Post-installed Anchors Design

11 October 2013

AGENDA
Post-installed Anchor Application
Type of Anchors / Type of Post-installed Anchor Failure modes of Anchor Failure case of Post-installed Anchor Post-installed Anchor design code development

Post-installed Anchor selection criteria

First! Where and when to use Post-installed Anchor?

Post-installed Anchor Application

Bore pile / PI rebar for missing dowel

Missing dowel bar

Splices connection - Rebar theory by ACI 318 Chapter 12

Post-installed Anchor Application

Temporally bracing structure / PI rebar for shear key in concrete backing

Excavation

Steel post

Cap beam Concrete backing

Shear key

Pre-loading

D-wall

Shear connection - Rebar theory by ACI 318 Chapter 12

Post-installed Anchor Application

Cap beam / PI rebar for missing dowel and shear key

Splice and Shear connection - Rebar theory by ACI 318 Chapter 12

Post-installed Anchor Application

Diaphragm wall / PI rebar for shear key

Connection slab to D-wall

Shear connection - Rebar theory by ACI 318 Chapter 12

Post-installed Anchor Application

Core wall / PI rebar for missing bar

Connection Slab to Core-wall

Shear connection - Rebar theory by ACI 318 Chapter 12

Post-installed Anchor Application

Steel column to concrete / PI Anchor for column support

Concrete resistance - Anchor theory by ACI 318 Appendix D

Post-installed Anchor Application

Steel column to concrete / PI Anchor for column support

Concrete resistance - Anchor theory by ACI 318 Appendix D

Post-installed Anchor Application

Steel beam/corbel to concrete / PI Anchor for connection joint

Concrete resistance - Anchor theory by ACI 318 Appendix D

Post-installed Anchor Application

Slab extension / PI rebar for shear key

Slab extension: PI rebar for splice bar

Shear connection - Rebar theory by ACI 318 Chapter 12

Post-installed Anchor Application

Structure strengthening / PI rebar for shear key

Column strengthening

Column & Beam strengthening

Shear connection - Rebar theory by ACI 318 Chapter 12

Post-installed Anchor Application

Structure strengthening / PI anchor for shear key and steel support

Column strengthening

Slab strengthening

Shear connection - Anchor theory by ACI 318 Appendix D

Post-installed Anchor Application

Structure strengthening / PI rebar for shear key

Slab strengthening

Isolated footing strengthening

Shear connection - Rebar theory by ACI 318 Chapter 12

Post-installed Anchor Application

Structure strengthening / PI rebar for tension and shear key

Beam strengthening

Beam strengthening

Shear connection - Rebar theory by ACI 318 Chapter 12

Post-installed Anchor Application

Miscellaneous works / PI Anchor for steel support

Concrete resistance - Anchor theory by ACI 318 Appendix D

Post-installed Anchor Application

Miscellaneous works / PI Anchor for steel support

Concrete resistance - Anchor theory by ACI 318 Appendix D

Post-installed Anchor Application

Miscellaneous works / PI Anchor for steel support

Ladder support

Ceiling support

Concrete resistance - Anchor theory by ACI 318 Appendix D

Post-installed Anchor Application

Miscellaneous works / PI Anchor for steel support

Handrail support

Balustrade support

Concrete resistance - Anchor theory by ACI 318 Appendix D

Post-installed Anchor Application

Miscellaneous works / PI Anchor for steel support

Cladding support

Light duty bollard support

Concrete resistance - Anchor theory by ACI 318 Appendix D

Post-installed Anchor Application

MEP system / PI Anchor for hanging support

Concrete resistance - Anchor theory by ACI 318 Appendix D

Post-installed Anchor Application

Machine plinth / PI Anchor for steel support and fatigue resistance

Concrete resistance - Anchor theory by ACI 318 Appendix D

Post-installed Anchor Application

Miscellaneous works / PI Anchor for seismic safety of equipment for such vital

Earthquake resistant fastenings

Earthquake resistant fastenings

Concrete resistance - Anchor theory by ACI 318 Appendix D

How many types of anchor?

Types of Anchors
There are 2 types of anchor to concrete
1. Cast in place Anchor Traditionally, design engineer specify cast-in-place anchor if they know beforehand where anchor are to be installed

2. Post installed Anchor

Mechanical Anchor

Adhesive Anchor

Many applications cannot be installed before casting, postinstalled anchor

Types of Anchors : Cast-in place Anchor

Types of Anchors : Post-installed Anchor

ACI define Post-installed anchors into 2 types
Mechanical Anchor Mechanical Anchor Expansion anchor : A post-installed anchor, inserted into hardened concrete that transfer loads to or from the concrete by direct bearing or friction or both. May be torque-controlled (sleeve-type and stud-type) or displacementcontrolled (drop-in type).

Undercut anchor : A post-installed anchor that develops its tensile strength from the mechanical interlock provided by undercutting of the concrete at the embedded end of anchor.
Adhesive Anchor Adhesive Anchor A post-installed anchor, inserted into hardened concrete with an anchor hole diameter not greater than 1.5 times the anchor diameter, that transfers loads to the concrete by bond between the anchor and the adhesive, and bond between the adhesive and the concrete.

Types of Post-installed Anchors

Adhesive Anchor

Type of Post-Installed Anchors

Finite Element Analysis : Stress Distribution

Adhesive Anchors
under external tensile load

Mechanical Anchors
under external tensile load

Types of Anchors : Behavior in Concrete

SPACING

Ideal Case
EDGE DISTANCE

Influence of Spacing

Influence of Edge Distance

Influence of Base Embedment Depth

Types of Anchors : Anchor to concrete family

Anchor to concrete
Cast-in-place anchor Post Installed anchor

Mechanical Anchor Expansion Anchor

Adhesive Anchor

Undercut Anchor

How many failure modes of anchor in concrete?

Failure Modes of Anchors

The critical failure modes an anchor system considering tension and shear load bearing capacity of the materials involved.

Anchor Material Failure

(steel failure)

Base Material Failure

(concrete failure)

Failure Modes of Anchors

The critical failure modes an anchor system considering tension and shear load bearing capacity of the materials involved.
Material capacity

Failure mode in Tension 1. Steel failure in tension 2. Concrete breakout 3. Concrete pullout 4. Concrete side-face blowout
5. Bond strength of adhesive anchor

Shear 1. Steel failure in shear 2. Concrete breakout 3. Concrete pry-out

Steel Concrete

Bond
(Adhesive anchor only)

Failure Modes of Anchors

Failure Modes in Tension : Steel failure
1. Steel failure in tension

Fexternal

Steel failure

Failure Modes of Anchors

Failure Modes in Tension : Concrete failure
2. Concrete breakout

Fexternal

Concrete failure
F

1.5 hef

1.5 hef
35

hef

Failure Modes of Anchors

Failure Modes in Tension : Concrete failure
3. Concrete pullout

Fexternal

Concrete failure

Failure Modes of Anchors

Failure Modes in Tension : Concrete failure
4. Concrete side-face blowout

Concrete failure

Failure Modes of Anchors

Failure Modes in Tension : Bond failure
5. Bond strength of adhesive anchor

Bond failure

Failure Modes of Anchors

Failure Modes in Tension : Concrete and Bond failure
* Concrete Splitting

Fexternal

Concrete failure

Failure Modes of Anchors

Failure Modes in Tension : Concrete and Bond failure
* Concrete Splitting

Fexternal

Concrete failure

Failure Modes of Anchors

Failure Modes in Tension : Concrete and Bond failure
* Concrete Splitting
Although the minimum edge distances were maintained by using 10-inch cubes, the published ultimate strengths of the anchors in concrete do not mention the case where those critical edge distances are realized in all four directions -- an unlikely condition in the field. As illustrated by the photos, edge distances did determine the failure mode observed on several samples. If edge distances had been greater, it is anticipated that a different failure mode and higher ultimate strength values would be realized in the samples where cube splitting was observed. This would have increased the sample size of meaningful data.

Concrete failure

Failure Modes of Anchors

Failure Modes in Tension : Steel plate failure
*Pull-over

Steel Plate failure

Fexternal

Failure Modes of Anchors

Failure Modes in Shear : Steel failure

1. Steel failure in shear

Fexternal

Fexternal

M
Steel failure

Failure Modes of Anchors

Failure Modes in Shear : Concrete failure
2. Concrete breakout

Fexternal

Concrete failure

Failure Modes of Anchors

Failure Modes in Shear : Concrete failure
3. Concrete pry-out

Fexternal

Concrete failure

Failure Modes of Anchors

Failure Modes in Tension
Tensile Strength
Steel Failure Concrete Failure Steel Failure

Failure Modes in Shear

Shear Strength Concrete Failure

Concrete Breakout

Concrete Pullout

Side face blowout

Bond Strength
Of Adhesive anchor

Concrete Breakout

Concret e pryout

Governing Tensile Strength

Tension & Shear Interaction

Governing Shear Strength

Failure Modes of Anchors

Anchors Failure Example
Anchor sheared-off after an earthquake.

Base material cracking as a result of a relatively small edge distance.

Anchor Failure due to poor quality of concrete

Chemical anchors were completely pulled out during an earthquake.

Failure Modes of Anchors

Anchors Failure Example

Mechanical anchors were completely pulled out as the concrete failed.

Pulled out anchors after an earthquake.

Concrete failed cause torque over

Anchors were completely pulled out as the tank tumbled down during the earthquake.

Failure Modes of Anchors

Anchors Failure Example

Concrete pull-out failure

Bond strength failure

Concrete pry-out failure.

Have ever anchor to concrete Collapse?

Yes, lets see!

Boston's Big Dig, the most expensive highway project in the United States : 2006 Ceiling Panel Collapse
Nearly three decades and 14.8 billion dollars later, the Big Dig would own claim as the most expensive highway project in the United States

Big Dig project director Michael Lewis, who has spent 12 years on the project.

The official planning phase started in 1982; the construction work was done between 1991 and 2006

http://failures.wikispaces.com/Big+Dig+( I+90+Connector+Tunnel) http://www.militaryphotos.net/forums/showthread.php?85890-Failure-in-the-Big-Dig-Boston

Boston's Big Dig, the most expensive highway project in the United States : 2006 Ceiling Panel Collapse

Boston's Big Dig, the most expensive highway project in the United States : 2006 Ceiling Panel Collapse

Boston's Big Dig, the most expensive highway project in the United States : 2006 Ceiling Panel Collapse

Similar in US, Missing anchor bolts could be to blame for Japan tunnel ceiling Collapse 2012 (possibly the tunnel opened in 1977.)

http://tunnellingjournal.com/news/missing-anchor-bolts-could-be-to-blame-for-japan-tunnel-ceiling-failure/

Similar in US, Missing anchor bolts could be to blame for Japan tunnel ceiling Collapse 2012 (possibly the tunnel opened in 1977.)

What is design code for post installed anchor?

Code for Post-installed Anchor

Previously, anchor design is based on the provisions of ACI 349 (PCI) as incorporated in UBC 1997

Pc 0.32 4 Ap fc' Ps 0.9 Ab f ut

Tension

Difficult to apply even for simple anchor configurations. Less predictive of specific material failure.

Shear

Vss 0.75 Ab f ut
Vc 66.4 Ab f 'c

Complexities in this design method lead ACI, in 1998, to the derivation of a new design approach.

Code for Post-installed Anchor

The new ACI design approach was developed using the principles of fracture mechanics and simple engineering models as earlier developed in the University of Stuttgart (kappa method). Concrete Capacity Design Method
Highly accurate and easy to apply.

kappa method
Supported by regression analyses of large bodies of test data.

Calculation of load bearing capacities at

different load cases and different anchor

configurations.
Highly descriptive of the critical failure mode.

Code for Post-installed Anchor

In Appendix D of the 2002 Edition of ACI 318, the Concrete Capacity Design Method (CCD) was incorporated.

(ACI 318 Appendix D)

k, kappa
method

Concrete Capacity Design Method

Code for Post-installed Anchor

1. ACI 318-11 Appendix D
ACI 318-11 : Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete Appendix D : Anchoring to Concrete

2. ETAG 001 Annex C

ETAG 001 : Guideline for European Technical Approval of Metal Anchors for use in Concrete Annex C : Design Methods for Anchorages

Code for Post-installed Anchor

Euro codes American codes
Japanese Standards

The origin of The Codes and Standards of construction in Thailand.

Codes and Standards American Codes (ACI) Euro Codes (ETAG) % of Used 95% 4%

Japanese Standards (JIS)

1%

Common practice is to translated directly into Thai language and then adjust the codes to fit Thailand.

Code for Post-installed Anchor

Thai Code and Standard

ACI

Revising
New 2014 has been revised since 2012, Raftered (ACI 318-11)

EIT. Standard 1972

EIT. Standard 1999 to 2002

American Codes
ACI 318-26

ACI 318-63

ACI 318-89

ACI Standard American Concrete Institute

ACI 318-02 ACI 318-05 ACI 318-08

ACI 318-11

ACI 318-14

Before starting post-installed design, there are many things you need to know!

Base materials : Anchors can be installed in different base materials being concrete the most common
Anchors need to be selected, designed and approved according to the base material. Concrete is the root of all the design considerations and analysis and, as such, it will be studied in more detail.

Concrete

Lightweight concrete

Hollow concrete blocks

Hollow concrete slabs

Solid clay bricks

Hollow clay bricks

Timber

Natural stone

Base materials : Concrete Compressive Strength

Concrete test samples
150
25 N/mm2

150
20 N/mm2

150

Development of concrete
compressive strength

Concrete : Cracked or Un-cracked concrete

Defining where concrete is cracked its as easy as searching where the concrete could be in tension. If the concrete is in tension it is or will be definitely cracked! Non-cracked concrete consideration must be shown by calculation for the different load combinations.

Compression

Tension (cracks)

Tensile Zone

Concrete : Cracked or Un-cracked concrete

Effects of Cracking

Cracked concrete : Defining where concrete should be considered cracked may not be as simple as it seems
Defining where concrete is cracked its as easy as searching where the concrete could be in tension. If the concrete is in tension it is or will be definitely cracked! Non-cracked concrete consideration must be shown by calculation for the different load combinations.

What is reasonably easy for a simple beam or cantilever

can be fairly complex for a real structure load scenarios

Single load
Distributed loads

Wind load

Single load

Cracked concrete : For seismic actions the concrete shall be always considered cracked!
Earthquake shaking leads tension and compression in the concrete members to change compared to static loads. In the case seismic action is considered, concrete shall be considered as cracked concrete (unless proven otherwise by a specific report)!

For all cases, the designer is always responsible to define if the anchor is set in cracked or non-cracked concrete! We should focus on explaining what this implies for the anchors selection and performance

Material & Corrosive resistance

Environmental conditions

Galvanized
5-20 m

Hot dipped Galvanised

Sherardised

A4 Steel
BS, UNS, JIS 316
Inside rooms with heavy condensation Outside with moderate chlorides

HCR

Inside rooms without humidity Outside only for temporary applications

Damp inside rooms

Slightly corrosive outside atmosphere

Occasional exposure to condensation

Highly corrosive surroundings like road tunnels, indoor swimming pools

Low

Corrosive Resistance

High

Material & Corrosive resistance

Ceiling over swimming pool collapsed due to corrosion!!!

Types of Loading
Load

Pulsating Load

Load

Static Load
Load Time

Time

Shock Load

Time Load Alternating Load Load

Seismic Load

Time

Time Time

Hole surface conditions & Moister condition

Diamond cored hole

Saturated concrete & Water filled hole

Thai Climate Temperature

37 C

Anchor Design Criteria

Design criteria Load & direction
Moment & direction Fixing direction Other requirements

Floor

LEED certify FM certified NSF

Type of load
Types of base material Moister condition

Wall

Fire resistance
Shock load Fatigue teat

Hole surface conditions

Temperature condition Corrosive condition Cracked or Non cracked Types of anchor Ceiling

Controlled failure mode

Now you know many things about anchors!

Lets start the design with ACI 318 appendix D