Stress Strain Young Modulus and Shear Stress

STRESS, STRAIN, YOUNGS MODULUS,
& SHEAR STRESS

Normal stress
Intensity of force, or force per unit area, acting normal to A
Symbol used for normal stress, is (sigma)
( ) =
()
()
MUHAMMAD FIRDAUS BIN ZAKARIA, 2013 2
(a)
(b)
(c)
Units (SI system)
Nm
-2
or a Pascal
(1 Pa = 1 N/m
2
)
( ) =
()
()
Tensile Stress
A positive sign will be used to indicate a tensile stress
(member in tension),
: normal force pulls or stretches the area element A
Compressive Stress
A negative sign will be used to indicate a compressive stress
(member in compression)
: normal force pushes or compresses area element A
Rod diameter, =30mm, Force, P=15kN
Determine the tensile stress for the rod.
Cross-sectional area, A
=

4
2
=

4
(0.03)
2
= 7.0695 10
4
2
Therefore, the tensile stress in the rod is:-
=

A
=
15000
7.0695 10
4
2
= .
P=240kN, L=1m, L = 0.55mm, 1=90mm, 2=130mm
A short post constructed from a hollow circular tube of
Aluminiumsupports a compressive load of 240 kN.
The inner and outer diameters of the tube are
1=90mm and 2=130mm, respectively, and its length
is 1m. The shortening of the post due to the load is
measured as 0.55 mm.
Determine the compressive stress in the post.
Assuming that the compressive load acts at the center of the hollow tube,
we can use the equation =P/A to calculate the normal stress. The force P
equals to 240kN and the cross-sectional area is:-
MUHAMMAD FIRDAUS BIN ZAKARIA, 2013
=

4
1
2
2
2
=

4
[ 0.13
2
0.09
2
] = 6.91 10
3
2
8
Therefore, the compressive stress in the post is:-
=

A
=
240000
6.91 10
3
2
= .
Bar width = 35 mm, Thickness = 10 mm
Determine max. average normal stress in bar when subjected to
loading shown.
Internal loading
Normal force diagram
By inspection, largest loading
area is BC, where P
BC
= 30 kN
Average normal stress
BC
=
P
BC
A
30(10
3
) N
(0.035 m)(0.010 m)
= = 85.7 MPa
Normal strain
Deformation (elongation or contraction) per unit of length of
a member under axial loading.
Symbol used for normal strain, is (epsilon)
Strain can be expressed as a percentage strain
( ) =
()
()
( ) =

%
Units (SI system)
Normal strain is a
dimensionless quantity, as
its a ratio of two lengths
But common practice to
state it in terms of
meters/meter (m/m)
is small for most
engineering applications,
so is normally expressed
as micrometers per meter
(m/m) where 1 m=
10
6
Also expressed as a
percentage,
e.g., 0.001 m/m = 0.1 %
Original Length, L= 0.6m, Change in length, L = 150x10
-6
m
Determine the corresponding strain for the rod.
Normal strain
( ) =
()
()
=
150 10
6
0.6
= 2.5 10
4
15
Therefore, the tensile strain in the rod is:-
P=240kN, L=1m, L = 0.55mm, 1=90mm, 2=130mm
Determine the compressive strain in the post.
Compressive strain
( ) =
()
()
=
5.5 10
4
1
= 5.5 10
4
17
Therefore, the compressive strain in the post is:-
Youngs Modulus, E
Also known as Modulus of Elasticity, is a quantity that
represents the elasticity in length of a material.
It is defined as the ratio of stress to strain, that is
Since strain is dimensionless, E will have the same unit as
stress such as N/m
2
or Pascals.
The value of Youngs Modulus does not depend on the
length of the wire, but it depends on the wire material.
So, Young's Modulus of a wire does not change if the
original length is reduced nor increased.
, =
,
,
=
/
/
=
.
.
Youngs Modulus, E
Values of E for other commonly used engineering materials
are often tabulated in engineering codes and reference
books.
It should be noted that the modulus of elasticity is a
mechanical property that indicate the stiffness of a
material.
Material that are very stiff, such as steel, have large value of
E (E
steel
= 200GPa), whereas spongy materials such as
vulcanized rubber may have low vaues (E
rubber
= 0.70MPa)
Youngs Modulus, E
Materials Youngs Modulus (N/m
2
)
Aluminium 70.0 x 10
9
Titanium 120.0 x 10
9
Steel 200.0 x 10
9
Stainless steel 193.0 x 10
9
Copper 110.0 x 10
9
Cast iron 110.0 x 10
9
Concrete 20.0 x 10
9
Ceramic 8.0 12.0 x 10
9
Zinc 104.7 x 10
9
Wood 11 16 x 10
9
Value of Youngs Modulus for some materials
Rod diameter, =30mm, Force, P=15kN, Original Length, L= 0.6m,
Change in length, L = 150x10-6m
Determine the value of Youngs Modulus for the rod.
, =
,
,
=
.
.
=
.
.
=
(15 (10
3
) N)(0.6)
(7.0695 10
4
2
)(150 10
6
)
= .
Or,
=
,
,
=
21.22MPa
2.5 10
4
= .
P=240kN, L=1m, L = 0.55mm, 1=90mm, 2=130mm

Determine the Youngs Modulus of the circular tube.
, =
,
,
=
.
.
=
,
,
=
34.7MPa
5.5 10
4
= .
=
.
.
=
(240(10
3
) N)(1)
(6.91 10
3
2
)(5.5 10
6
)
= .
Or,
E
aluminium
=70GPa, E
copper
=110GPa, E
steel
= 200GPa
Aluminum bar AB, copper bar BC, and steel bar CD are seamlessly connected
with each other and rigidly fastened to the wall as shown in the figure below.
Cross-section area for AB, BC and CD are 200mm
2
, 150mm
2
, and 100mm
2
respectively. Determine the amount of elongation that occurs on the bar ABCD
as a result of the imposed loads. Modulus of elasticity of aluminum, copper, and
steel are 70GPa, 110GPa, and 200GPa respectively .
12 kN 10 kN 8 kN
A B
C
D
0.6m 0.2m
0.4m
12 kN 10 kN 8 kN
A B
C
D
0.6m 0.2m
0.4m
1 2
3
12 kN
P
CD
1

+
= 0
12
= 0
= 12

=
12000 0.2
(100 10
6
2
)(200 10
9
/
2
= 1.2 10
4
12kN 8kN P
BC
2
= 0
12 8
= 0
= 4

=
4000 0.4
(150 10
6
2
)(110 10
9
/
2
= 9.697 10
5
= 0
12 8 10
= 0
= 6

=
6000 0.6
(200 10
6
2
)(70 10
9
/
2
= 2.571 10
4

12 kN
10 kN
8 kN
3
P
AB

= 2.571 10
4
+9.697 10
5
+ 1.2 10
4
= .
Total elongation that occurs on the bar ABCD;

Shear Stress
Last time we talked about normal
stress (), which acts perpendicular
to the cross-section.
Shear stress () acts tangential to the
surface of a material element.
Where Do Shearing Stresses Occur?
Shearing stresses are commonly
found in bolts, pins, rivets and
welded materials.
We do not assume is uniform
over the cross-section, because
this is not the case.
Therefore, is the average shear
stress.
The maximum value of may be
considerably greater than
avg
.
Shear stress is the stress component
that act in the plane of the sectioned
area.
Consider a force F acting to the bar
For rigid supports, and F is large
enough, bar will deform and fail
along the planes identified by AB
and CD
Free-body diagram indicates that
shear force, V = F/2 be applied at
both sections to ensure equilibrium
Average shear stress over each section is:

avg
= average shear stress at section,
assumed to be same at each part on the
section
V = internal resultant shear force at
section determined from equations of
equilibrium
A = area of section
Case discussed above is example of
simple or direct shear
Caused by the direct action of applied
load F

Single shear
Steel and wood joints shown below are examples of
single-shear connections, also known as lap joints.
Since we assume members are thin, there are no
moments caused by F
Single shear
For equilibrium, x-sectional area of bolt and bonding
surface between the two members are subjected to
single shear force, V = F
The average shear stress equation can be applied to
determine average shear stress acting on colored
section in (d).
Bolt is in single shear
Free body diagram of bolt
Single shear
Double shear
The joints shown below are examples of double-shear
connections, often called double lap joints.
For equilibrium, x-sectional area of bolt and bonding
surface between two members subjected to double
shear force, V = F/2
Apply average shear stress equation to determine
average shear stress acting on colored section in (d).
Bolt is in double shear
Free body diagram of bolt
=
/
Free body diagram of center of bolt

Double shear
What have we learn so far?
Axial forces in two-force member cause normal stresses
Transverse force exerted on the bolts and pins cause shearing
stresses
However, axial forces cause both normal and shearing stresses on
planes which are not perpendicular to the axis.
This is also the case for transverse forces exerted on a bolt or pin
Procedure for analysis
Internal shear
1. Section member at the pt where the avg is to be
determined
2. Draw free-body diagram
3. Calculate the internal shear force V
Average shear stress
1. Determine sectioned area A
2. Compute average shear stress avg = V/A
Procedure for analysis
Consider an inclined section of a uniaxial bar.
The resultant force in the axial direction must equal P to satisfy
equilibrium
The force can be resolved into components perpendicular to the
section, F, and parallel to the section, V.
The area of the section is
= , =
/
What have we learn so far?
We can formulate the average normal stress on the section as
The average shear stress on the section is
Thus, a normal force applied to a bar on an inclined section
produces a combination of shear and normal stresses.
=

/
=

/
=

Depth and thickness = 40 mm

Determine average normal stress and average shear stress acting
along (a) section planes a-a, and (b) section plane b-b.
Part (a)
Internal loading
Based on free-body diagram, Resultant loading of axial force,
P = 800 N
Part (a)
Average stress
Average normal stress,
=
P
A
800 N
(0.04 m)(0.04 m)
= 500 kPa =
Part (a)
Internal loading
No shear stress on section, since shear force at section is zero.
avg
= 0
Part (b)
Internal loading
+
F
x
= 0;
800 N + N sin 60 + V cos 60 = 0
+
F
y
= 0;
V sin 60 N cos 60 = 0
Part (b)
Internal loading
Or directly using x, y axes,
F
x
= 0;
F
y
= 0;
+
+
N 800 N cos 30 = 0
V 800 N sin 30 = 0
Part (b)
Average normal stress
=
N
A
692.8 N
(0.04 m)(0.04 m/sin 60)
= 375 kPa =
Part (b)
Average shear stress
avg
=
V
A
400 N
(0.04 m)(0.04 m/sin 60)
= 217 kPa =
Stress distribution as shown below;

Stress Strain Young Modulus and Shear Stress

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Stress Strain Young Modulus and Shear Stress

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STRESS, STRAIN, YOUNGS MODULUS,

& SHEAR STRESS

P=240kN, L=1m, L = 0.55mm, 1=90mm, 2=130mm

MUHAMMAD FIRDAUS BIN ZAKARIA, 2013 27

Total elongation that occurs on the bar ABCD;

MUHAMMAD FIRDAUS BIN ZAKARIA, 2013 31

Free body diagram of center of bolt

Depth and thickness = 40 mm

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