I was having a conversation with my

aunt a couple weeks ago, who telecommutes,

works from home, works for a very large aircraft
company, and she was having some computer issues
and I was, I can't just fix something,
I always have to explain how it works.
And I said, "Okay, so you've
got your computer here.
You want to go that website right?
So you're going to have to access it somehow."
And she turns and looks at me and she goes,
"Oh, you mean like get to its IP address?"
[Laughing] And I said, "What do
you know about IP addresses?"
You know? And we kind of laughed and blew it
off, but my aunt is the least technical person
that I would, the least technical person I would
ever expect to wing out a term like IP address
to me, but that's how common it's become.
IP addressing rules the world.
It rules out everything communicates
on the internet
and rules the realm of our Cisco networks.
So of course it's going to be
a massive topic of this series.
So let's get started in it.
This is going to be basic IP addressing
where we understand what the IP address is.

Kind of your digital home.

You get to know your neighborhood.
What IP addresses are around you.
Who can you talk to without intervention.
How to find your friends on the
network using a protocol called ARP.
And then I would say just a massive concept
that I want to plant in your mind of,
how do you move around the network?
How do you combine layer 2 and layer
3 addresses together to communicate?
I'd like to think of IP addressing
as your digital home.
Because it works that way in the real world.
You have a house.
You have an address for your house of 55
West East Street that you tell people, "Hey,
if you want to visit my house
come to 55 West East Street."
And they go, "Okay, great, I'll
see you there at 5 o'clock."
And that's how they reach you.
Well every single device that is connected
to a network also has an
address known as an IP address.
That's how it communicates and that's
how people know how to reach it.

36
00:01:53,546 --> 00:01:56,006
So an IP address is four octets.
37
00:01:56,006 --> 00:01:58,086
So we'll just generate one here.
38
00:01:58,086 --> 00:02:01,296
10.5.9.52.
39
00:02:01,606 --> 00:02:07,676
Each one of these octets, each one of these
is an octet, has a value from 0 to 255.
40
00:02:08,216 --> 00:02:10,316
Now there are some specific rules.
41
00:02:10,316 --> 00:02:13,486
Like I just can't come in there and say,
"I want all zeros as my IP address."
42
00:02:13,486 --> 00:02:16,276
There are all 255's and there's
even rules beyond that.
43
00:02:16,276 --> 00:02:18,836
But we'll unfold those as we go.
44
00:02:18,836 --> 00:02:22,076
For now, let's just know that
those are all possibilities.
45
00:02:22,076 --> 00:02:27,936
I could have an IP address
10.5.255.9 and that works a-okay.
46
00:02:27,936 --> 00:02:31,326
I mean these are all just potentials
that I could assign to my computer.
47
00:02:31,816 --> 00:02:36,206
The rule is that every computer in the
network is going to need its own IP address.
48
00:02:36,206 --> 00:02:40,516
I mean you don't share an address with your
neighbor and you don't to these devices.

49
00:02:40,516 --> 00:02:42,006
It has to be unique.
50
00:02:42,416 --> 00:02:49,806
Now these IP addresses are combined
with a subnet mask, always, and usually,
51
00:02:49,806 --> 00:02:51,876
I'd say almost always, a default gateway.
52
00:02:52,526 --> 00:02:58,126
In a nutshell, the IP address
defines your house or your location.
53
00:02:58,126 --> 00:03:03,146
So, this is how people reach me
on the network and also the source
54
00:03:03,146 --> 00:03:04,916
that I come from when I try to talk to them.
55
00:03:04,916 --> 00:03:08,686
It's, you know, how they know to get back to
me when I'm trying to communicate to them.
56
00:03:09,216 --> 00:03:11,936
The subnet mask defines your neighborhood.
57
00:03:12,796 --> 00:03:17,216
Okay, wait a sec, let's figure out what
that means before we go any further.
58
00:03:18,126 --> 00:03:19,826
I've got the IP address right here.
59
00:03:19,946 --> 00:03:24,626
172.30.100.30.
60
00:03:25,696 --> 00:03:36,066
I combine that with the subnet mask
255.255.255.0 is what I'm assigned to.
61
00:03:36,066 --> 00:03:37,856
Now, you as an administrator, set this up.
62

00:03:37,856 --> 00:03:39,556

You as an administrator assign those.
63
00:03:39,786 --> 00:03:44,466
Now at a base level, and trust me it will get
more advanced that this, but I'd say this is,
64
00:03:44,646 --> 00:03:48,076
for the vast majority of the networks of
the world, this is all you need to know.
65
00:03:48,526 --> 00:03:53,326
Wherever you see 255, line that up
to the IP address and say, "Okay.
66
00:03:53,616 --> 00:03:58,876
Those pieces of the address
represent my neighborhood or,
67
00:03:59,066 --> 00:04:00,796
in technical words, my network."
68
00:04:02,066 --> 00:04:04,146
My common ground that I communicate on.
69
00:04:04,796 --> 00:04:10,236
Wherever I see a zero over here, that
represents who I am in that neighborhood or,
70
00:04:10,356 --> 00:04:12,966
technically speaking, the
host of that neighborhood.
71
00:04:13,626 --> 00:04:17,636
Okay. So we've got these two key pieces.
72
00:04:17,636 --> 00:04:21,916
And before I even add in the default
gateway, I want to make sure we unpack
73
00:04:21,916 --> 00:04:23,966
that and understand what that means.
74
00:04:24,246 --> 00:04:31,696
So if I am this computer, 172.30.100.30,
and I'm plugged into a switch
75

00:04:33,186 --> 00:04:41,516

and I have another computer over there that
I want to talk to who's 172.30.100.150.
76
00:04:41,896 --> 00:04:42,886
Let's give them that IP address.
77
00:04:42,886 --> 00:04:46,486
Now assuming I just don't want to write it,
they both have that subnet mask on there.
78
00:04:47,016 --> 00:04:50,266
I go under this computer, right
here, and I generate a ping.
79
00:04:52,036 --> 00:04:54,026
Now, what is a ping?
80
00:04:54,026 --> 00:04:55,236
That's the first time we've seen it.
81
00:04:55,376 --> 00:04:58,056
It actually stands for Packet Internet Groper.
82
00:04:58,056 --> 00:04:59,776
That was the original name of it.
83
00:04:59,776 --> 00:05:05,266
It actually has been changed to be a little more
politically correct, but the goal of a Ping is
84
00:05:05,266 --> 00:05:08,436
to test connect network connectivity
and if you're using a Windows PC,
85
00:05:08,436 --> 00:05:11,636
what it's actually doing is
putting the entire alphabet.
86
00:05:11,696 --> 00:05:17,006
I mean A through Z into a packet along
with numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9.
87
00:05:17,006 --> 00:05:21,116
It throws it all into a packet and
sends it to wherever you specify.
88

00:05:21,326 --> 00:05:24,606

And then when the other side
receives it, it sends it back.
89
00:05:24,606 --> 00:05:27,626
It's a way of testing that we can
communicate across the network, at least,
90
00:05:27,876 --> 00:05:29,666
by sending the alphabet to a device.
91
00:05:29,666 --> 00:05:34,746
And I will say Ping is your number
one network utility all the time.
92
00:05:34,746 --> 00:05:37,726
That will be your friend in the network world.
93
00:05:38,946 --> 00:05:42,886
So, with this host, let's
give a practical example.
94
00:05:42,886 --> 00:05:45,346
I'm going to open up my command prompts,
95
00:05:45,346 --> 00:05:53,396
that's where you would use Ping from,
and type in Ping 172.30.100.150.
96
00:05:53,666 --> 00:05:56,976
Now, I'm typing it right here, but I'm pretty
sure it won't work because I don't think
97
00:05:56,976 --> 00:05:59,046
that address exists, I'm just
showing you what I would type.
98
00:05:59,616 --> 00:06:00,606
What happens then?
99
00:06:01,486 --> 00:06:04,726
This computer and its internal
brain goes, "Okay.
100
00:06:04,726 --> 00:06:08,586
I'm trying to Ping 172.30.100.150.
101

00:06:09,106 --> 00:06:09,696

Interesting.
102
00:06:10,196 --> 00:06:18,566
Because I'm looking at subnet mask and I realize
172.30.100.150 is in the same network as me."
103
00:06:18,896 --> 00:06:20,106
How do I know?
104
00:06:20,106 --> 00:06:23,086
Well, because he's in the same neighborhood.
105
00:06:23,086 --> 00:06:27,126
He has the same first three octets
which I line up to my subnet mask
106
00:06:27,126 --> 00:06:28,526
and realize he's in my neighborhood.
107
00:06:28,836 --> 00:06:34,496
Now that's a huge point because what
that tells him is I'm able to reach
108
00:06:34,496 --> 00:06:37,886
that device using a broadcast message.
109
00:06:38,636 --> 00:06:43,756
[Pause] This is number one
concept of the day right here.
110
00:06:44,236 --> 00:06:48,716
A broadcast message, meaning I can say,
[yelling] "Hellooooo neighborhood!"
111
00:06:48,716 --> 00:06:52,216
I mean imagine yourself walking
out of your house with a megaphone
112
00:06:52,216 --> 00:06:54,266
and going, "Helloooo my neighborhood!
113
00:06:54,266 --> 00:07:01,936
[echoing sound] I would like to
speak to [echo sound] Susan Newport!"
114
00:07:02,046 --> 00:07:02,506

You know [laughing].

115
00:07:02,596 --> 00:07:05,156
You're just yelling out with this megaphone.
116
00:07:05,386 --> 00:07:09,016
Everybody comes out of their house
and goes, "What's that guy doing?"
117
00:07:09,016 --> 00:07:12,836
And they're all like, "Well, he's looking
for someone saying the name Susan Newport.
118
00:07:12,836 --> 00:07:14,036
Well that was disturbing.
119
00:07:14,036 --> 00:07:16,296
I'm going to go back in my house
because I'm not Susan Newport."
120
00:07:16,456 --> 00:07:19,536
But somewhere down the street you hear
this little, [female voice] "Oh hello.
121
00:07:19,846 --> 00:07:20,486
That's me."
122
00:07:20,836 --> 00:07:26,666
And Susan comes running down to some, you know,
made-for-TV music and you guys are united.
123
00:07:26,666 --> 00:07:29,456
Right? Where did I go with that?
124
00:07:29,456 --> 00:07:32,126
So that's what the broadcast is there to do.
125
00:07:32,416 --> 00:07:36,856
Sometimes these analogies just come to me
and they just turn odd halfway through.
126
00:07:36,856 --> 00:07:43,666
He's going to send a broadcast, actually a very
specially crafted one known as ARP broadcast.
127
00:07:43,666 --> 00:07:45,266
Address Resolution Protocol.

128
00:07:45,266 --> 00:07:49,016
He's sending a message just like that,
you know, I' m looking for Susan example.
129
00:07:49,016 --> 00:07:53,256
He's sending a message to his network
neighborhood saying, "Hello neighborhood!
130
00:07:53,256 --> 00:07:56,316
I'm looking for 72.30.100.150.
131
00:07:56,316 --> 00:07:58,386
Could that person please stand forward?"
132
00:07:58,646 --> 00:08:02,626
Now all of the devices receive that message.
133
00:08:02,626 --> 00:08:04,276
They're all disturbed.
134
00:08:04,846 --> 00:08:09,746
But mind you, they have processors
that can handle being disturbed.
135
00:08:09,746 --> 00:08:13,256
Broadcasts happen all the time
in a local area network and most
136
00:08:13,256 --> 00:08:15,196
of them, these devices will ignore.
137
00:08:15,196 --> 00:08:16,426
This is a perfect example.
138
00:08:16,426 --> 00:08:17,286
He's saying, "Hello.
139
00:08:17,286 --> 00:08:18,686
I'm trying to find 150."
140
00:08:18,946 --> 00:08:21,466
They receive it and they go, "Well, I'm not 150.
141
00:08:21,466 --> 00:08:22,896
I'm going back in my house."

142
00:08:23,006 --> 00:08:25,196
This person receives it and goes, "Oh, oh.
143
00:08:25,196 --> 00:08:26,586
That's me, that's me, that's me!
144
00:08:26,876 --> 00:08:29,406
Let me send you, what's he trying to find?
145
00:08:30,056 --> 00:08:32,406
Let me send you my MAC address."
146
00:08:33,006 --> 00:08:37,486
Huge. ARP I call the MAC address sonar.
147
00:08:37,806 --> 00:08:44,436
Its goal is to, if I know what IP address I'm
trying to access, which in this case is 150,
148
00:08:44,436 --> 00:08:48,756
its goal is to figure out what
MAC address that device has.
149
00:08:48,926 --> 00:08:52,456
And in this case it's easy
because we're both on same network.
150
00:08:52,616 --> 00:08:57,386
This guy can go, "Hello 172.30.100.150.
151
00:08:57,386 --> 00:08:57,616
Who are you?"
152
00:08:57,616 --> 00:09:00,806
He responds back with a unicast.
153
00:09:01,556 --> 00:09:03,006
What is that?
154
00:09:03,006 --> 00:09:08,066
A direct message meaning he's going,
"Okay, well I saw that broadcast come in
155
00:09:08,226 --> 00:09:10,856
and I saw the source MAC

address that you're coming from.

156
00:09:10,856 --> 00:09:13,516
So I'm going to send a message
straight back to you."
157
00:09:13,516 --> 00:09:17,366
Meaning I don't want to bother Bob
and Joe over here who's already had
158
00:09:17,366 --> 00:09:19,386
to be bothered by your initial broadcast.
159
00:09:19,386 --> 00:09:25,146
I'm just going to send my MAC address
directly back to you and now magic happens.
160
00:09:25,446 --> 00:09:31,266
Now this guys goes, "I have all the pieces of
the puzzle that I need to send my alphabet A,B,
161
00:09:31,266 --> 00:09:33,796
,D," you know, this is a PING message, right?
162
00:09:33,796 --> 00:09:39,446
This is the payload of what I'm trying to
send to the destination IP address of 150
163
00:09:39,446 --> 00:09:46,246
from a source IP address of 30, to a destination
MAC address, again we have these two levels
164
00:09:46,246 --> 00:09:48,576
of addressing, we talked about
this in the previous nugget,
165
00:09:48,916 --> 00:09:53,236
to the destination MAC address of,
well whatever this guy tells me.
166
00:09:53,236 --> 00:09:55,976
These MAC addresses are also
a well known format.
167
00:09:56,146 --> 00:09:56,676
Let me show you.
168

00:09:57,566 --> 00:10:00,186

Open, oop, if I can get it open.
169
00:10:00,446 --> 00:10:03,696
Open a command prompt here and
I'll do a, well let's do ARP-A,
170
00:10:03,696 --> 00:10:06,216
which actually shows al l the MAC addresses.
171
00:10:06,216 --> 00:10:09,846
It says, I want to know all the MAC
addresses that you know about on your network.
172
00:10:09,846 --> 00:10:13,756
And, you know, I've got my own
little network here and this is me.
173
00:10:13,756 --> 00:10:17,636
I'm 172.30.100.150.
174
00:10:17,636 --> 00:10:19,476
He's like oh well of course
I know my own MAC address.
175
00:10:19,476 --> 00:10:24,036
I learned about that because that's me, but I've
also learned about the MAC address of my router.
176
00:10:24,586 --> 00:10:27,916
These are all, let me give
you the format of the MAC.
177
00:10:28,216 --> 00:10:33,236
MAC addresses are all 12
characters long, hexadecimal.
178
00:10:33,816 --> 00:10:37,736
That means you have the option of
0 through 9 at your disposable,
179
00:10:37,916 --> 00:10:42,486
as well as A through F. The
way that they look can differ.
180
00:10:42,746 --> 00:10:50,276
Windows formats them with, you know, 00-11-11,
you know, it uses that kind of format.

181
00:10:50,536 --> 00:10:57,276
I've seen plenty of other devices that
format them like, you know, zero, zero:55:11.
182
00:10:57,556 --> 00:11:04,666
Other devices, yet, go in there, as a matter of
fact Cisco does this a lot, and says 0014-5192-,
183
00:11:04,666 --> 00:11:07,186
I mean you might go, "Well, come on!
184
00:11:07,186 --> 00:11:08,536
What's the standard?"
185
00:11:08,746 --> 00:11:10,266
They're all valid standards.
186
00:11:10,266 --> 00:11:14,546
It just depends how the person decided to
format on it, but here's the common ground.
187
00:11:14,866 --> 00:11:16,486
They all have 12 characters.
188
00:11:17,006 --> 00:11:23,736
They all have values that will be 0 through 9
or A through F for each one of those characters.
189
00:11:24,046 --> 00:11:31,346
So, my computer sends the broadcast message
out, gets the MAC address of this device back.
190
00:11:32,636 --> 00:11:37,506
Once that happens, he has everything
that he needs to send his little A, B, C,
191
00:11:37,506 --> 00:11:39,016
D or whatever you're trying to send.
192
00:11:39,016 --> 00:11:42,706
You're sending an MP3 file, an e-mail, or
whatever you're trying to send over to that guy.
193
00:11:42,706 --> 00:11:44,236
He's got everything that he needs.

194
00:11:44,236 --> 00:11:45,576
The destination MAC address.
195
00:11:45,876 --> 00:11:49,056
The source MAC address, of
course, because he knows who he is.
196
00:11:49,306 --> 00:11:52,606
Now that is sent in here and
our switch does the magic.
197
00:11:52,886 --> 00:11:54,496
Remember, that's what switches do.
198
00:11:54,496 --> 00:11:55,826
Talked about that in the last nugget.
199
00:11:56,076 --> 00:11:58,276
These are layer 2 devices.
200
00:11:58,276 --> 00:11:59,896
They learn MAC addresses.
201
00:12:00,066 --> 00:12:04,816
So as soon as he sings this, or as soon as he
sees this PING message comes in and says, "Oh,
202
00:12:05,086 --> 00:12:08,106
I see," as a matter of fact, he
doesn't even see the IP addresses.
203
00:12:08,106 --> 00:12:10,026
His functionality is limited.
204
00:12:10,026 --> 00:12:11,876
He doesn't even see what the message is.
205
00:12:12,036 --> 00:12:16,066
All this switch does is say, "Okay I see the
destination MAC address you're trying to go to
206
00:12:16,236 --> 00:12:20,806
and I looked and I learned that that guy
goes out port, you know, 9, on these.
207
00:12:20,806 --> 00:12:22,246

So I'm going to send that right out here.

208
00:12:22,496 --> 00:12:25,816
He receives the alphabet, he replies
back, kind of flips these around,
209
00:12:25,816 --> 00:12:27,546
says here's the source, here's the destination.
210
00:12:27,546 --> 00:12:35,256
So that is, oh, if I could emphasize
how amazingly important that concept is,
211
00:12:35,256 --> 00:12:38,296
and I know some of you are
going, "Okay I get all that.
212
00:12:38,296 --> 00:12:40,366
I get that, but what's the dog?"
213
00:12:40,916 --> 00:12:43,226
[Laughing] I just realized
I have a dog on my site.
214
00:12:43,406 --> 00:12:44,146
This is ARP.
215
00:12:44,566 --> 00:12:45,676
That's what ARP is.
216
00:12:45,676 --> 00:12:47,156
ARP is a broadcast protocol.
217
00:12:47,156 --> 00:12:48,996
It's like that loud dog in your neighborhood.
218
00:12:48,996 --> 00:12:52,996
That's the analogy I was planning to use
before, you know "Sound of Music" and Susan
219
00:12:52,996 --> 00:12:54,916
and everything else came out in my brain.
220
00:12:55,166 --> 00:12:57,566
There's a dog barking saying, "Hello, hello!
221

00:12:57,566 --> 00:12:58,086

Who is, who is?"
222
00:12:58,086 --> 00:13:01,066
You know and tried to resolve
the MAC address that way.
223
00:13:01,416 --> 00:13:02,436
But that's how it works.
224
00:13:02,436 --> 00:13:04,766
So, before I move on.
225
00:13:05,816 --> 00:13:07,536
Two more key facts.
226
00:13:07,936 --> 00:13:12,336
One, so that's what the [pause] subnet mask is.
227
00:13:12,586 --> 00:13:15,006
That's also, well hang on I said that backwards.
228
00:13:15,006 --> 00:13:15,936
That's what the IP address.
229
00:13:15,936 --> 00:13:18,496
That's also what this subnet mask is.
230
00:13:18,756 --> 00:13:24,676
But we did everything that we did right
there without the use of default gateway.
231
00:13:25,226 --> 00:13:27,306
And that's why I said usually a default gateway.
232
00:13:27,656 --> 00:13:31,536
In rare, rare, rare, rare,
circumstances you might have that kind
233
00:13:31,536 --> 00:13:32,886
of network and that's all you want.
234
00:13:32,986 --> 00:13:36,696
You've got a bunch of devices plugged into a
switch and you just want them to communicate,
235

00:13:36,876 --> 00:13:38,176

you don't need a default gateway.
236
00:13:38,696 --> 00:13:41,516
Because I know you already have
a feeling of where this is going.
237
00:13:42,006 --> 00:13:43,786
So what's the default gateway used for?
238
00:13:46,136 --> 00:13:47,216
[Pause] Get's you off your network.
239
00:13:47,816 --> 00:13:52,346
Gets you to some other network, which in
today's world most of the time is the internet.
240
00:13:52,346 --> 00:13:54,446
It doesn't always have to be,
but most of the time it is.
241
00:13:54,446 --> 00:14:03,246
So, this guy, let me fill this key piece
in, he is that 172.30.100.30 and I'll use
242
00:14:03,246 --> 00:14:05,206
that same story from the last nugget.
243
00:14:05,206 --> 00:14:07,516
He wants to go to the Bank of Arizona, right?
244
00:14:07,646 --> 00:14:12,946
So I go to a web browser and
type in Bankofarizona.com.
245
00:14:13,416 --> 00:14:16,496
The web browser, actually the
PC goes out and finds out, "Oh,
246
00:14:16,496 --> 00:14:22,896
the Bank of Arizona is the
IP address 216.60.18.8."
247
00:14:23,656 --> 00:14:24,466
Let's write that up here.
248
00:14:24,746 --> 00:14:31,326

216.60.18.8.
249
00:14:32,206 --> 00:14:34,846
Come on , somebody is feeling
this puzzle piece fit right now.
250
00:14:34,846 --> 00:14:35,646
I can feel it.
251
00:14:35,886 --> 00:14:37,886
You're listening to me and
you're like, "Ugh, ugh, wait,
252
00:14:38,026 --> 00:14:39,866
are you going to say what I
think you're going to say?
253
00:14:39,866 --> 00:14:40,436
I think so."
254
00:14:40,866 --> 00:14:44,386
So, going in here, he looks
at his subnet mask, right?
255
00:14:44,956 --> 00:14:47,396
He goes, "Okay, I'm in the 172 neighborhood."
256
00:14:47,876 --> 00:14:49,916
He looks at this guy and goes, "Whoa!
257
00:14:49,916 --> 00:14:50,946
Stop the train right there.
258
00:14:51,286 --> 00:14:52,586
Not in my neighborhood."
259
00:14:52,866 --> 00:14:56,476
Now you can go through the rest of this and say
I'm in 30, he's in 60, I'm on 100, he's in 18.
260
00:14:56,476 --> 00:15:00,386
I mean these are as far apart as they could
possibly be in the neighborhood world,
261
00:15:00,506 --> 00:15:03,026
but all it takes is just one of
these numbers to be different

262
00:15:03,026 --> 00:15:07,846
and he realizes this is not my
neighborhood so, fit that piece together.
263
00:15:08,406 --> 00:15:13,896
He realizes I can't send an Arp
message and reach that IP address.
264
00:15:14,386 --> 00:15:18,786
Why not? Because that is
mission number two of a router.
265
00:15:19,176 --> 00:15:22,046
Remember router's mission number
one is to get you where you need
266
00:15:22,046 --> 00:15:23,956
to go based on IP address information.
267
00:15:24,236 --> 00:15:28,556
But mission number two is I stop broadcasts.
268
00:15:28,556 --> 00:15:31,206
That's really, when I, in the
very opening nugget, I said,
269
00:15:31,206 --> 00:15:33,186
"What's the fundamental function of the router?"
270
00:15:33,316 --> 00:15:35,166
It is to separate networks.
271
00:15:35,266 --> 00:15:36,846
This is how it does it.
272
00:15:36,846 --> 00:15:42,406
It keeps all of this broadcast traffic over here
and all of this broadcast traffic over here.
273
00:15:42,776 --> 00:15:45,666
Now, keep in mind there's
thousands and millions of routers
274
00:15:45,666 --> 00:15:48,906
out on the internet all keeping their
own broadcast traffic where it belongs,

275
00:15:49,196 --> 00:15:50,876
but it separates the broadcast traffic.
276
00:15:50,876 --> 00:15:55,126
So he knows if he sends an ARP message,
a broadcast, it will flood this network,
277
00:15:55,386 --> 00:15:59,276
but it will never, ever, ever reach Bank
of Arizona which is out here somewhere
278
00:15:59,276 --> 00:16:01,716
in the cloud that he wants to get to.
279
00:16:01,716 --> 00:16:03,636
Because as soon as it reaches
here, it bounces off.
280
00:16:03,636 --> 00:16:04,176
Doing [phonetic].
281
00:16:04,176 --> 00:16:05,326
You know? It gets dropped.
282
00:16:05,616 --> 00:16:10,046
So, what he has to do, he goes, "Okay,
I realize this is not on my network.
283
00:16:10,346 --> 00:16:12,256
I need to send this to my default gateway."
284
00:16:12,516 --> 00:16:16,536
Okay. If you're at a point
where you're like, "Okay.
285
00:16:16,856 --> 00:16:18,376
Hang on I need a process pause now."
286
00:16:18,646 --> 00:16:23,556
What I'm about to say is probably the most
important thing you will hear the rest
287
00:16:24,286 --> 00:16:26,486
of this day.
288

00:16:26,486 --> 00:16:29,516

[Laughing] You can probably tell I'm
given to drama, but I'm kind of serious.
289
00:16:29,696 --> 00:16:36,396
So what this guy does, is he says, "I'm
going to ARP, but not for this IP address.
290
00:16:36,396 --> 00:16:38,506
Because he knows that will be dropped.
291
00:16:38,506 --> 00:16:43,906
Instead, I'm going to send an ARP
message for my default gateway.
292
00:16:44,456 --> 00:16:47,336
I want the MAC address for my default gateway
293
00:16:47,486 --> 00:16:49,696
and this is the kind of packet
I'm going to form.
294
00:16:50,086 --> 00:16:52,836
I'm going to send a Ping because
that's just what I did or, you know,
295
00:16:52,836 --> 00:16:55,056
a $50.00 transfer or whatever
you're going to do.
296
00:16:55,056 --> 00:16:55,976
Ping is the alphabet.
297
00:16:55,976 --> 00:17:02,206
Right? A, B, C, D. I'm going to send a Ping
to the destination IP address of the bank.
298
00:17:02,816 --> 00:17:07,136
The source IP address it's
going to come from is me.
299
00:17:07,866 --> 00:17:13,446
The destination MAC address it's going to
go to is, come on, come on, fill it in.
300
00:17:14,476 --> 00:17:15,156
The gateway.

301
00:17:15,826 --> 00:17:16,606
The router.
302
00:17:16,946 --> 00:17:18,236
This guy right here.
303
00:17:18,486 --> 00:17:23,286
The source MAC address it's going to
go to or I should say come from, is me.
304
00:17:24,386 --> 00:17:28,356
This is what allows him to send a Ping
message to the router because the switch,
305
00:17:28,356 --> 00:17:30,196
remember the switch doesn't
even see the IP address.
306
00:17:30,196 --> 00:17:31,526
I kind of drew a line right here.
307
00:17:31,526 --> 00:17:32,216
No, it's right here.
308
00:17:32,416 --> 00:17:34,206
So the gateway is plugged into the switch.
309
00:17:34,206 --> 00:17:36,546
He sends the message to the switch.
310
00:17:36,756 --> 00:17:39,196
The switch doesn't even see
the IP address he's going to.
311
00:17:39,196 --> 00:17:40,586
They don't have this capability.
312
00:17:40,586 --> 00:17:42,296
They just look at MAC addresses.
313
00:17:42,296 --> 00:17:44,216
So, he sends it to the switch.
314
00:17:44,386 --> 00:17:48,276
The switch says, "Okay, I'm going to send it
to the destination MAC address right here."

315
00:17:48,606 --> 00:17:49,546
Which is the gateway.
316
00:17:49,546 --> 00:17:51,216
The gateway gets it and he's like, "Ooh!
317
00:17:51,216 --> 00:17:52,016
Ooh! Message for me!"
318
00:17:52,206 --> 00:17:56,046
But then when he looks further, because these
guys are layer 3 devices, network layer,
319
00:17:56,286 --> 00:17:58,396
he goes, "Ooh, this isn't for me.
320
00:17:58,726 --> 00:18:02,906
This is for Bank of Arizona and I just
happen to know how to get you there.
321
00:18:02,956 --> 00:18:06,086
I'm going to send you out
to the ISP as the next hop."
322
00:18:06,576 --> 00:18:12,376
That is, oh ok, rewind those
six minutes and watch it again.
323
00:18:12,376 --> 00:18:18,216
Then rewind it again, show your friends, rewind
it, like if I could just solidify that concept
324
00:18:18,216 --> 00:18:22,086
in your mind, you've got
networking fundamentals.
325
00:18:22,186 --> 00:18:25,966
Like that is such a big concept.
326
00:18:26,116 --> 00:18:30,256
Okay. I don't know, like this is
related but not really at this point.
327
00:18:30,256 --> 00:18:31,206
I just kind of threw it in there.

328
00:18:31,206 --> 00:18:34,086
This is like okay so you're studying
for the exam, you got to know this,
329
00:18:34,086 --> 00:18:35,656
but we'll just throw it in there for now.
330
00:18:35,976 --> 00:18:38,146
There are three core class, okay, so right.
331
00:18:38,656 --> 00:18:39,116
Take this.
332
00:18:39,116 --> 00:18:40,046
Put it into a bucket, right?
333
00:18:40,046 --> 00:18:43,896
Set it aside and say, "That is my mastery of
information, this is something I just need
334
00:18:43,896 --> 00:18:46,276
to know if I have a question that asks me that."
335
00:18:46,316 --> 00:18:51,346
For now, three core classes of IP addresses,
A, B, and C that we use in our networks today.
336
00:18:51,346 --> 00:18:54,196
There are more, but those are
the three core that are in use.
337
00:18:54,266 --> 00:18:58,576
I know, the address is a certain, you know what?
338
00:18:58,576 --> 00:19:02,356
I'm not even going to go there.
339
00:19:02,626 --> 00:19:07,446
When I put together that slide, you
could tell I was like, "Oh good.
340
00:19:07,616 --> 00:19:08,476
Oh good. Oh good."
341
00:19:08,476 --> 00:19:11,126
And then it popped in my head I'm like, "Oh

yeah, you'll need to know this for the exam."

342
00:19:11,406 --> 00:19:13,726
And we will, I know a lot
of you are exam focused.
343
00:19:13,726 --> 00:19:17,356
And we will get back to the classes of
address, believe me, that is important.
344
00:19:17,356 --> 00:19:19,286
It's just right now this is so good.
345
00:19:19,286 --> 00:19:24,416
I don't want to, I don't want to have you put
that concept we just talked about in a bucket,
346
00:19:24,416 --> 00:19:27,726
and then, you know, almost get derailed and be
like, "Oh yeah, I have to study for the exam.
347
00:19:27,726 --> 00:19:30,856
It's like I want to just take it and run
with it, which is what I'm doing right here.
348
00:19:30,946 --> 00:19:32,276
I want to take that concept.
349
00:19:32,276 --> 00:19:33,736
Let's open the bucket back up, right?
350
00:19:34,286 --> 00:19:38,346
And I want to put it together
in network scenario as a whole.
351
00:19:38,996 --> 00:19:43,686
This, this, right here is how you explain
to your friends and your spouse and your dog
352
00:19:43,686 --> 00:19:46,866
and everybody else who will listen
to you, how you get to Google.
353
00:19:47,656 --> 00:19:50,576
You are sitting right here on the network.
354
00:19:50,806 --> 00:19:53,926

You have the IP address 172.30.100.50.

355
00:19:53,926 --> 00:19:55,076
Notice the subnet masks.
356
00:19:55,076 --> 00:19:59,906
So I immediately identify, that is my network,
because I line up those first three octets
357
00:19:59,906 --> 00:20:02,966
and I have the default gateway
right here going to my router.
358
00:20:02,966 --> 00:20:04,916
Now I tried to color code
these just because, you know,
359
00:20:04,916 --> 00:20:07,196
when you're putting these things
together, you can't really fit it all.
360
00:20:07,566 --> 00:20:10,626
So the blue represents one network.
361
00:20:10,626 --> 00:20:13,136
So if, let's put the scenario in here.
362
00:20:13,406 --> 00:20:21,186
I Ping, [pause] let's give
the example 172.30.50.250.
363
00:20:21,856 --> 00:20:22,816
Which is this guy over here.
364
00:20:23,306 --> 00:20:25,576
Right? So I type that message into my computer.
365
00:20:25,576 --> 00:20:26,356
What happens?
366
00:20:27,466 --> 00:20:29,406
This computer looks at it and goes, "Okay.
367
00:20:29,406 --> 00:20:31,526
172. I like that, that's my network.
368

00:20:31,636 --> 00:20:33,756

30. Ooh, I like that too that's my network.
369
00:20:34,066 --> 00:20:35,566
Ooh, failure.
370
00:20:35,706 --> 00:20:38,516
50. No, no, no no, I'm on the 100 network."
371
00:20:38,516 --> 00:20:41,006
I immediately recognize it is a PC.
372
00:20:41,106 --> 00:20:42,306
That is not on my network.
373
00:20:42,526 --> 00:20:47,656
That, in my mind, says I cannot send an
ARP message for this address and expect it
374
00:20:47,656 --> 00:20:52,316
to get there because I know there's a brick wall
of a router that's gonna receive that broadcast
375
00:20:52,316 --> 00:20:55,456
and drop it because, you know,
it's going to say, "Well,
376
00:20:55,456 --> 00:20:57,216
you know, broadcasts are not allowed.
377
00:20:57,216 --> 00:20:57,996
I'm a router.
378
00:20:57,996 --> 00:20:59,516
I stop broadcasts."
379
00:20:59,516 --> 00:21:03,976
So this computer is smart enough to say,
"Well, I need to get to this address,
380
00:21:03,976 --> 00:21:06,776
but I have to use my gateway to get there.
381
00:21:07,276 --> 00:21:11,636
So, he will send an ARP message, but
it will be for this gateway right here.

382
00:21:12,096 --> 00:21:18,186
It will say, "I am looking for 172.30.100.1.
383
00:21:18,186 --> 00:21:19,576
I know some of you are looking at this.
384
00:21:19,576 --> 00:21:20,186
Follow the lines.
385
00:21:20,186 --> 00:21:21,216
That's for the next network.
386
00:21:21,216 --> 00:21:25,296
So, "I am looking for 172.30.100.1.,"
says the ARP message.
387
00:21:25,296 --> 00:21:25,676
Right here.
388
00:21:25,676 --> 00:21:26,776
He goes, "Oh, okay great!
389
00:21:26,776 --> 00:21:27,336
Here's my MAC address."
390
00:21:27,336 --> 00:21:28,176
My MAC address.
391
00:21:28,176 --> 00:21:33,546
My MAC address, let me fill in
the example, is 1111:1111:1111.
392
00:21:33,676 --> 00:21:35,666
Again, one of the formats of the MAC address.
393
00:21:35,666 --> 00:21:36,776
This guys goes, "Great.
394
00:21:36,776 --> 00:21:37,716
That's fantastic.
395
00:21:37,716 --> 00:21:44,926
I happen to be 111, oops, :1111:1111:1122.
396
00:21:44,926 --> 00:21:45,986

That's my MAC address.

397
00:21:45,986 --> 00:21:47,656
Just because Jeremy can write that really fast.
398
00:21:47,866 --> 00:21:49,596
So, I'm going to create a packet.
399
00:21:49,596 --> 00:21:52,236
I'm going to have that Ping
be the data that I'm sending.
400
00:21:52,236 --> 00:21:53,016
It's the alphabet.
401
00:21:53,416 --> 00:21:57,626
Destination IP address, now you fill in
this box, what is the destination IP?
402
00:21:58,596 --> 00:22:01,306
[Pause] 172.30.50.250.
403
00:22:01,646 --> 00:22:02,476
That's where I'm going.
404
00:22:02,476 --> 00:22:04,046
That's my end destination.
405
00:22:04,296 --> 00:22:05,276
That will not change.
406
00:22:05,726 --> 00:22:08,346
I have the source IP address of who?
407
00:22:09,136 --> 00:22:12,356
Me. 50. That's where I came from.
408
00:22:12,356 --> 00:22:14,876
172.30.100.50.
409
00:22:14,876 --> 00:22:17,556
And know that I'm just writing this in here
because I can't squeeze that whole address
410
00:22:17,556 --> 00:22:19,176
in there, but it is the full

IP address in there.
411
00:22:19,276 --> 00:22:27,126
So then I'm also going to add in
destination MAC address of 1111:1111:1111.
412
00:22:27,286 --> 00:22:27,756
Who is that?
413
00:22:28,856 --> 00:22:30,116
Gateway. Default gateway.
414
00:22:30,116 --> 00:22:32,406
Router. That is able to get
me out of my neighborhood.
415
00:22:32,736 --> 00:22:34,046
Source MAC address.
416
00:22:34,806 --> 00:22:38,626
1111:1111:1122.
417
00:22:39,666 --> 00:22:43,026
Right? SO that is now a crafted
packet that will work.
418
00:22:43,196 --> 00:22:44,276
Comes into the switch.
419
00:22:44,276 --> 00:22:45,596
Switch. What does it read?
420
00:22:45,786 --> 00:22:47,146
MAC address info, that's it.
421
00:22:47,146 --> 00:22:50,386
It goes, "okay, I know because I'm
looking at my MAC address table
422
00:22:50,386 --> 00:22:53,396
that the destination MAC
address of this is out port 9."
423
00:22:53,396 --> 00:22:54,446
Again, I'll go there.
424

00:22:54,446 --> 00:22:57,316

So, that now delivers the
Ping message to this router.
425
00:22:57,656 --> 00:23:02,226
Router gets it he's like, "Ooh, ooh, mail for
me, because I see my destination MAC address."
426
00:23:02,466 --> 00:23:05,426
He then looks further and
says, "Oooh, that's not for me.
427
00:23:05,976 --> 00:23:09,146
That's going to 172.30.50.250."
428
00:23:09,146 --> 00:23:10,826
Looks at his routing table.
429
00:23:12,036 --> 00:23:12,756
Comes over here.
430
00:23:13,496 --> 00:23:21,856
Routing table has all the places he knows how to
reach and one of them happens to be 172.30.50.0.
431
00:23:22,586 --> 00:23:26,006
Oh man I just, it's like
my hand moved without me
432
00:23:26,006 --> 00:23:28,396
and it introduced a whole
lot of concepts right there.
433
00:23:29,296 --> 00:23:33,296
/24 is a shorthand notation
for that subnet mask.
434
00:23:33,686 --> 00:23:35,566
And that's all I'm going
to say about it right now.
435
00:23:35,566 --> 00:23:38,166
We'll get there, it really has
to do with binary behind it.
436
00:23:38,626 --> 00:23:42,366
The 0 address represents the network.

437
00:23:42,846 --> 00:23:52,436
Meaning I am not allowed to use 172.30.50.0
and assign that to any computer on that network
438
00:23:52,436 --> 00:23:54,646
because this represents the network as a whole.
439
00:23:54,826 --> 00:23:59,326
The only place I'm going to see that address,
that .0 address, is in a routing table
440
00:23:59,326 --> 00:24:03,466
because that router says this is how
I know how to reach that network.
441
00:24:03,466 --> 00:24:05,366
That identifies the whole network to me.
442
00:24:05,366 --> 00:24:06,286
The 0 address.
443
00:24:06,526 --> 00:24:11,716
While we're on the topic, the last address can
be used to send a broadcast message to everybody
444
00:24:11,716 --> 00:24:13,256
on that network, but that's later.
445
00:24:13,256 --> 00:24:15,056
That's like the classes of addresses, right?
446
00:24:15,176 --> 00:24:17,446
Key information you'll need
to know, but not yet.
447
00:24:17,446 --> 00:24:20,826
So this router looks at its routing table
and says, "Oh, I know how to get there.
448
00:24:20,996 --> 00:24:27,376
Ooh, ooh. And my routing table tells me that
to get there, I need to send it to 10.5.1.2."
449
00:24:29,006 --> 00:24:31,356
[Pause] How did it know that?
450

00:24:31,856 --> 00:24:34,466

Well that's where you got
involved as a Cisco admin.
451
00:24:34,466 --> 00:24:35,966
We have to get paid for something, right?
452
00:24:36,156 --> 00:24:38,456
You went onto that router and educated it.
453
00:24:38,716 --> 00:24:42,116
You could either educate it
statically and say, "Hey router,
454
00:24:42,116 --> 00:24:44,546
to get to that network go to that IP address."
455
00:24:44,546 --> 00:24:49,176
That's considered your next hop IP address or
you can let the routers do the work for you
456
00:24:49,176 --> 00:24:51,536
and use something known as
a dynamic routing protocol.
457
00:24:51,746 --> 00:24:53,126
But, again, more on that later.
458
00:24:53,126 --> 00:24:54,946
For now, we'll just say the router knows.
459
00:24:54,946 --> 00:24:57,116
The router knows how to get
there, so what does it do?
460
00:24:57,116 --> 00:24:58,536
Because we're talking foundations here.
461
00:24:58,886 --> 00:25:01,816
It will tear off, I'm busting out a red marker,
462
00:25:02,166 --> 00:25:05,886
tear off the original source
and destination MAC address.
463
00:25:06,706 --> 00:25:08,046
Because it doesn't need it anymore.

464
00:25:08,356 --> 00:25:13,016
That was valid for this network to allow
these guys to talk, but now it will replace it
465
00:25:13,136 --> 00:25:16,486
with the source and destination, and
for now, we'll just say MAC address.
466
00:25:16,486 --> 00:25:19,886
It could be other things depending on the kind
of network, but most of the time it will be.
467
00:25:20,156 --> 00:25:25,196
It will replace it with this MAC
address and that MAC address.
468
00:25:25,376 --> 00:25:27,146
A new source and a new destination.
469
00:25:27,276 --> 00:25:29,776
Which will be different from this one.
470
00:25:29,776 --> 00:25:34,236
Every network card in the world
has its own unique MAC address.
471
00:25:34,426 --> 00:25:37,406
So, you'll never have a duplicate of
those unless you buy really cheap,
472
00:25:37,406 --> 00:25:40,896
knockoff network cards, at
which point, buyer beware.
473
00:25:41,316 --> 00:25:44,486
So, he replaces and says, "Okay,
I'm going to do the ARP here.
474
00:25:44,636 --> 00:25:45,586
I've got a new source.
475
00:25:45,586 --> 00:25:46,696
A new destination."
476
00:25:46,856 --> 00:25:49,786
Put that on there and that

gets the packet to right here.

477
00:25:50,086 --> 00:25:55,546
This guy looks at his routing table and he goes,
again, this never changed, this never changed.
478
00:25:55,546 --> 00:25:56,246
He goes, "Ooh, ooh.
479
00:25:56,396 --> 00:26:02,416
I've got a message here from 172.30.50.250,"
and I'm looking at my router and going matter
480
00:26:02,416 --> 00:26:04,636
of fact I am plugged right into that network.
481
00:26:05,156 --> 00:26:07,286
He'll actually see a route in his routing table.
482
00:26:07,286 --> 00:26:13,096
172.30.50.0 send it out your
Ethernet interface right here.
483
00:26:13,346 --> 00:26:16,396
You know? It'll be right in there,
he's like, "Oh, I'm plugged into it.
484
00:26:16,396 --> 00:26:20,276
Great." So what I will do is I
will send ARP message to find
485
00:26:20,276 --> 00:26:22,766
out what the MAC address
of this server really is.
486
00:26:22,766 --> 00:26:24,426
Because I know that's where I have to go.
487
00:26:24,576 --> 00:26:30,696
So it resolves, via an ARP message, his
MAC address puts itself as the new source
488
00:26:30,866 --> 00:26:33,236
and now we have the Ping
message that goes right here.
489
00:26:34,376 --> 00:26:35,266

Isn't that amazing?

490
00:26:35,606 --> 00:26:39,266
It's the same thing very similar to what
I was talking about in the last nugget,
491
00:26:39,536 --> 00:26:44,096
I just like covering this multiple times because
it's a huge concept and I want it to go deep.
492
00:26:44,386 --> 00:26:48,176
It's got to go deep in you because
this is the core of how networks work.
493
00:26:48,176 --> 00:26:50,296
This is also the core of
everything troubleshooting
494
00:26:50,486 --> 00:26:55,366
if your network is not working is this,
this little layer 2/layer3 address game
495
00:26:55,366 --> 00:26:57,126
to help us move all around the network.
496
00:26:57,506 --> 00:27:00,976
An analogy, if you're an analogy
kind of a visual person like I am.
497
00:27:01,426 --> 00:27:06,396
I think of this layer 3/layer
2 as like a GPS system.
498
00:27:06,576 --> 00:27:10,636
Where I'm sitting here in Arizona and
I want to drive my car up to Canada.
499
00:27:10,856 --> 00:27:14,286
You know. We'll say 1,500 miles away.
500
00:27:14,596 --> 00:27:18,896
Now, I know that I need to get there
and that's what I put in my GPS system,
501
00:27:19,176 --> 00:27:23,286
but I have to have all these waypoints,
because I'm a man, I'm not a machine.

502
00:27:23,286 --> 00:27:27,316
I have to get gas, I have to get coffee,
I have to get food along the way.
503
00:27:27,556 --> 00:27:32,986
But in all of these little waypoints, I
never, you know, replace the end destination
504
00:27:32,986 --> 00:27:34,726
in my GPS system with a waypoint.
505
00:27:35,026 --> 00:27:38,156
You know, if I'm like, "Okay I want to
stop at the Circle K here on the corner,
506
00:27:38,386 --> 00:27:43,856
that's waypoint number three," but I'm
never going to lose, I'm going to Canada.
507
00:27:44,036 --> 00:27:49,266
You know I'm going to 55 North Elm Street in
Canada because if I do then I'll just stop
508
00:27:49,266 --> 00:27:53,016
in at Circle K and get stuck there forever and
that's where I'll live my life and then die.
509
00:27:53,116 --> 00:27:54,536
Which is what would happen to a packet.
510
00:27:54,806 --> 00:27:57,576
So all of these are the layer 2 addresses.
511
00:27:57,786 --> 00:28:00,876
We have to have these to get hop
by hop by hop by hop, you know,
512
00:28:00,876 --> 00:28:05,786
to reach the different devices and, for
every single network needs its own set
513
00:28:06,076 --> 00:28:11,646
of layer 2 addresses, but all along we keep
this the same because otherwise we lose
514
00:28:11,646 --> 00:28:14,716
where we originally came from

and where we're finally going.

515
00:28:15,766 --> 00:28:17,576
Poof! All my scribbles disappear.
516
00:28:17,576 --> 00:28:19,436
And there's one more thing I wanted to add.
517
00:28:19,926 --> 00:28:22,246
I added this internet cloud here for a reason.
518
00:28:22,906 --> 00:28:28,376
When my device sends data and it ends up
reaching this router, that's again the goal
519
00:28:28,376 --> 00:28:32,706
of the router is to figure out where to
send that data based on its IP address.
520
00:28:32,706 --> 00:28:36,296
If I'm sending it to the server, it's going
to go, "Okay, I know how to get there.
521
00:28:36,296 --> 00:28:38,416
I go out this cable right here."
522
00:28:39,256 --> 00:28:43,386
If I'm sending to something
that's not this IP address,
523
00:28:43,626 --> 00:28:46,606
it's likely going to have
something called a default route.
524
00:28:47,456 --> 00:28:49,856
A default route looks like all zeros.
525
00:28:49,856 --> 00:28:51,846
It's kind of like a default
gateway for a router.
526
00:28:51,846 --> 00:28:55,066
But routers don't have default
gateways because they're routers,
527
00:28:55,066 --> 00:28:57,656
and they are the default

gateway that things go to.

528
00:28:57,656 --> 00:29:00,756
So, it has what's called a default
route that says, "You know what?
529
00:29:00,756 --> 00:29:02,866
If you don't know where to
send it little router,
530
00:29:03,216 --> 00:29:05,996
why don't you send this off to the internet?"
531
00:29:06,256 --> 00:29:09,826
Now, I know in the picture, and you'll see
it in diagrams all the time, it looks like,
532
00:29:09,826 --> 00:29:11,976
okay, it's the "Finding Nemo" right?
533
00:29:11,976 --> 00:29:13,146
Its like, "Go fish.
534
00:29:13,146 --> 00:29:14,116
Find your home on the internet."
535
00:29:14,116 --> 00:29:16,486
But really it's far more technical than that.
536
00:29:16,686 --> 00:29:19,236
There's really a router right here at your ISP.
537
00:29:19,236 --> 00:29:23,226
You know? Whoever your ISP is, it says,
"Here's the MAC address of that router,
538
00:29:23,226 --> 00:29:27,266
I will send it there," and this little
layer 2/layer 3 game goes all the way
539
00:29:27,556 --> 00:29:31,246
until it finds whatever server you're
trying to reach out here on the internet.
540
00:29:31,526 --> 00:29:33,296
So the router is the decision point.

541
00:29:33,446 --> 00:29:36,546
Most of them have a default
route for the internet.
542
00:29:36,546 --> 00:29:37,596
Now, how come?
543
00:29:37,596 --> 00:29:42,106
Is there a way that this guy could actually
know every single network in the internet?
544
00:29:42,646 --> 00:29:44,066
Actually there is.
545
00:29:44,466 --> 00:29:49,246
It's something called, BGP,
which is the protocol
546
00:29:49,246 --> 00:29:52,656
that holds all of the routes of the internet.
547
00:29:52,656 --> 00:29:58,696
But, 90 percent, if not more, of the routers
just don't have the capacity for that.
548
00:29:58,956 --> 00:30:01,376
You're Linksys or Netgear at home.
549
00:30:01,376 --> 00:30:08,026
No way. Most Cisco routers that you use
[pause] in small office, home office,
550
00:30:08,076 --> 00:30:13,646
small mid-size networks, won't have the memory
capacity to hold the BGP and when you get
551
00:30:13,646 --> 00:30:15,516
into the realm it just becomes massive.
552
00:30:15,516 --> 00:30:19,816
So instead, what we do is say you know, "Okay,
I know specifically how to get to that one.
553
00:30:19,816 --> 00:30:22,966
I know specifically how to get here
and there and to all my networks inside

554
00:30:22,966 --> 00:30:27,476
of my organization, but when it comes to the
internet, I'm going to use that default route,"
555
00:30:27,476 --> 00:30:30,026
which says, "Here's how you
reach everything else."
556
00:30:30,836 --> 00:30:34,276
So what did we see here and what
do I want you to do with it?
557
00:30:34,386 --> 00:30:37,826
Well what we saw is the IP
addressing, the fundamentals of it,
558
00:30:37,826 --> 00:30:43,606
we saw how the devices are addressed, how they
figure out what neighborhood they are based
559
00:30:43,606 --> 00:30:46,076
on their subnet mask and finding
their friends using the ARP,
560
00:30:46,076 --> 00:30:49,196
and also finding their default gateway
if they want to be able to get off
561
00:30:49,196 --> 00:30:51,366
of their network or get out their neighborhood.
562
00:30:51,706 --> 00:30:55,416
But I would say the most important
concept of all was that culmination
563
00:30:55,416 --> 00:31:00,126
of how the layer 2/layer 3 addressing
works together, works with each other
564
00:31:00,126 --> 00:31:02,156
to help deliver the message
where it needs to go.
565
00:31:02,766 --> 00:31:05,696
Now what I want you to do
with this is a few things.
566

00:31:05,696 --> 00:31:09,126

And again, some major concepts
that we discussed here.
567
00:31:09,486 --> 00:31:13,016
I want you to go on your computer,
whether it be at work or at home,
568
00:31:13,016 --> 00:31:14,786
and start proving it to yourself.
569
00:31:14,816 --> 00:31:19,066
First off, do an IP config and by the
way, if you are studying for the exam,
570
00:31:19,496 --> 00:31:23,746
you will need to know basic command line
utilities like IP config, Ping, ARP,
571
00:31:23,746 --> 00:31:25,676
you know the utilities that
I've been using so far,
572
00:31:26,016 --> 00:31:30,026
and you can see that I have a local area
connection, this is my network card.
573
00:31:30,406 --> 00:31:34,596
And right here I have an
IPv4 address 172.30.100.72.
574
00:31:34,676 --> 00:31:37,556
I want you to, you know, find
out what your IP address is.
575
00:31:37,556 --> 00:31:38,986
Find out what your subnet mask is.
576
00:31:38,986 --> 00:31:40,286
What your default gateway is.
577
00:31:40,286 --> 00:31:42,256
I want you to Ping your default gateway.
578
00:31:42,456 --> 00:31:47,626
You know go in there and Ping it, [pause]
to make sure that you're getting responses.

579
00:31:47,626 --> 00:31:49,736
You should get replies back
from your default gateway.
580
00:31:49,996 --> 00:31:55,196
Then do an ARP-A to find out what the
MAC address of your default gateway is.
581
00:31:55,496 --> 00:31:59,476
If you're curious, these
things last for five minutes.
582
00:31:59,476 --> 00:32:03,416
If you don't use them for five minutes, they'll
disappear out of, it's called your ARP cash.
583
00:32:03,666 --> 00:32:06,256
You can manually clear them doing an ARP-D.
584
00:32:06,626 --> 00:32:07,836
And I can say, "Okay.
585
00:32:07,836 --> 00:32:08,456
What's left?
586
00:32:08,456 --> 00:32:09,486
Nothing. It's all gone."
587
00:32:09,486 --> 00:32:14,756
So now when I Ping it again,
notice that I see it in there.
588
00:32:15,296 --> 00:32:17,686
Now, here's an interesting test.
589
00:32:17,686 --> 00:32:20,746
I'm like, "Do I want show this to you
or do I want to leave this to you?"
590
00:32:21,366 --> 00:32:22,946
Try Pinging an internet address.
591
00:32:22,946 --> 00:32:23,906
Do an ARP-E.
592
00:32:24,456 --> 00:32:26,486

[Pause] I'll do it with you.

593
00:32:26,606 --> 00:32:28,166
Just in case you don't have a computer nearby.
594
00:32:28,526 --> 00:32:29,226
[Laughing] Wait a sec.
595
00:32:29,346 --> 00:32:30,826
What are you watching me on?
596
00:32:30,826 --> 00:32:34,426
So ARP-D. And I see there
is no ARP entries found.
597
00:32:34,606 --> 00:32:37,906
Now I'm going to a Ping to an internet address.
598
00:32:37,906 --> 00:32:41,006
4222. It's actually a DNS
server out in California.
599
00:32:41,426 --> 00:32:42,266
I just Pinged that.
600
00:32:42,576 --> 00:32:45,706
If I do an ARP-A, what do I expect to see there?
601
00:32:46,196 --> 00:32:50,156
The MAC address of 4222 or something else?
602
00:32:51,516 --> 00:32:51,956
[Pause] Hmm.
603
00:32:52,456 --> 00:32:53,486
Something else.
604
00:32:53,836 --> 00:32:58,326
Notice that I never figure out what
the MAC address of that device is.
605
00:32:58,326 --> 00:32:59,996
How come? It's not on my network.
606
00:32:59,996 --> 00:33:03,186
My computer is smart enough

to know, "Oh you have to,

607
00:33:03,186 --> 00:33:05,286
you have to default gateway to get there."
608
00:33:05,486 --> 00:33:07,326
So I know his MAC address,
that's how I get there,
609
00:33:07,326 --> 00:33:10,346
but my computer will never, ever, ever know.
610
00:33:10,346 --> 00:33:14,246
And nor will I have a way of ever finding
out unless I give them a phone call.
611
00:33:14,246 --> 00:33:17,466
What the MAC address is of that destination
server I'm reaching because it's not
612
00:33:17,466 --> 00:33:19,226
on my network, it's in another world.
613
00:33:19,576 --> 00:33:23,576
So, do these kinds of things and I would say,
you know, if you're not too sure what to Ping,
614
00:33:23,576 --> 00:33:24,976
you know, start trying to find other addresses.
615
00:33:24,976 --> 00:33:29,116
Just like I know there is there's
25, that's my storage server
616
00:33:29,116 --> 00:33:30,646
at my house, and I can start saying, "Okay.
617
00:33:30,646 --> 00:33:33,086
Now that's starting to show up in the list."
618
00:33:33,346 --> 00:33:37,036
You might go on the internet
and grab a fun utility called,
619
00:33:38,186 --> 00:33:43,846
[pause] if I can type it in
here, "Angry IP Scanner."

620
00:33:45,306 --> 00:33:47,076
Just a fun little guy.
621
00:33:47,316 --> 00:33:48,596
Download the old version.
622
00:33:48,596 --> 00:33:51,186
It's actually much simpler,
I think, than the new one.
623
00:33:51,486 --> 00:33:54,896
Go with the old Windows version.
624
00:33:54,896 --> 00:33:56,046
Stable and widely used.
625
00:33:56,046 --> 00:33:56,866
Go for that.
626
00:33:57,106 --> 00:34:01,806
And do a scan of all the IP addresses in
your house and create a network diagram.
627
00:34:01,976 --> 00:34:03,146
You know? Draw it up.
628
00:34:03,226 --> 00:34:04,546
Just like I've been doing all throughout.
629
00:34:04,546 --> 00:34:06,256
You know, draw, okay you've got the computer.
630
00:34:06,456 --> 00:34:07,616
Over here, here's his IP.
631
00:34:07,616 --> 00:34:09,376
Here's his MAC address.
632
00:34:09,446 --> 00:34:12,526
I've got, you know, the switch,
which probably is invisible.
633
00:34:12,526 --> 00:34:13,896
I've got a router over here.

634
00:34:13,896 --> 00:34:15,046
I've got some other devices.
635
00:34:15,046 --> 00:34:16,256
My Nintendo Wii.
636
00:34:16,636 --> 00:34:18,606
I've got, you know, my X-Box.
637
00:34:18,606 --> 00:34:21,656
You know. Whatever else you
find on that or diagram it out.
638
00:34:21,656 --> 00:34:24,626
Just to start really, you get the concept here.
639
00:34:24,626 --> 00:34:27,686
I need you to take this and start using it.
640
00:34:27,936 --> 00:34:30,466
Applying it to things that
you do every single day.
641
00:34:30,466 --> 00:34:33,936
I hope this has been informative for you
and I'd like to thank you for viewing.