By WONJU Tesla Father of the TPU-Part 2 R04 05/06/2012

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By WONJU

Tesla Father of the TPU-Part 2 R04

05/06/2012

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By WONJU

Tesla Father of the TPU-Part 2 R04

05/06/2012

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By WONJU

Tesla Father of the TPU-Part 2 R04

05/06/2012

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By WONJU

Tesla Father of the TPU-Part 2 R04

05/06/2012

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By WONJU

Tesla Father of the TPU-Part 2 R04

05/06/2012

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By WONJU

Tesla Father of the TPU-Part 2 R04

05/06/2012

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By WONJU

Tesla Father of the TPU-Part 2 R04

05/06/2012

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By WONJU

Tesla Father of the TPU-Part 2 R04

05/06/2012

FIG. 7

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By WONJU

Tesla Father of the TPU-Part 2 R04

05/06/2012

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By WONJU

Tesla Father of the TPU-Part 2 R04

05/06/2012

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By WONJU

Tesla Father of the TPU-Part 2 R04

05/06/2012

Awhileago,IpostedapaperdescribingapossibleembodimentoftheToroidalPowerUnit(TPU)based ontheTeslatechnologyforradiantelectricity.Onthispaper,Iwillexpandonthepreviousconceptby providingthebasisforconstructingradiantdevices.TheattachedPDFdocumentcontainsadescription oftheoperationofthecircuitdisclosedbyEdwinGrayinhispatentNo.4,595,975datedJune6,1986. BecauseEdwinGraydevicewasproventoworkbywitnessesandcertifiedtestreports,Iconcentrated onanalyzingitforthepurposeofisolatingtheradiantenergyeventthattakesplaceintheenergy conversionelement(14).Iwillalsoconcludewithatheorythattheenergyconversionelement(14)of EdwinGray,theToroidalPowerUnit(TPU)ofStevenMark,andtheWaterFuelCondenser(WFC)of StanleyMeyer,allworkonaprinciplepioneeredbyNikolasTesla,aprinciplethatcouldbea fundamentallawofnature.IwillalsodiscloseamodifiedsparkplugthatIamputtingtogetherto simulatetheenergyconversionelement(14)ofEdwinGray.Mygoalistosharemylatestfindingwith youandestablishaconstructeddialogthatshouldhelpmeoutonbuildingabettertestcircuit. Ihavetakenasecondlookattheradiantelectricaleventandhaveputtogetherasequenceofdiagrams explaininginastepbystepprocesswhatIthinkisthebasicoperationofthecircuitbuiltbyEdwinGray. FIG.1showsacircuitasdisclosedbyEdwinGrayinhispatent.Thetransformer(66)andthe multivibrator(20)areusedtoamplifythefirstvoltageleveltoanintermediateorsecondvoltagelevel. Thenthesecondvoltagelevelisamplifiedto3,000volts(thirdvoltagelevel)bytheturnsratioof transformer(22).Thetransformer(66)stepsupthe120vaclinevoltage(ACfirstvoltagelevel)basedon itsturnsratio,whilethemultivibrator(20)stepsuptheDCbatteryvoltage(DCfirstvoltagelevel)based onfastswitchingoftheprimarycurrentwhichincreasesthevoltageattheprimaryofthetransformer (22)byanamountequaltoL(di/dt).Lrepresentstheselfinductanceofthetransformer(22)anddi/dt representsthesuddenchangeoftheprimarycurrent. Forthesakeofsimplicity,thevoltagestepupdevicesareremovedsuchasthetransformers(22)and (66),andthemultivibrator(20).FIG.2isamodifiedversionoftheoriginalcircuitshowninFIG.1andit willbeusedasthebasiccircuit.ThemodifiedcircuitinFIG.2alsoshowstherectifier(46)reconfiguredto haveitscathodeconnectedtotheelements(34),(36),and(42).Notethattherectifiers(44)and(46)are connectedinparallelinthecircuitshowninFIG.1.Asitwillbeshownlater,thenewcurrentpathformed withthereconfiguredrectifier(46)isneededifwewanttoreusedtheenergyfromthecollapsing magneticfieldoftheelectromagnet(36).Inaddition,theprotectivesparkgapdevice(42)isalsorevised. AsshowninFIG.1,theprotectiondevice(42)isshortcircuitingthe3KVhighvoltagesourcecomposedof thetransformer(22)andthebridgerectifier(24).Theconfigurationoftherectifier(46)andthespark gapprotectiondevice(42)asshowninFIG.1appearstobeanerror. FIG.2illustratesthepathofthechargingcurrent(Icc)ofthecapacitor(16).Capacitor(16)ischargedup to3KV(Vc16).Idonotknowtheminimumthresholdvoltagelevelfortheradianteventtooccur,butwe doknowthatEdwinGrayused3KVto4KVtotriggerhisenergyconversionelement(14)successfully. FIG.3a,FIG.3b,andFIG.3cshowasequenceofeventswhena)thevoltage(Vc16)ofcapacitor(16)is appliedtothesparkgap(62),b)whenthecapacitor(16)createsadischargecurrent(Icd)throughthe sparkgap(62),andc)whentheinducedelectrostaticvoltage(HVe)createsacurrent(Ie)throughthe electromagnet(36).

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By WONJU

Tesla Father of the TPU-Part 2 R04

05/06/2012

FIG.3ashowstheinstantwhendistributor(26)switchesoverandclosethecontactthatconnectstothe cathodeofthevacuumtube(28).Theclosingofthecontactinthedistributor(26)createsapaththat appliesthefullvoltage(Vc16=3KV)ofthecapacitor(16)tothesparkgap(62)formedbetweenthe electrodes(12)and(32). FIG.3billustratestheinstantwhenthearcflashoccursthroughthesparkgap(62)allowingthecapacitor (16)todischarge.Thepathofthedischargingcurrent(Icd)comprisesthesparkgap(62),theresistor (30),therectifier(28),thedistributor(26),andthebattery(40).Asshowninthisfigure,thedischarging current(Icd)alsochargesthebattery(40)similartoatricklechargemode.Resistor(30)protectsthe battery(40)bylimitingthemaximumcurrent(Icd)thatcanflowthroughthebattery.Becausethe currentisnotcausingtheradianteffect(asindicatedbelow),thecapacitanceofthecapacitor(16)can besmall.Bydecreasingthedischargingcurrentthelifeofthesparkgap(62)elements(12)and(32)is alsoincreased. ThequestionthatarisesfromcomparingFIG.3aandFIG.3bis,whenandhowdoestheradiantevent takeplace?AsexplainedinmyfirstpostandinaccordancewithGarryVassilatos(fromhisbookSecrets ofColdWarTechnology,ProjectHAARPandBeyond),assoonastheelectricalcurrentappears,the radiantphenomenonstops.Therefore,theradianteventshouldonlytakeplaceduringthebrieftime (instantaneous)whentheswitchclosesinthedistributor(26)andjustpriortotheoccurrenceofthearc flashinthesparkgap(62).ThisscenarioisillustratedinFIG.3a.Howtheradiantenergyisgeneratedwill dependontheinitialvoltagewaveformreachingthesparkgap(62).Eachoneoftheelectricaland electronicscomponentsformingthepathshowninFIG.3ashouldbecarefullyselectedandfinetunedto haveatrainofvoltagepulseswithspecificdutycycle,frequency,andwaveform.Forinstance,itis recommendedthatthedurationofthepulsebesmallerthan0.1S.Thewavefrontshouldchange suddenly,thatis,dv/dt.Thelatterrequirementsharelightontheimportanceoftheselectionofthe distributor(26)andtherectifier(28).Ihavereadarticlesthatminimizethefunctionofthedistributor (26),butifthisfunctioniseliminated,theradianteventmaynevertakeplace.Withoutthedistributor (26),thevoltageatthesparkgap(62)wouldbuildupinphasewiththevoltageatthecapacitor(16)with amuchlowerdv/dt.Theclosureoftheswitchinthedistributor(26)appliesasuddenfullvoltageofthe chargedcapacitor(Vc16=3KV)tothesparkgap(62).Therequirementforhavingavoltagepulsewith highdv/dtisalsothereasonwhyMr.Graychoseavacuumtube(28)asarectifierinsteadofasolidstate semiconductordiode.ItseemsthatEdwinGraydidnotfindafastenoughsolidstatediodeforhishigh voltageapplication.Thesolidstatediodeshaveaninherentdelayduetotherecombinationofholesand electronsatthejunction.FIG.3aalsoshowsthepolarityoftheinducedelectrostaticvoltage(HVe)where thegrid(34)ischargedpositive(++)andtheelements(12)and(32)arechargedwithanegative potential(). FIG.3cillustratesthepathoftheelectrostaticcurrent(Ie)generatedbytheinducedelectrostaticvoltage (HVe).Thepathconsistsoftheelectromagnet(36),capacitor(38),battery(18),andrectifier(44). Becausethevoltage(Vc16)ofcapacitor(16)isreversebiasingtherectifier(44)andthebridgerectifier (24),theinitialelectrostaticcurrent(Ie)mayflowthroughthecapacitor(16).EventhoughIhave sketchedtheelectrostaticcurrent(Ie)flowinginFIG.3c,Isuspectthatthiscurrentstartscirculatingas

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By WONJU

Tesla Father of the TPU-Part 2 R04

05/06/2012

soonastheelectrostaticvoltage(HVe)appears,thatis,itmayhappensimultaneouslywithFIG.3aand FIG.3b. AsshowninFIG.3c,theelectrostaticvoltage(HVe)isalsoinducedbetweentheelectrode(32)andgrid (34).Ifthevacuumrectifier(28)iseliminated,current(Ie2)showninbluecolorwouldalsoflowthrough thebattery(18),thebattery(40),thedistributor(26),andtheresistor(30).Thefunctionofthevacuum rectifier(28)istopreventtheflowofcurrentthroughbothbatteriessimultaneously.Iftheenergy conversiontube(14)isusedwithoutthebatteries(18)and(40),thentherectifier(28)isnotneeded. FIG.4illustratesthemomentwhenthecollapsingmagneticfieldoftheelectromagnet(36)inducesa kickbackvoltage(VL36)asaresponsetoachangeinthecoilcurrent(Ie).Theinductanceofthecoilof electromagnet(36)willopposeanychangeofcurrentflowingthroughitscoil.Therefore,whencurrent (Ie)stops,thecollapsingmagneticfieldoftheelectromagnet(36)inducesavoltagewithopposite polarityandwithmagnitudesoastomaintainaconstantcurrent( Ie( t ) = Ikb( t + ) ).Thepathofthe current(Ikb)consistsofthecapacitor(38),battery(18),andrectifier(46).Now,itisclearwhythe configurationofrectifier(46)showninFIG.4iscorrectandtheoneshownintheoriginalcircuitinFIG.1 isnot.Notethatthebattery(18)receiveschargefromtwoevents,theelectrostaticeventofFIG.3cand thefeedbackeventofFIG.4. Somethingthatpuzzlesmeisthefunctionofcapacitor(38).Atfirstglance,youmaythinkthatcapacitor (38)andtheinductanceoftheelectromagnet(36)formaresonancecircuittunedtomaximizetheeffect oftheradiantevent.But,thiscircuitcannotoscillatebecausethecurrentcanonlyflowinonedirection. Itmightbethecasethatthecapacitor(38)isusedtocontroltheamountofcurrentthatcanflowinthe circuit.Inthatrespect,capacitor(38)couldplayarolesimilartotheresistor(30). FIG.5showsthesparkgapprotection(42)deviceinaction.Mr.Grayandhisteamcouldnotreliably controlthemagnitudeoftheinducedelectrostaticvoltage(HVe).Onceinawhiletheelectrostatic voltagegrewdangerouslyhighdamagingsomecircuitcomponents.Therewasaneedtodumpthis excessenergythroughthesparkgap(42)wheneveritappears.Icametotheconclusionthatthe problemisduetoacombinationoffactors.Forinstance,themechanicalmultivibrator(26)isnota reliabledevice.Withtime,thecontactofthismechanicalswitchbecomesunpredictable,distortingthe waveformsofthepulsesappliedtotheprimaryofthestepuptransformer(22).Asaconsequence,the voltagelevel(Vc16)ofthecapacitor(16)canbeerratic.Inaddition,environmentalconditionssuchas temperature,humidity,pressure,etc.,canaffecttheperformanceofthearcflashinthesparkgap(62). OBSERVATIONS: Theenergyleveloftheelectricpulsesisafunctionofthedutycycle,thefrequency,andthewaveform oftheappliedsignal.Thewaveformshouldhaveahighdv/dtvalueandtheturnonpulseduration shouldbeverysmall.Theexcitingenergyleveloftheelectricpulsesrequiredtogeneratetheradiant eventshoulddependonthetypeofmaterialusedastheexcitingcentralelectrode(12).AsIstatedin myfirstpost,Isuspectedthattheradianteventmightbeduetoaresponsefromthemolecular/atomic structureofthecentralelectrode(12)whensubjectedtohighfrequency,highvoltageelectricpulses. Thisconceptisbasedonthetheoryofquantummechanicsrelatedtotheemissionandabsorptionof

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By WONJU

Tesla Father of the TPU-Part 2 R04

05/06/2012

photonswhentheelectronsmovebetweendifferentorbitsandquantumstates.Whenelectronmoves toalowerorbit,aphotonoflightisemitted.Onthecontrary,whentheelectronmovestoahigher orbit,aphotonoflightisabsorbed.Herethereisapatternbetweenthemovementofelectronsandthe radiantenergyemission/absorption.Asimilarpatternofenergyandmovementofelectronsisfoundin xrayevents.Xraysaregeneratedwhenelectronstravellingathighspeedarebroughttoasuddenstop. Forinstance,allcathoderaytubes(CTR)usedinoldTVsetshadlabelswarningaboutxrayradiations. Theimagecreatedonthesetubesisgeneratedbyanelectronicemissionstrikingananodecoatedwitha phosphorousmaterial.Theaccelerationoftheelectronshittingtheanodeisafunctionoftheelectric fieldgeneratedbythehighvoltageappliedbetweenthecathodeandtheanode.TVtechnicianswere advisednottoincreasetheflybackvoltageabovecertainlevelbecauseofpossiblegenerationof dangerousxrayradiations. Again,thexrayeventshowsapatternbetweenthemovementofelectronsandradiantenergy.Iwas notabletofindfurtherinformationtosupportmytheoryuntilIcameacrosswiththeexperiment performedbyRudolphL.Mossbauer,agraduatestudentatCaltec,asdescribedbyVassilatosonpage 185.Rudolphobservedaphenomenonwhere(quote)Gammarayemittedfromspecificelements occurswithemissionsofphonons,acousticwavesofatomicwavelength.EachGammarayemittedfrom thecrystallinelatticeofoneoftheseelementsisaccompaniedbyaconstantproductionofsuperhigh frequencysound.Thephenomenonwasconsideredtobeanamazingnaturalbehavior,the consequenceofrecoilinacrystallinestructure.EachGammarayemitted,resultsinanequaland oppositephononemissioninthelattice.Hereforthefirsttime,scientistswereobservingthedetailsof radioactivedecay,notingthatphotons,anenergyphenomenon,werealwaysaccompaniedbyphonons, amaterialphenomenon. Furthermore,(quote)itwasfoundthatadditionsofsoundenergytosmallwiressamplesofthese elements,laterknownasMOSSBAUERISOTOPES,producedverysharpGammarayemissions.Itwas concludedthattheexcitingenergylevelwasreached(quote)whensharpshockwaveapplications effectivelycoupledwithcrystallinelatticestructuresinarealmassrelatedresonance...Inotherwords, Rudolphsexperimentdemonstratedarelationshipbetweenradiantenergyandmechanicalenergy correspondingtotheoscillationsofthelatticescausinganacousticsoundwave. Itismybeliefthatthisresonanceeffectispartofamorefundamentalconceptinwhichanymaterial (metalinthiscase)canbeplaceinanatomic/molecularresonancestatethatgeneratesweirdsortsof energiessuchastheradiantelectricenergypioneeredbyNikolasTesla.And,thissameresonance techniquecanbeusedtobreakthebondingforcesamongtheatomswithinamolecule.Forinstance, StaleyMeyerusedthisresonancetechniquetosplitthewatermoleculesintohydrogenandoxygen. Basedontheabove,Irecommendtestingwithmetalsotherthancopperastheexcitingelement.I wouldsay,itshouldbeeasiertoexciteheaviermetalsbecauseofthemuchcrowdedconditionsofits atomicorbits.Goodcandidatesareleadandtin. Ontheotherhand,itisinterestingtothinkoftheTPUasanenergyconversionelement(14).The embodimentoftheTPUcouldbesimilartotheenergyconversionelement(14)whentheelectrostatic

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By WONJU

Tesla Father of the TPU-Part 2 R04

05/06/2012

grid(34)isreplacedwithacoppercoil.Theelectrostaticoutputvoltage(HVe)shouldbetakennot betweenthecoilterminalsbutbetweenthecoil(34)andtheexcitingelectrode(12)asshowninFIG.3c. Finally,Iamintheprocessofconstructingalowcostversionoftheenergyconversionelement(14) basedonanautomobilesparkplug.Theconversionfromatwoterminalsparkplugintoathreeterminal energyconversiondevice(14)isshowninFIG.6.Fortheconversion,removetheceramicinsulator.Once theceramicinsulatorisremoved,then,replacethecenterelectrodewithametalwire.Themetal cylinderactingastheelectrostaticgrid(34)isattachedwithelectricinsulators1and2asshowninFIG.6. Please,notethatsomesparkplugshaveotherscomponentsalongthecenterelectrodethatalsorequire removalsuchasresistors,springmechanisms,etc.RefertoFIG.7. Still,thereisthequestionof,whydoestheradiantenergyeventmanifestitselfincircuitswithspark gapssuchastheonedescribedinthispaperandcircuitswithinductioncoilsonly?Theanswertothis questionmaybefoundifweassumethattheradiantenergyeventisduetotheSQUEEZING CONDITIONofthemolecules/atomsinthematerialoftheexcitingelectrode.Thesparkgapdevicesand inductioncoilscancreatethesqueezingeffectrequiredtogenerateradiantenergy. Firstofall,letusdefinetheSQUEEZINGCONDITIONastheconditionthatexistswhenahighDC voltagepulse(highdv/dt)isappliedtoelectricchargeswhilethecurrentisstillzero(I=0).Thatis,the squeezingConditionreferstov/tishighandI=0.Please,notethatthesqueezingconditioncanalso existforI0,butforthesakeofsimplicityIamonlyconsideringthecaseI=0. FIG.8aisanillustrationofthechargesinanaturalstateinapieceofconductor.NoDCvoltageisapplied andtheelectricfieldEandthecurrentIarezero. FIG.8bshowsthemovementofthecharges(currentI0)insteadystatewhenanelectricfieldEis applied.UnderthisconditiontheelectricfieldEisverysmallwithintwopointsalongtheconductor.In otherwords,asmallvoltageappliedtoawirecanproducehighcurrentcirculationduetoitslow resistance.AsshowninFIG.8b,thechargesmovesinorderlyfashionandthesqueezingeffectis negligible. FIG.9illustratestheconditioninadiscontinuouselectrodewhenahighintensityelectricfieldEis applied.Thediscontinuitycreatesajammingconditionattheendoftheelectrode.Thechargesare squeezedagainsteachotheruntilabreakingpointisreachedandthechargesjumpofftheendofthe electrodeintothesparkgap.Keepinmindthatthisprocesshappensatveryhighspeed.Intheinstantof theoccurrenceofthesqueezingcondition,theelectricfieldEalongtheelectrodehasagradientprofile anditisconsideredtohaveamuchgreatervaluebetweentwopointsalongtheelectrode.Ifthevoltage gradientishighenough,thesqueezingconditioncanreachacriticalpointwheretheradiantenergycan manifest.Assoonasthechargesstartmovingthroughthegapduetothearcflashoccurrence,the squeezingconditiondecreasesandtheradianteventstop. FIG.10illustratesthecaseofradiantenergygenerationwithaninductioncoil.Thewireconnectedtothe coilterminalshavebeenenlargedforthepurposeofclarity.WhentheDCvoltagepulseisappliedtoan inductorLatt=0,then I (0 ) = I (0 + ) = 0 .Thewaytheinductorforcestheinitialcurrenttozeroisby

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By WONJU

Tesla Father of the TPU-Part 2 R04

05/06/2012

inducingavoltagewithanoppositepolarityandequalmagnitudetotheappliedDCvoltagepulse(VL= L*di/dt).RecallthateventhoughI=0,itsderivativeisveryhighatt=0.AsshowninFIG.10,thecharges alongtheconductorbetweentheDCpulsesourceandtheinductioncoilLaresqueezedbytwo oppositevoltages.Ifthesqueezingconditionreachesacriticalpoint,theradianteventcanoccur.As noted,theresultingsqueezingconditionintheconductorissimilartothecasewiththeelectrodeofthe sparkgapasexplainedabove. FIG.11andFIG.12illustrateapossiblegraphicscenarioofwhatisgoingoninthesparkgapdeviceand theinductioncoil.InbothcasesthecurrentsarezeroprevioustotheapplicationoftheDCpulseatt=0. Whenthearcflashoccursinthesparkgapdevice,thecapacitordischargeshavingamaximumcurrent valueatt=0andthendecaysrapidly.Ontheotherhand,whentheDCpulseisappliedtothecoilatt= 0,thecurrentstartsrisingrapidlyfromzerouptoamaximumcurrentvalueastimepasses.Referto FIG.11bandFIG.12b. FIG.11candFIG.12cillustrateapossibleprofileofthesqueezingforcesandradiantenergyeventsforthe sparkgapcircuitandtheinductioncoil,respectively.Becausethecurrentinthesparkgapstartsfroma maximumvalue,theradianteventshoulddiefasterthanthecaseforthecoils. Thankyouforyourtime,andkeepupthegoodwork! WONJU.

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