1

1. Question
Ali: Scientific research gives us new tools and technologies that play an important role in saving lives. However, even more important is the role that scientific research plays in providing us with new ideas and unexplored avenues. At the same time it increases our knowledge base as well. Ahmed: Your priorities are incorrect. here is no doubt that saving lives is of utmost priority. !n the absence of scientific research, the field of medicine would not be as developed and advanced as it is now. Question: Ali and Ahmed disagree on whether scientific research

(A) partially derives its importance from it being able to provide new ideas (B) enhance our knowledge of the field of medicine (C) has an important goal of saving of human lives (D) has its most valuable accomplishments in the domain of medical applications (E) has any value apart from contributing with new ideas and tools to save lives

ncorrect

his "uestion re"uires you to determine the basis of disagreement between Ali and Ahmed with respect to scientific research. Ali mentions two roles that scientific research has: first, its role in saving lives and secondly its contribution in providing increased knowledge and new ideas. Ali regards the second role as more important than the first. However, Ahmed affirms that saving lives is the most important role of scientific research. herefore the disagreement is whether research has its most valuable role in the domain of medical applications. he correct answer, therefore, is #$%. &esponse #A% is incorrect since both Ali and Ahmed agree that scientific research 'partially derives its importance from it being able to provide new ideas.( Ali mentions this clearly whereas Ahmed cites this by saying that in the absence of scientific research, medicine would not be as developed as it is. &esponse #)% is incorrect since both Ali clearly states that scientific research expands our knowledge. !nfact he says it*s the most important role of research. +n the other hand Ali states that scientific research gives us with new technologies that have medical applications. &esponse #,% is incorrect. Ahmed says that saving lives is the most important goal of scientific research whereas Ali cites this as one possible application of scientific research.

&esponse #-% is incorrect. Ali clearly mentions that research has value apart from saving lives. this is its role in improving our knowledge and giving us new tools and technologies. However, in case of Ahmed we cannot infer this since he only mentions about saving lives as the most important role of research.

3. Question
/hile constructing the ,entaurs ower in 0akistan in 1223, the tower*s designer, Aslam 4han, found out that part of the building was bending sideways by a few centimeters. )efore he could halt the construction, the whole tower broke off and plummeted, along with many workers. !t was the worst construction disaster in history of 0akistan. As a result of an in"uiry that followed, the construction 'universal standards( went down all across 0akistan after this incident. wenty first5century building developers in 0akistan now depend on far more stringent applications of mathematical and computational analysis. Question: /hich statement can be inferred from the passage6

(A) Buildings that were constructed before the Centaurs "ower accident were built without thorough computational analysis and# therefore# were unsafe for public use$ (B) Aslam%s negligence and delay in informing about the problem resulted in the breaking off of the building$ (C) "wentieth&century tower developers relied on their own methods of tower design since mathematical models were unreliable$ (D) 'nly a more rigorous mathematical analysis of the Centaurs tower could have prevented its fall$ (E) (rior to 1))* the mathematical analysis incorporated in construction standards was insufficient to completely assure the safety of buildings under construction$

ncorrect

his is an inference "uestion, which means that you have to conclude your answer based on the information given in the passage. he passage cites that the ,entaurs tower disaster in 1223 and the in"uiry that happened afterwards caused the construction 'universal standards( to go down or abandoned. Since this disaster was the cause of this abandonment, it can be assumed safely that these were the same standards being used in tower construction before 1223 in 0akistan. his means that these standards were not reliable and hence the safety of towers under construction was at risk. After this incident, 0akistan 'depends on far more rigorous applications of mathematical analysis(. his means the standards used earlier were insufficient to assure safety. hus, #-% is the correct response.

&esponse #A% is incorrect. !t says that towers built before 1223 were unsafe for public because they were built without proper analysis. )ut the passage does not mention anything as such. he passage only provides evidence about the safety of towers built before 1223 during construction. !t does not say anything about the towers built before 1223 after they were open for use by the public. &esponse #)% is incorrect in blaming Aslam for the disaster. he passage does not mention that Aslam was either unaware of the problem or that he deliberately delayed halting the pro7ect. He maybe 7ust did not had enough time to respond and by the time he did it was already too late. &esponse #,% is incorrect. there is no evidence in the passage about why twentieth5century tower developers relied on their own standards of construction. &esponse #$% is also incorrect. /hile the passage does mention that a more rigorous analysis would have prevented the tower from collapsing, however it gives no evidence that it is the only way the collapse could have been prevented. here could have been other measures as well that would have prevented the fall.

4. Question
he collapse of the twin towers on September 11 8991 is interesting because there is still no evidence of a bomb explosion that current theory says should have happened for the towers to collapse of that si:e. ;any of the most sensitive detection instruments have been used to search for the traces that such bomb explosions leave. hus current theory is wrong in claiming that the collapse of the twin towers was a result of a bomb explosion. Question: /hich one of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument6

(A) ,ost twin tower rubble that investigators have investigated has a bomb trace nearby$ (B) -ensitive detection instruments have detected bomb trace much farther away than the location of the twin towers$ (C) "he collapse of the twin towers was the first that investigators were able to observe$ (D) -everal important features of the collapse are correctly predicted by the current theory$ (E) -ome bomb traces are known to have come into e.istence by a cause other than the fall of the twin towers$

ncorrect

his "uestion aims to identify the answer that most strengthens the argument. he argument says that current theory is wrong in claiming that twin towers of a certain si:e are always brought down by a bomb explosion. <o evidence has been found of a bomb explosion behind by the 2=11 event. However, the failure to find evidence of the bomb explosion does not necessarily indicate that such evidence does not exist. !t may be the case that the instruments used to search for the evidence are not sensitive or strong enough to detect traces of explosion. Hence the argument would be strengthened if the instruments were able to find the bomb traces if that trace existed. !f 'sensitive detection instruments have detected bomb trace much farther away than the location of the twin towers,( then it means the instrument are perfectly good to detect bomb traces if they existed. hus, #)% is the correct response. &esponse #A% does the opposite of what the "uestion re"uires us to do. !t weakens the argument by saying that bomb traces were found with the rubble of the twin towers. his would mean that it was infact a bomb that is likely the cause of the fall of the towers. &esponse #,% reports that the twin tower event was the first that the scientists were able to observe. his information has no direct bearing to strengthen the argument that the current theory is wrong. &esponse #$% asserts that several important features of the September 11 event are correctly predicted by the current theory. his supports the current theory and would thus, if anything, weaken the argument that the current theory is wrong. &esponse #-% provides information that pertains to bomb traces that did not cause the fall of the towers, it is irrelevant to the "uestion of whether all huge collapses like that of the twin towers are caused by bomb traces, as the current theory claims. Hence, #-% lends no support to the argument.

5. Question
0akistani 0olitician: $emocracy does not promote freedom of speech and media. ! can "uote several examples from history where democratic governments produced the most oppressive environment. >ikewise, there have been martial laws, non5democratic political systems, enlightened despotisms and oligarchies that have provided a conducive and free environment to both media and speech. Question: he reasoning in the 0akistani politician argument is flawed because it

(A) confuses the conditions re0uired for freedom of speech and media with the conditions sufficient to bring it about (B) fails to take into account that a significant increase in the level of freedom might cause a society to become more democratic

(C) refers to historical e.amples that are irrelevant to the causal claim being made (D) ignores the possibility that democracy promotes political freedom without being necessary or sufficient by itself to produce it (E) bases its historical case on a personal point of view

ncorrect

his "uestion re"uires you to identify the erroneous reasoning in the politician*s argument. he politician argues that democracy does not promote freedom of speech. he politician provides two reasons to support his argument: firstly that democracy is not sufficient for media freedom, and secondly that democracy is not necessary for media freedom. he flaw is that even if democracy is not necessary or sufficient for media freedom, it can still promote freedom. hus, #$% is the correct response. &esponse #A% is incorrect. he argument aims to prove that democracy does not promote freedom by saying that it is neither necessary nor sufficient for freedom. !t does not provide any conditions re"uired for freedom of speech. &esponse #)% is incorrect. )y saying that an increase in freedom would cause more democrati:ation would not weaken the conclusion that democracies do not promote freedom. /e are concerned with the effect of democracy on freedom, not the effect of freedom on democracy. &esponse #,% is incorrect. he causal claim is that democracy does not promote media freedom. he historical examples in the argument are relevant to this claim, and hence would not weaken the conclusion. &esponse #-% is also incorrect. he politician does not provide a personal point of view. he historical examples themselves are an impersonal, though flawed, basis for the argument*s conclusion.

6. Question
Author: Some pharmaceutical companies sell their medicines in rich countries at one price and in poor countries at a much lesser price. hey feel 7ustified in doing this because they find it their moral obligation to provide medicine to those who need them but cannot afford them ? while at the same time striving to make sure that they make a profit as well. )ut this practice is not 7ustified. A poor country can have a significant middle class who can easily afford the medicines than a wealthy nation with many poorer citi:ens. Question: /hich one of the following principles, if valid, most helps to 7ustify the author*s reasoning6

(A) ll people deserve more consideration than do healthy people# irrespective of their social status$ (B) (rofitable companies have a moral obligation to provide their resources to those who cannot afford them$ (C) 3hether or not a person deserves special treatment depends on that person%s needs rather than on characteristics of the society to which the person belongs$ (D) Citi4ens of rich countries should not have access to better health care than do the people in poorer countries$ (E) 5ne0ual distribution of wealth is less unfair then une0ual access to health care$

ncorrect

he author states that pharmaceutical companies need to keep in mind both their moral obligation as well as the need to make a profit. !n order to achieve this goal they have started selling drugs at lower prices in poorer countries. he author states that this practice is un7ustified. o support his argument, the author mentions that every nation has its own make up of social classes and that a poor nation can have a ma7ority of middle class people who can afford these drugs and vice versa. +ption #,% does exactly that by saying that the pharmaceutical companies* provides special concessions based on the characteristics of the society, rather than personal needs. hus, #,% is the correct response. &esponse #A% is wrong because it discusses about the ill and healthy people whereas the passage focuses on the financial ability of people to pay for the drugs. Although he principle stated in #)% is true but it provides no support to the author*s reasoning, who argues that pharmaceutical companies* pricing strategy is not 7ustified by this moral obligation. he principle stated in #$% states that people in rich communities should not have better health care than those in poorer nations. his is not the argument of the author since the author himself is only against the pricing policy and not the disparity between the health care of the rich and the poor. he principle stated in #-% brings up a different issue than the one the author is addressing. &esponse #-% is thus not relevant to the author*s reasoning.

7. Question
Aslam: ! bought a 7acket this winter season that is latest in fashion and stylish but does not keep me warm because it is more elegant. he analysis of the situation above is analogous for which one of the following situations6

(A) Aslam buys a car to commute to go to work even though the new ,etro is 0uick and reliable$ (B) Aslam buys a baby seat for his young son because it is more comfortable# though not safer$ (C) Aslam buys Coke even though his favorite drink is cheaper and better tasting because he thinks it will impress his guests$ (D) Aslam sets his heater at a low temperature this winter because he wants to save his environment from the to.ic gases that are produced by the heater$ (E) Aslam convinces his boss to purchase him an e.pensive car so that he can impress the company%s clients when he goes to meet them$

ncorrect

his "uestion asks you to analy:e the situation and then come up with a similarly reasoned situation. he argument mentions that Aslam bought a 7acket during the cold winter ? the 7acket was elegant but did not keep him warm. herefore one can safely deduce that Aslam sacrificed comfort at the expense of pleasure. !n option #,%, Aslam buys ,oke for his guests although he prefers a cheaper and better tasting drink simply because he wants to impress them. Here he does the same as he did in the case of 7acket. herefore the correct answer is #,%. !n response #A%, Aslam purchases a car to go to work even though the bus service is much "uicker and reliable. Although Aslam does sacrifice time but he does not do this at the cost of something. Hence #A% is not the correct response. !n #)% Aslam does do something very similar to what he did when he went to purchase his 7acket i.e. he is sacrificing safety for more comfort. Although the line of reasoning is similar to that in the "uestion, however it is not as similar as that in #,%. !n the case of 7acket Aslam sacrificed comfort for pleasure, however in #)% he sacrifices safety for comfort, which is not exactly the same as #,%. !f we had no option #,% then #)% would have been the best answer. #$% Aslam sets his heater at a low temperature this winter because he wants to save his environment from the toxic gases that are produced by the heater. #$% is irrelevant to the situation given in the "uestion. !n #$% Aslam aims to save the environment, by not using his heater at its full capacity. He is not giving up on any feature of the product for the sake of something else. herefore this is wrong. #-% Aslam convinces his boss to purchase him an expensive car so that he can impress the company*s clients when he goes to meet them. !n #-% Aslam convinces his boss to buy him a luxury car so that he can impress the company*s clients during meetings. Although he is definitely striving to attain pleasure and luxury but he is

not doing that by sacrificing something else. Sacrifice or giving up of an important feature is the key to the line of reasoning used in the "uestion. Hence #-% is wrong.

8. Question
Situation: !n 0akistan, the government has significantly increased the price of petrol in order to discourage people from driving. !t uses the revenue it generates from petrol to subsidi:e electricity cost in order to reduce its price. Analysis: he greater the success of the first step, the less the success of the second. Question: he analysis provided for the situation above would be most appropriate in which one of the following situations6

(A) Cable "7 service providers% charges a late fee in order to encourage customers to pay their bills on time$ "he cable "7 company then uses revenue from the late bill payments to send reminders to customers to pay their bills$ (B) Burger point heavily charges for overnight home delivery in order to discourage use of this option$ "he restaurant then uses revenue from the stiff surcharge to pay the e.tra cost it incurs for providing this service$ (C) ,odel "own parks% management charges an admission ticket so that the money can be used to maintain the park$ n order to keep ticket cost low# the management does not develop any new pro8ects from this money$ (D) 9:C adds a 1;< service ta. to all customer orders so that every customer does not have to pay a tip$ "his money is then distributed e0ually among all waiters who have low salaries$ (E) ,otorway charges a toll in order to encourage motorists to use other routes$ t then uses this money to generate revenue to build a new road$

ncorrect

he analysis cites that with reduction in driving there will be less success of reduction in the price of electricity. his is common sense. Suppose that people get discouraged for using cars since petrol prices are so high. Assume that no one uses cars any more. that means that this first policy has become very successful. his would imply that no gasoline is being purchased anymore. therefore no revenue petrol purchases. his means there will be no subsidy on electricity and hence the second ob7ective would fail. Among the options, #-% is the one that is analogous to the "uestion. he more people use other routes, the less toll revenue there will be for the new road. hus #-% is the correct response. &esponse #A% is incorrect. >ate fees and reminders share 7ust one ob7ective. Success in one is success in the other.

&esponse #)% is incorrect. !n this case again success in one will define the success in other. So if there are more overnight deliveries then we*ll have more revenue to offset for the additional cost. &esponse #,% is incorrect. /e cannot infer that more success in getting visitors to help maintain the park will cause less success in keeping the fees low. &esponse #$% is incorrect. his is a case where success in one may or may not define the success in other. So for instance a 19@ surcharge on every order may or may not be greater than if the customers paid a tip on their own. So we cannot say with surety what the outcome might be.

9. Question
he 0akistan government understands the importance of hydel power very well, and in many parts of the country they have made extensive and excellent use of hydroelectricity. his makes it all the more confusing that the 0akistan government does not use waterpower in large cities. Question: /hich one of the following, if true, contributes most to an explanation of the difference described above in the 0akistan*s use of hydel power6

(A) "he (akistan government is efficient at developing water distribution system that would carry water for power generation to large cities$ (B) n large cities water flow is consistent throughout the season e.cept for some minute variations$ (C) 3ater power can be easily damaged but could be 0uickly and ine.pensively repaired$ (D) n large cities other types of energy sources are being used$ (E) n large cities the introduction of waterpower would cause social unrest and retaliation since a large number of 8obs will be lost$

ncorrect

!n this "uestion we need to find the apparent discrepancy that in large cities there is no usage of hydel power whereas in other areas waterpower is used extensively. &esponse #-% helps to answer this irony. !t identifies a negative impact that waterpower use would have in larger cities i.e. if used in larger cities it could cause social unrest. &esponse #A% is incorrect. !t does not explain the discrepancy nor does it give a reason of why the 0akistan government did not use waterpower in large cities. &esponse #)% is incorrect. !t simply gives a reason to expect the use of waterpower in large cities, not a reason for the discrepancy.

1;

&esponse #,% is incorrect. !t does nothing to explain the pu::ling situation. &esponse #$% looks a catchy answer. !t states that rather than using hydel power, they used other energy resources in large cities. However we are looking for reasons for why they did not use waterpower. /hat was so special about waterpower that it caused the authorities to not use it in big cities.

10. Question
!f the parks in 0akistan are government owned, then we will have to use government funds to maintain them. his was definitely more people would have free or cheap access to the parks and recreation but at the same time if the parks are not looked after, soon their condition would become unfit for public use. Hence we should not nationali:e these parks. Question: /hich of the following, if true, would most weaken the argument above6

(A) "he general public does not want more parks$ (B) At the present the government after all public and private parks$ (C) "he public already goes to many parks$ (D) "here have been no complaints from the original owners of the nationali4ed properties$ (E) -ome privately owned parks are not well maintained$

ncorrect

!n this "uestion we need to find the best option that would weaken the argument which is that while nationali:ing allows more of the public to access parks but this could at the same time lead to ill maintained parks. !f the parks are not cared for then people will not use them. Hence for this reason one should not nationali:e these parks. he central assumption in this argument is that private parks would perform well compared to public parks. So the best answer choice must weaken or deny this assumption and state that the government would do well in taking care of the parks. ,hoice #)% does that by saying that at the present all parks are under the government so even if the government nationali:es those parks, nothing changes. ,hoice #A% is incorrect. !t says that the public does not want more parks. -ven if this is true, it in no way denies or weakens the fact that government should not nationali:e parks. ,hoice #,% is incorrect. Aust like choice #A%, choice #,% does not contradict the author*s conclusion. !t says that public goes to many parks but this is no way points towards the fact that government should or should not nationali:e the parks.

11

,hoice #$% is not correct because the author*s argument does not say anything about the original owners being involved in any ways in the maintenance of the parks. ;aybe they don*t care at all now since the parks are not available to them now. ,hoice #-% may look like a catchy answer. !t says that some private parks are not well maintained meaning that even if the government privati:es the parks there is still no surety that they will be well run. However this is not the right option because it says Bsome* privately owned parks are not well maintained. his means that there might be some private parks that are well maintained as well ? simply put we are not sure.