Published by Urban Dialectics an Inquiry & Design Colloquy

JEPA Management Board:

Paul Mwangi Maringa (PhD), Architect/Planner Associate Professor of Architecture & Planning, M.A.A.K, M.K.I.P; Francis Mwangi Mburu (PhD), Architect/Planner,
M.A.A.K, M.K.I.P; Abraham Ndungu (PhD), Sociologist/Planner.





Objectives
Urban Dialectics, an Inquiry & Design Colloquy, operating under the umbrella of Urban Algorisms, an Inquiry, Instruction,
Design, and Development Ensemble (ii.2d), publishes the Journal of Environmental Planning & Architecture (JEPA). Urban
Dialectics promotes deliberate excellence in the management and sustainable use of the environment. It seeks to achieve
through JEPA a competitive medium for scholarly inquiry, academic exchange, and diffusion of empirically developed, novel
scientific knowledge. The Journal of Environmental Planning & Architecture [JEPA] is a double blind peer-reviewed
serialisation that sponsors participation in vital scientific research, discovery, and reflection. It is a citable publication, and
one, which enjoys international readership. The journal has resolve to provoke original, evolution of concepts and theories of
the environment, in the process of the evolution of human settlements and exploitation of resources.

Scope
The journal assembles and publicises up to date scientific thought, in the planning of the built environment & human
settlements. It brings together resourcefulness in Design theory, transportation engineering, planning, urban design,
conservation, building management, as well as housing design and policy.

Ready-to-referee manuscripts should be dispatched to:
The Editor-in-chief, Journal of Environmental Planning and Architecture [JEPA];
http://www.fimen.net/UrbanDialectics.html; http://www.urbanalgorisms.net, E-mail: ii.2d_udjepa@yahoo.co.uk; Telephone
+254-727-594-421/+250-788-829-576 in electronic form only.
Publication of papers is carried out without charge to the authors,
A guide to authors are included at the end of the journal, in the last pages,
The journal publishes electronically only.






Published by Urban Dialectics an Inquiry & Design Colloquy
JEPA Management Board:
Paul Mwangi Maringa (PhD), Architect/Planner Associate Professor of Architecture & Planning, M.A.A.K, M.K.I.P; Francis Mwangi Mburu (PhD), Architect/Planner,
M.A.A.K, M.K.I.P; Abraham Ndungu (PhD), Sociologist/Planner.
Editorial Board
Editor-in-Chief.Paul Mwangi Maringa (PhD), Workforce Development Authority (WDA), Rwanda

Art editor...Christopher Matseshe Naicca (B.Arch Hons), Principal, Design Source, Kenya

Associate Editors:
Transportation Engineering
& PlanningZachariah Abiero Ngariy (Dr., Ing), Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture &
Technology (JKUAT), Kenya

Urban Design
& ConservationFrancis Mwangi Mburu (PhD), Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture &
Technology (JKUAT), Kenya

Sociology & Planning..Abraham Ndungu (PhD), Kenyatta University (KU), Kenya

Design theory
& ManagementRobert Wambugu Rukwaro (PhD), University of Nairobi (UoN), Kenya

Housing design
& Policy....Washington H. A. Olima (PhD), Associate Professor of Valuation, University of
Nairobi (UoN), Kenya

Review
Every paper is separately reviewed by three referees, and their counsel communicated to the author (s) within 3 months of
receipt of the papers. The authors (s) are expected to address all advised amendments and to tender the revised paper
within 3 months from the date that the referees direction was sent out to them. Late submission that fails to meet this
schedule will be regarded as utterly new submissions. Such papers will then be taken all over again, through the full process
of review. Author (s) whose papers qualify for publication will each be given a free copy of the particular journal issue that
contains their as-published papers. Complete copies of all issues of the journal will be made available to interested readers,
at a prescribed cost.

Copyright
Authors should be careful to only submit to the Journal of Environmental Planning and Architecture [JEPA], original
unpublished works, which are not under consideration for publication somewhere else. By submitting a manuscript, authors in
effect sanction the transfer of copyright for their article to the publisher, once the article is accepted for publication.
This copyright covers the unreserved right to reproduce and distribute the article, and also reprints, photographic
reproductions, microfilm, or any other reproduction of a similar nature, and also of any other form, including translations.
The journal endeavors to ensure technical exactness and dependability of ideas and opinions. Author(s) however are fully
liable for compliance with copyright laws and the rules as well as ethics of plagiarism, with regard to referencing, citations,
quotes and reproductions. They carry full responsibility over the information contained in their respective papers.






Published by Urban Dialectics an Inquiry & Design Colloquy
JEPA Management Board:
Paul Mwangi Maringa (PhD), Architect/Planner Associate Professor of Architecture & Planning, M.A.A.K, M.K.I.P; Francis Mwangi Mburu (PhD), Architect/Planner,
M.A.A.K, M.K.I.P; Abraham Ndungu (PhD), Sociologist/Planner.
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

Jeremiah Nyabuti Ayonga (jamwoma2003@yahoo.com)
A conglomeration of Towns outside the city of Nairobi: Evolved on their own Strength or
are they part of the city Sprawl?


James Wachira Kagai (James.Kagai@unep.org) & Caleb Mireri (calebmireri@yahoo.com,
calebmireri@hotmail.com)
The Liberalisation of State Led Agriculture and its implications on Rice Production and
Growth of Wanguru Town, Kenya


Samuel Irungu Kimungu (irungusamwel@yahoo.com) & Paul Mwangi Maringa
(pmmaringa@yahoo.co.uk)
Considerations for containing Employee Turnover in Kenyan Hotels

Stephen mukiibi (smukiibi@tech.mak.ac.ug )
Analysis of Housing conditions in Kampalas Low-income Settlements








Published by Urban Dialectics an Inquiry & Design Colloquy
JEPA Management Board:
Paul Mwangi Maringa (PhD), Architect/Planner Associate Professor of Architecture & Planning, M.A.A.K, M.K.I.P; Francis Mwangi Mburu (PhD), Architect/Planner,
M.A.A.K, M.K.I.P; Abraham Ndungu (PhD), Sociologist/Planner.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FORE MATTER
Objectives of the Journal1
Scope of the Journal1
Manuscript dispatch advice2
Paper review policy..2
Copyright rules of the Journal2
List of Contributors to this issue3

MAIN TEXT
Table of Contents.4
Paper Listing
1. A conglomeration of Towns outside the City of Nairobi:
Evolved on their own Strength or are they part of the
City Sprawl? Jeremiah Nyabuti Ayonga (jamwoma2003@yahoo.com)............................................................................5

2. The Liberalisation of State Led Agriculture and its
Implications on Rice Production and Growth of Wanguru
Town, Kenya, James Wachira Kagai (James.Kagai@unep.org) & Caleb
Mireri (calebmireri@yahoo.com, calebmireri@hotmail.com)....................................................................................................27

3. Considerations for containing Employee Turnover in
Kenyan Hotels, Samuel Irungu Kimungu (irungusamwel@yahoo.com)
& Paul Mwangi Maringa (pmmaringa@yahoo.co.uk).......................................................................................................................43

4. Analysis of Housing conditions in Kampalas Low-income
Settlements, Stephen Mukiibi (smukiibi@tech.mak.ac.ug ).........70

Guide to Authors90






Published by Urban Dialectics an Inquiry & Design Colloquy
JEPA Management Board:
Paul Mwangi Maringa (PhD), Architect/Planner Associate Professor of Architecture & Planning, M.A.A.K, M.K.I.P; Francis Mwangi Mburu (PhD), Architect/Planner,
M.A.A.K, M.K.I.P; Abraham Ndungu (PhD), Sociologist/Planner.
A Conglomeration of Towns outside the City of Nairobi: Evolved on their own Strength
or are they part of the City Sprawl?
Jeremiah.N. Ayonga, PhD
Lecturer, Division of Environmental Monitoring, Planning and Management,
School of Environmental Studies, Moi University
Box 3900, Eldoret, Kenya.
E-mail jamwoma2003@yahoo.com
Cell phone +254-713757033
Received on 15
th
of March 2010, revised on 20
th
December 2010, accepted on 22
nd
December 2010

Abstract

In the recent times, several towns have evolved around the city of Nairobi and, in terms of commerce and
trade; these towns have exhibited the flamboyance similar to that seen in the city. The presence of such
towns outside the city often present two scenarios which are of interest to scholars: The first scenario is to
consider the centers as having emerged on their own strength as independent central places in the context of
the central place theory. This could be the reason why centers outside the cities in Kenya, and those outside
Nairobi in particular are treated as independent centers in relation to the city. If this scenario holds true,
then the centers outside Nairobi would relate to the city in terms of hierarchical order in the context of the
central place theory. The second scenario is for scholars and policy makers to consider the centers outside
Nairobi as having evolved as part of the city extension in the context of urban sprawl. If the second scenario
holds true, then the centers outside the city of Nairobi are appendages of the city and therefore such centers
should be planned and administered as part of the city land use system. It is observed in this paper that there
are no discernible sources of employment within the centers outside Nairobi and there is no observable
economic strength from the hinterlands of such towns to create the desired threshold that would enable them
to evolve as independent central places. This observation then tends to isolate scenario one in favor of the
second scenario and this was the hypothesis tested in this paper. The study used a combination of desk
research and a household-based random sample to verify the validity of the hypothesis. Using evidence from
various selected indicators, the study established that more linkages exist between the city and the towns
outside Nairobi than they exist either within the centers or between the towns and their hinterlands. The
paper concludes that development immediately outside Nairobi is an extension of the city in the form of urban
sprawl. It is, therefore, recommended that the towns outside Nairobi be integrated to the city land use
system.

Key words: A conglomeration, of Towns, outside Nairobi, Evolved on their own strength, or
are part of urban sprawl?








Published by Urban Dialectics an Inquiry & Design Colloquy
JEPA Management Board:
Paul Mwangi Maringa (PhD), Architect/Planner Associate Professor of Architecture & Planning, M.A.A.K, M.K.I.P; Francis Mwangi Mburu (PhD), Architect/Planner,
M.A.A.K, M.K.I.P; Abraham Ndungu (PhD), Sociologist/Planner.
The Liberalisation of State led Agriculture and its Implications on Rice Production and
Growth of Wanguru Town, Kenya.

James Wachira Kagai
United Nations Environment Programme
P. O. Box 30552--00100, Nairobi
Email: James.Kagai@unep.org

&
Dr. Caleb Mireri
Dept of Environmental Planning & Management
Kenyatta University
P. O. Box 43844 00100, Nairobi
Email calebmireri@yahoo.com calebmireri@hotmail.com
Received on 15
th
of March 2010, revised on 20
th
December 2010, accepted on 22
nd
December 2010


Abstract

This paper shows that the liberalisation of irrigated rice farming has led to both rapid growth of agricultural
production and Wanguru town. Wanguru town owes its origin and growth to rice farming. The liberalisation of
the hitherto state run rice farming, processing and marketing has led to increased rice production;
participation of the local communities and private sector in milling, marketing and supply of inputs. However,
the liberalisation of rice farming has compromised the quality of rice, increased pressure on the available
water resources and led to proliferation of land subdivision even below economically viable farm holding. The
lifeline of the town is threatened as river water declines below abstraction levels because of rising demand
and increasing recurrence of severe drought. The future of rice production, thus the town is dependent on
reconfiguration of its economic base, including adoption of water use efficient irrigation systems and
diversification away from water dependent economic activities.

Key words: Agriculture, Kenya, liberalisation, rice, irrigation, Urbanisation









Published by Urban Dialectics an Inquiry & Design Colloquy
JEPA Management Board:
Paul Mwangi Maringa (PhD), Architect/Planner Associate Professor of Architecture & Planning, M.A.A.K, M.K.I.P; Francis Mwangi Mburu (PhD), Architect/Planner,
M.A.A.K, M.K.I.P; Abraham Ndungu (PhD), Sociologist/Planner.
Considerations for containing Employee Turnover in Kenyan Hotels
Samuel Irungu Kimungu (Bsc HIM, CPA II, Msc HM)
1
Lecturer and Head Quality Assurance, Rwanda
Tourism University College, P.O Box 5150, Kigali (Kicukiro Sonatube) Rwanda, Tel: +250 0, E-mail:
irungusamwel@yahoo.com, rti007@yahoo.fr, www.rtuc.rw.
&
Paul Mwangi Maringa (B.Arch Hons, M.A Planning, PhD, m.a.a.k, m.k.i.p, reg., Arch)
2
Architect/Planner
Associate Professor of Architecture & Planning, Technical Expert & Master Trainer (Construction
& Building Servicing), Workforce Development Authority (WDA) P.O. Box 2707, Kigali, Rwanda, Tel:
+250 788829576; E-mail: pmmaringa@yahoo.co.uk, mwangi@wda.gov.rw,


Received on 15
th
of March 2010, revised on 20
th
December 2010, accepted on 22
nd
December 2010

Abstract

Hotel industry employees represent the biggest cost in an establishment. They are also, the first point of
contact between an establishment and its customers. They need to be effectively managed. To be competitive,
establishments must have a highly skilled, knowledgeable, and relatively stable labour force. Employee
turnover works against coordination and organisational learning that is necessary for fast response and high
quality service. Many hotel employers however accord little priority to the stabilisation of the labour force.
This study then sought to empirically reveal coincidence of labour stabilisation and effective service delivery
in hotels, in the local scene. It set out to first identify the salient factors of employee turnover. Thereafter,
it ventured to outline the relationship of employee turnover as illustrated by its constituent factors with
human resource management functionality. The study adopted the case study research design in order to gain
advantage from its intrinsic ability to incisively capture real life settings and detailed information. Five (5)
sample hotels were selected purposively. Within each of these hotels, cluster random sampling was used to
select 160 respondents. Descriptive and inferential statistics geared to the Pearsons Product Moment
Correlation Coefficient (r) and also the Chi-square measures were used to identify patterns in the data. The
statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) facilitated this analysis. The inquiry revealed that low job
satisfaction, unfavourable working conditions and slow career advancement were major factors influencing
employee turnover. High employee turnover rates negatively influenced human resource functionality, by
lowering the quality of service, leading to reduced customer satisfaction, and a less competitive establishment.
The majority of hotels lacked effective measures to curb employee turnover. Novel initiatives to discourage
mid-career movements and ensure long-term employee-employer were tagged as an absolute necessity.
Possible options here would include paying new workers compensations that are less than the value of their
marginal product, and old hands greater ones than their marginal product.

Keywords: Employee turnover, Human Resource Management, Service, Satisfaction,
Dissatisfaction, Motivation, Hygiene, Hotels.

8




Published by Urban Dialectics an Inquiry & Design Colloquy
JEPA Management Board:
Paul Mwangi Maringa (PhD), Architect/Planner Associate Professor of Architecture & Planning, M.A.A.K, M.K.I.P; Francis Mwangi Mburu (PhD), Architect/Planner,
M.A.A.K, M.K.I.P; Abraham Ndungu (PhD), Sociologist/Planner.
Analysis of Housing Conditions in Kampalas Low-income Settlements

Stephen Mukiibi (PhD),
Head, Department of Architecture
Makerere University
P.O.Box 7062
Tel: +256414531860/+256752696157.
Kampala, Uganda.
Email: smukiibi@tech.mak.ac.ug
Received on 15
th
of March 2010, revised on 20
th
December 2010, accepted on 22
nd
December 2010

ABSTRACT

This paper is a result of a research that was carried out in 2006-2007 as part of a PhD study in Kampala,
Uganda. In Kampala, the capital city of Uganda, accessing decent shelter in the citys low-income settlement is
a challenge. Kampala, hosts some of the most dense, unsanitary and insecure slums in the country. This paper
examines the adequacy of housing accessed by low-income earners in two of Kampalas informal settlements
Makerere Kivulu, found in the Central Division and Luzira, at the periphery of the city in Nakawa Division of
Kampala. Assessment of the housing adequacy in the two study settlements was carried out by examining
security of tenure, housing affordability, housing habitability, and housing accessibility. The study revealed
that most residents live in rental accommodation under insecure. Although housing in the areas is affordable,
it is poor in terms of habitability and accessibility. The paper argues that, despite Government of Ugandas
effort to implement the national shelter strategy, benefits of the strategy are yet to bear fruits with
respect to the supply of adequate housing to low-income earners in Kampala. The paper makes
recommendations for improving housing adequacy for low-income earners in Kampala.

Key Words: Security of tenure, Housing affordability, Housing habitability, Housing
Accessibility, Low-income earners.
9




PUBLISHED BY URBAN DIALECTICS AN INQUIRY & DESIGN COLLOQUY
JEPA MANAGEMENT BOARD: Paul Mwangi Maringa (PhD), Architect/Planner Associate Professor of
Architecture & Planning, M.A.A.K, M.K.I.P; Francis Mwangi Mburu (PhD), Architect/Planner, M.A.A.K,
M.K.I.P; Abraham Ndungu (PhD), Sociologist/Planner.


Guide to authors

Submission of manuscripts
One electronic copy each in MS Word and PDF of all manuscripts accompanied by all original figures and
tables should be submitted by email to the Editor-in-chief, Journal of Environmental Planning and
Architecture [JEPA] ; http://www.fimen.net/UrbanDialectics.html; http://www.urbanalgorisms.net, E-
mail: ii.2d_udjepa@yahoo.co.uk; Telephone +254-727-594-421/+250-788-829-576. These will all be
submitted in English, and be original unpublished works, which are not under consideration for publication
anywhere else. The manuscripts shall be subjected to blind review. Revision may therefore be necessary
before a ruling is made to either accept or reject papers. The authors shall be obligated to send a pdf
soft copy of the manuscript in its final form to the Editor-in-chief, in concert with an ms word soft copy,
once a paper has been accepted. These submissions will be in a standard word processing package.

Preparation of manuscripts
Manuscripts must be clearly typed, set into a one-and-a-half spacing, and fitted on a 210 x 297mm - A4
paper with a portrait orientation, and a 250mm margin all round. Use of a high-resolution laser printer is
recommended. Every paper manuscript will adhere to the following topical structure and content:

Title page
This serves as the cover page for the paper. It will contain in order: (a) a concise, informative title that
plainly outlines the problem for inquiry, and its intrinsic concerns; (b) the full names, professional and
academic credentials, and affiliations of all authors; (c) the full mailing address, telephone, fax numbers,
and e-mail addresses of these authors. Subsequent pages must be kept free of any identifying mark (s)
of the author (s).

Abstract
This is the first page of the paper. It will be introduced by not more than 5 keywords that identify the
theme of inquiry for the paper. The abstract needs to be an accurate, conventionally structured, and
informative and be within 150-200 words. It should address generic contentions, context, methods,
findings, conclusions, implications, and recommendations of the research that the paper presents.

Text
The text should all be fully justified. All paragraphs shall be separated by one blank line. Sections will
be given chronological numbers, and bold section titles. Sub titles shall be restricted to one level only.
They will be numbered in a similar manner and be bold too. Titles will be separated from preceding text
by two bare lines, and from succeeding text with one blank line. Conventional style and formatting will in
all other situations be use. Papers should be formatted to conform to the following topical structure: 1.0:
Introduction, 2.0: The Problem, 3.0: Aims & Objectives, 4.0: Methods, 5.0: Analysis, 6.0: Results, 7.0:
Findings, 8.0: Conclusions, 9.0: Implications, 10.0: Recommendations, 11.0: Bibliography, 12.0: Appendices.
Introduction
The introduction will explicitly point out the purpose of the inquiry that is embodied in the paper. It will
also sketch out well the subject area well, and the accompanying propositions, objectives, and scope of
the research. It will further briefly review relatable past research. It will thereafter unequivocally
single out the research gap of interest. This introduction must steer clear of the appearance of a
historical narrative or that of a literature review.
10




PUBLISHED BY URBAN DIALECTICS AN INQUIRY & DESIGN COLLOQUY
JEPA MANAGEMENT BOARD: Paul Mwangi Maringa (PhD), Architect/Planner Associate Professor of
Architecture & Planning, M.A.A.K, M.K.I.P; Francis Mwangi Mburu (PhD), Architect/Planner, M.A.A.K,
M.K.I.P; Abraham Ndungu (PhD), Sociologist/Planner.


Frameworks, Models, and Methodologies
Effective communication that is founded on clear and accurate diagrams is essential here. A manifest
command of the operational meanings of these research concepts is vital. Other critical explanations may
be displayed in the appendices. It is necessary for a valid and reliable course of inquiry, which implicitly
confirms innovation, and one that makes isomorphism and therefore the repeatability of research certain,
to come through. Value should be accorded to originality of thought and a derived modeling. Replication
of previously published novelties may only be done for their absolutely crucial and strictly supportive
elements.

Results- findings and Discussion
Results and findings shall be delivered through data presentation and analysis that is anchored on
explanatory discussions. Economical use of illustrative tables and figures that are not repetitious is
encouraged. These illustrative tools must be disposed to enable easy comprehension. Analysis and
discussion must concise, being restricted to the results of the research, which the paper emerges from.
Analysis should principally be focused on theoretical issues. Discussions in turn ought to prioritise, both
the theoretical and practical challenges that were outlined at the outset, for inquiry. They should clearly
reveal the resulting trends and interactions, in order to effectively guide subsequent inference making.

Conclusions, Recommendations and Implications
Conclusions should be brief and to the point. They are expected to highlight new concepts, the
advancement of new theory, contribution to knowledge, and discovery, which the inquiry accomplishes.
The research gap and practical problems that provoked research must be shown to have been convincingly
resolved. Resulting Implications should preferably be bulleted or featured in point form. These
implications should be sequenced along the lines of policy development, desirable public contribution, and
involvement by practitioners, technocrats and professionals, in a process of possible implementation.

Acknowledgments
Authors are encouraged to acknowledge their financial and academic benefactors in accordance with
convention. In carrying out this exercise they should maintain extreme brevity, and relevance to the
inquiry that the paper reports on.

Notes and references
All explanatory notes and references shall be shown by appropriately inserting a superscript number in
the text. A complete schedule of these notes and references must eventually be put on view at the end
of the paper. Journal references that are relied upon in the paper, should include, all the names and
initials of the authors, year of publication, title of paper; as well as all the entire journal titles, volume
numbers, and the first and last page numbers. References to books should include the edition, all
editor(s) and all authors, the publishers and also place of publication of these books. It is the
responsibility of the authors to crosscheck the accuracy of their referencing. Contributing authors are
advised to adhere to the following style of referencing:
Internet Journal articles
Ruita, Gashoki Gitonga, 2006, Seminal Attributes of the Quality of the Urban Environment,
http//www.biocicity-envit.ppa.nrb/sustcitymgmt.htm
11




PUBLISHED BY URBAN DIALECTICS AN INQUIRY & DESIGN COLLOQUY
JEPA MANAGEMENT BOARD: Paul Mwangi Maringa (PhD), Architect/Planner Associate Professor of
Architecture & Planning, M.A.A.K, M.K.I.P; Francis Mwangi Mburu (PhD), Architect/Planner, M.A.A.K,
M.K.I.P; Abraham Ndungu (PhD), Sociologist/Planner.

Journal articles
Marshall, Nyandeto Wairimu, 2005, Factorial Ecology and Alternative Procedures for Identifying
and Qualifying Distinctive Urban Social Areas, the African Journal of Planning, vol. 20, 2005: 11-23
Book
Muru-wa-Ikangu, GiMo, 2004, Compositional and Spatial Arrangement of Behavioural and
Structural Assimilation for Social Closure in the Urban Space, Andu Publishers, Nairobi, Kenya
Edited book
Arbitrar, L. Nyangendo, 2006, Hierarchies, Composition, and Spatial Structure of Refuse Management in
a City, in Mwangi Maringa (ed.), Metropolitan Studies, Karuguoya publishers, Nairobi: 65 80.
Length
Authors should endeavor to contain their papers within 3,000 to 5,000 words that tally with 10 to 15
pages of 1.5 spacing in font 11 lettering, and in a 250mm all round margin. Seminal papers that feature
momentous discovery of knowledge, or extreme novelty will be allowed a higher limit of 10,000 to 15,000
words, or to 20 to 30 pages.

Key Words
Authors are expected to provide not more than five indexing words that effectively sum up the content
of the paper, to a casual scanner or browser.

Tables, illustrations and captions
These must be kept to a minimum. Tables must be typed on separate sheets and saved as separate files.
They should not be included as part of the text. Artwork for illustrations should be provided in a clear
scanned form. It should be in a finished format that is suitable for reproduction, as the publisher will
normally not recreate the illustrations. These illustrations are to be sent electronically, preferably in the
JPEG image format. The TIFF (tagged image file), or EPS (encapsulated postscript) formats are also
acceptable options. Captions to the illustrations should be included in this artwork submission. Tables
and figures should be labeled using Arabic numerals that specify their intended location in the text. The
desired position of these tables and illustrations should be shown clearly in the paper. This is best
achieved by actually featuring them in these intended positions, aside from providing them on a separate
sheet and file. The author(s) must arrange for permission to the reproduce the illustrations and tables
that are supplied for use in the articles.

Tables and figures should always be preceded by introductory text. Their respective titles should be
placed above, while legends and acknowledgements of sources are located immediately below these tables
and figures. These acknowledgements of sources should also be underlined. Titles of tables and figures
should be bolded and be of font size 10 lettering. Further, they should be single-spaced and with an
underlining of the last line. Legends and acknowledgements of sources of tables and figures likewise
ought to be single-spaced but with an italicised font size 8 lettering. These tables and figures are to be
numbered with sequenced numerals that correspond to the sections and subsections of the paper, where
they specifically are to be featured.
12




PUBLISHED BY URBAN DIALECTICS AN INQUIRY & DESIGN COLLOQUY
JEPA MANAGEMENT BOARD: Paul Mwangi Maringa (PhD), Architect/Planner Associate Professor of
Architecture & Planning, M.A.A.K, M.K.I.P; Francis Mwangi Mburu (PhD), Architect/Planner, M.A.A.K,
M.K.I.P; Abraham Ndungu (PhD), Sociologist/Planner.

Conventions
Authors are advised to confine themselves solely to the conventional SI units. All numbers of two or
more digits, and also the single digits when attached to units of measure should be in Numeral form.
Acronyms and abbreviations ought come after their full translation and be in parenthesis when first
encountered in the text of the paper. It is only then that they can appear as unadorned acronyms that
are capitalised, in accordance with prevailing convention.
Book reviews and notes
Book reviews should be kept within 1,000 to1,500 words. They must reflect an objective evaluation of
the text that they discuss, in regarding its contribution to the discovery of knowledge. Reviews should
only be conducted in subject areas that expressly conform to prescribed scope and focus of this journal.
Voluntary book reviews will normally not be accepted for publication. Notes that appreciably aim to draw
attention to an important trend of thought that courses through previous papers that are published in
this journal, or to critic postulations of individual past papers should be of 500-1,000 words.

All reviews and notes should be typed, be of one-and-a-half-spacing and fitted on an A4 portrait paper
orientation, with a 250mm all round margins. All attendant citations must fully respect accepted
convention. Headings of reviews and notes should spell clearly, the title, author, origin, publisher, date
and number of pages of the text under review or critical analysis, as shown here below:
URBAN SYNTHESIS
MWARIWA GATUMUTA, KURIRIA, 2005
THAYU THAI PUBLISHERS
pp., 300, Kshs. 4500, paper back
ISBN Number aabbccc

No payment will be made against reviews and notes. Contributors can however cite their publication, and
thereby gain the requisite credit.
Proofs
These will only be released to author(s), when time allows. They must be attended to appropriately and
returned in 7 days. At this point in time no major alterations will be accommodated.