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Literature- writings in which expression and form, in connection with ideas of permanent and universal interest, are characteristic

or essential features, as poetry, novels, history, biography, and essays. Poetry- is a verse written to create a response of thought and feeling from the reader. It pften uses rhythm and rhyme to help convey its meaning. Elements: 1. STANZAS: Stanzas are a series of lines grouped together and separated by an empty line from other stanzas. They are the equivalent of a paragraph in an essay. One way to identify a stanza is to count the number of lines. couplet (2 lines), tercet (3 lines),quatrain (4 lines),cinquain (5 lines),sestet (6 lines) (sometimes it's called a sexain), septet (7 lines) , octave (8 lines) 2. FORM: A poem may or may not have a specific number of lines, rhyme scheme and/or metrical pattern, but it can still be labeled according to its form or style. Here are the three most common types of poems according to form: 1. Lyric Poetry: It is any poem with one speaker (not necessarily the poet) who expresses strong thoughts and feelings. Most poems, especially modern ones, are lyric poems. 2. Narrative Poem: It is a poem that tells a story; its structure resembles the plot line of a story [i.e. the introduction of conflict and characters, rising action, climax and the denouement]. 3. Descriptive Poem: It is a poem that describes the world that surrounds the speaker. It uses elaborate imagery and adjectives. While emotional, it is more "outward-focused" than lyric poetry, which is more personal and introspective. 3. RYHME is the repetition of similar sounds. In poetry, the most common kind of rhyme is the end rhyme, which occurs at the end of two or more lines. 4. RHYTHM AND METER Poetic Foot: The traditional line of metered poetry contains a number of rhythmical units, which are called feet. The feet in a line are distinguished as a recurring pattern of two or three syllables("apple" has 2 syllables, "banana" has 3 syllables, etc.). The pattern, or foot, is designated according to the number of syllables contained, and the relationship in each foot between the strong and weak syllables. The Number of Feet: The second part of meter is the number of feet contained in a line. one foot=monometer, two feet=dimeter, three feet=trimester, four feet=tetrameter, five feet=pentameter, six feet=hexameter (when hexameter is in iambic rhythm, it is called an alexandrine) Irregularity: Many metered poems in English avoid perfectly regular rhythm because it is monotonous. Irregularities in rhythm add interest and emphasis to the lines. Blank Verse: Any poetry that does have a set metrical pattern (usually iambic pentameter), but does not have rhyme, is blank verse. Shakespeare frequently used unrhymed iambic pentameter in his plays; his works are an early example of blank verse. Free Verse: Most modern poetry no longer follows strict rules of meter or rhyme, especially throughout an entire poem. WORD SOUNDS Another type of sound play is the emphasis on individual sounds and words: Alliteration: the repetition of initial sounds on the same line or stanza - Big bad Bob bounced bravely. Assonance: the repetition of vowel sounds (anywhere in the middle or end of a line or stanza) - Tilting at windmills Consonance: the repetition of consonant sounds (anywhere in the middle or end of a line or stanza) - And all the air a solemn stillness holds. (T. Gray)

Onomatopoeia: words that sound like that which they describe - Boom! Crash! Pow! Quack! Moo!Caress... Repetition: the repetition of entire lines or phrases to emphasize key thematic ideas. Parallel Stucture: a form of repetition where the order of verbs and nouns is repeated; it may involve exact words, but it more importantly repeats sentence structure - "I came, I saw, I conquered". Prose- the ordinary language people use in speaking or writing -a literary medium distinguished from poetry especially by its greater irregularity and variety of rhythm and its closer correspondence to the patterns of everyday speech Elements: 1.Characters- are the people or animals in the story. A story often describes the interaction of characters, including their relationships and the changes they undergo. 2.Setting- is when and where the story takes place. 3.Plot-is what happens in the story, or the sequence of events. Point of view-The point of view of the story relates to the person telling the story. Sometimes the narrator is a character in the story and uses the pronoun I to tell the story. This type of narrator tells the story from a first-person point of view. Sometimes the narrator is not a character in the story and refers to the characters by name or as he or she. This type of narrator tells the story from a third-person point of view. 4.Theme-is the lesson or message of a story. To identify the storys message, look for clues in what the characters say and do, what happens as the result of their actions, and how the characters change. 5.Mood- is the feeling the author creates using story details, the setting, and images. Different literature genres Fiction, Non- fiction, Other Identify fiction and non-fiction and its elements Fiction: not true story 1. Fantasy- a story based on things that could NOT happen in real life 2. Historical fiction- a fictional story that takes place in a particular time period in the past. Often seting is real but characters are made up from the authors imagination 3. Horror- a story which is intended to frighten its readers. 4. Humor- story full of fun, fancy and excitement meant to entertain the reader. 5. Mystery/suspense- suspenseful story about a puzzling event that is not solved until the end of the story. 6. Realistic fiction- story using made-up characters that could happen in real life. 7. Science fiction- story in which the imaginary elements could be scientifically possible. 8. Short story- a work of fiction that presents a sequence if events or plot that deals with a conflict. 9. Traditional literature- stories that are passed down from one group to another in history. This includes folktales, legends,fables, fairy tales, tall tales, and myths from different cultures. Non-fiction: true information 1. Essay- a short literary composition on a single subject 2. Informational- texts that provide facts and information about a variety of topics. 3. Literary nonfiction- nonfiction that tells a story. Other genres: 1. Drama- literature that is intended to be performed before an audience; a play or opera. 2. Poetry Definition of acrostic poem An acrostic poem is a type of poetry where the first, last or other letters in a line spell out a particular word or phrase. The most common and simple form of an acrostic poem is where the first letters of each line spell out the word or phrase.

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