how Lhe new ?ork ClLy dra
rloLs escalaLed from an auempL Lo obsLrucL Lhe dra lnLo an assaulL on Lhe clLy's black
populauon.
An engravlng ln Lhe ,#7 8)'9 23304('+(#5 ,#74 deplcLs Lhe bread rloL LhaL Look place ln
Moblle, Alabama, ln Lhe fall of 1863.
L|nco|n's government dur|ng the war years
1he Lega| 1ender Act (1862):
Author|z|ng the |ssue of 51S0 m||||on |n paper "greenbacks"
1he Nanona| 8ank Act (1863)
1he ac|hc ka||road Act (1862)
1he nomestead Act (1862) ("free so||, free |abor, free men")
1he Morr||| Land Grant Act (1862) (states |and for the
fund|ng of un|vers|nes)
2. 1he Clvll War
unlon vlcLorles:
Ceuysburg and vlcksburg (1862)
Sherman's March
Appomauox (Ceneral Lee surrendered Lo CranL, Aprll
9, 1863)
Llncoln's assasslnauon by !ohn Wllkes 8ooLh
(Aprll 14, 1863)
Andrew !ohnson (1863-68), uemocraL, becomes
resldenL.
1he C|v|| War, 1863. ln !uly 1863, Lhe unlon won ma[or vlcLorles aL
Ceuysburg and vlcksburg.
SnLkMAN'S MAkCn
1he mlllLary defeaL of Lhe Confederacy
came ln Lhe LasL, wlLh Sherman's
March Lo Lhe Sea, CranL's occupauon
of 8lchmond, and Lhe surrender of
8oberL L. Lee's army.



(:).# ;&(" ("# ;&.5, 1939)
SPL8MAn'S MA8CP
!"# <=+10+-). )* >&1"?).5, a Currler and lves llLhograph from 1863, dramaucally
deplcLs Lhe lasL days of Lhe Clvll War. 8esldenLs ee Lhe ConfederaLe caplLal as res
seL by reLreaung Lroops Lo desLroy ammunluon supplles consume parLs of Lhe clLy.
3. 8LCCnS18uC1lCn
lnLense pollucal conlcL
1he 8econsLrucuon AcLs of 1867-1868
ConsuLuuonal AmendmenLs:
- 1h|rteenth Amendment (1863): abolluon of slavery
- 1he C|v|| k|ghts Act (1866): Afrlcan Amerlcans become uS cluzens
wlLh Lhe same clvll rlghLs as non-blacks.
- 1he Iourteenth Amendment (1866): proclalms LhaL all persons
born or naLurallzed ln Lhe uS are cluzens and LhaL no sLaLe can
abrldge Lhelr rlghLs. (Lqual proLecuon under Lhe law)
- 1he I|heenth Amendment (1869): prohlblLs Lhe denlal of surage
by Lhe sLaLes on accounL of race, color or prevlous condluon of
servlLude. (voung rlghLs)
8LCCnS18uC1lCn CCvL8nMLn1S
1he keconstrucnon Acts (1867, 1868): dlvldes former
Confederacy lnLo 3 dlsLrlcLs, each governed by a Ceneral,
ln order Lo be readmlued Lo Lhe unlon, Lhey wlll have Lo
raufy Lhe 14
Lh
AmendmenL and allow black men Lo voLe.
13 of poLenual whlLe voLers Lemporary dlsenfranchlsed
-> black voLers ouLnumbered whlLes
new elecLoraLe ln Lhe SouLh(8epubllcan arLy)
- norLhern carpeLbaggers
- SouLhern scalawags
- lreedmen
8eacuon agalnsL:
1he ku klux klan (1866) - vlgllanusm
Ireedmen's po||nca| parnc|panon
(Le) 1he I|rst Vote, an engravlng from Parper's Weekly, nov. 16, 1867, deplcLs Lhe rsL blraclal elecuons ln
souLhern hlsLory. 1he voLers represenL key sources of Lhe black pollucal leadershlp LhaL emerged durlng
8econsLrucuon - Lhe arusan carrylng hls Lools, Lhe well-dressed clLy person (probably free before Lhe war) and
Lhe soldler. (8lghL) Co|ored ku|e |n a keconstructed (?) State, March 14, 1874, suggesLs LhaL 8econsLrucuon
leglslaLures had become Lravesues of democrauc governmenL.
ku klux klan's vlgllanusm
3. 8LCCnS18uC1lCn: 1PL lMAC1 Cl
LMAnClA1lCn
lrom slavery Lo segregauon:
ln 1863 Congress passed Lhe Clvll 8lghLs AcL, bannlng
segregauon excepL ln schools, buL ln Lhe 1883 Clvll
8lghLs Cases, Lhe Supreme CourL Lhrew Lhe law ouL

Labor and sharecropplng
(40 acres and a mule" - Lhe promlse of becomlng
landowners for blacks - fallure of land reform
=> sharecropplng)
Sharecropplng