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8.1 THREE STATES OF MATTER 8.2 CHANGING STATES 8.3 WHAT GOES AROUND COMES AROUND 8.4 WATER RESOURCES

STATES OF MATTER

States of matter in physics are the distinct forms that different phases of matter take on. Matter is any substanse in the universe from the smallest dust to the largest planet. Three states of matter are observable in everyday life: solid, liquid and gas Historically, the distinction is made based on qualitative differences in properties. Matter in the solid state maintains a fixed volume and shape, with component particles (atoms, molecules or ions) close together and fixed into place. Matter in the liquid state maintains a fixed volume, but has a variable shape that adapts to fit its container. Its particles are still close together but move freely. Matter in the gaseous state has both variable volume and shape, adapting both to fit its container. Its particles are neither close together nor fixed in place.

SOLID

If a solid is put into containers of diffferent shapes the solid does not take the shape of the containers. This show that solid has fixed shape. The size of a solid cannot be changed if you squeeze it. You cannot squeeze a big solid into a small container.This shows that solid has fixed volume. Solid can be weighed using a triple beam balance.This show that solid has mass. The wood block is solid. A solid has a certain size and shape. The wood block does not change size or shape. Other examples of solids are the computer, the desk, and the floor. You can change the shape of solids. You change the shape of sheets of lumber by sawing it in half or burning it.

LIQUID

Milk is a liquid. Milk is liquid matter. It has a size or volume. Volume means it takes up space. But milk doesn't have a definite shape. It takes the shape of its container. Liquids can flow, be poured, and spilled. Did you ever spill juice? Did you notice how the liquid goes everywhere and you have to hurry and wipe it up? The liquid is taking the shape of the floor and the floor is expansive limitless boundary (until it hits the wall). You can't spill a wooden block. You can drop it and it still has the same shape. What about jello and peanut butter? You can spread peanut butter on bread, but peanut butter does not flow. It is not a liquid at room temperature. You have to heat peanut butter up to make it a liquid. When you or your mom makes jello, it is first a liquid. You have to put it in the refrigerator so that it becomes a solid. These are yummy forms of matter with properties of a liquid and a solid.

GAS

Run in place very fast for a minute. Do you notice how hard you are breathing? What you are breathing is oxygen? You need oxygen to live. That's why you can only hold your breath for a certain amount of time. You can't see oxygen. It's invisible. It is a gas. A gas is matter that has no shape or size of its own. Gases have no color. Gases are all around you. You can feel gas when the wind blows. The wind is moving air. Air is many gases mixed together. Gas has no fixed shape. The shape of gas depend on shape of the container.

8.2 CHANGING STATES

Solids, liquids and gases are called the three states of matter. Materials can be changed from one state to another by heating or cooling. Water can be observed as a liquid, a solid (ice), or a gas (water vapour) and moves around the environment in a process known as the water cycle. Water can exist in all three states of matter. If water vopour is cooled , it turns back to water. We can get ice when water freezes. Thus water can change from one state into another and it exist in the forms of solid, liquid and gas.

BOILING

Boiling is a process that changes water into water vopour at a certain temperature

MELTING

When ice is left at room temperature, it will slowly melt. This process is called meiting

FREEZING

If we put water in the freezer, the water will turn to ice. This process is called freezing.

EVAPORATION

F When water is heated, the water at the surface change into water vapour. The process is called evaporation.

CONDENSATION

The water droplets are formed when water vapour in the air turns into water as the side of the glass is cold. This process is called condensation.

Cloth dries faster on a hot sunnyday.

Cloth dries faster on a windyday.

Cloth dries faster when a large surface area of the is expased.

8.3 water goes around comes around

As the water vapour rises it cools and condenses into tiny water droplets. These droplets form cloud.

Water droplets in the cloud join togethere until they become too heavy. When that happen they fall as rain.

Water in oceans, rivers and lakes evaporates as water vapour which then rises into air.

The rain falls onto the ground or river and finally back into the ocean.

8.4 water resources

Water is important to all living things. There are several uses of water at home such as :

Washing

Drinking

Bathing

WATER IS HOME TO MANY LIVING THINGS

THEREFORE, WATER RESOURCES MUST BE KEPT CLEAN AS ALL LIVING THINGS DEPEND ON THEM. RIVERS, WELLS AND SPRINGS ARE WATER RESOURCES. THEY CAN BECOME POLLUTED

RIVER IS OUR SOURCE OF DRINKING WATER. WHEN IT IS POLLUTED, THE QUALITY OF DRINKING WATER BECOMES POOR.

THE OILS SPILLS COVER THE WATER SURFACE. THIS PREVENT OXYGEN IN THE AIR FROM DISSOLVING IN THE WATER. LIVING THINGS IN THE WATER WILL HAVE LESS OXYGEN TO BREATHE.

HOW CAN WE KEEP OUR WATER CLEAN ?

AVOID THROWING RUBBISH INTO RIVER

TREATING THE SEWAGE FROM HOUSES, INDUSTIRIES AND AGRICULTURAL LANDS AND THENRELEASING IT INTO THE RIVER

BUILD FACTORIES FAR FROM RIVERS.