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 489 

 

 
   

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    

 
     

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               
   
   
       
        
        
     
    
    
        
     
     (chemic al evolution)  
    
  
            
 
          
       
   

   
 
     
         
    

  

(inorganic matter)  -1


(water)  -2

(clay)  -3

(adsorbable clay)    -4

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   -5

(old physically & chemic ally altered mud )



(dried & highly purified clay)     -6

(ext ract of purified clay)  -7

 
      
   

(Inorganic matter)  -1


             
     
      
              
 
     
 ( :   )

  
           

                    
  
       
          
 
   
    
        
     
                
       
 O  

    
    ( :   )


o   

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      
  
     
           
    
 

        
     

            
      
            

   
   
      
      
       
   
           
      

 

(Wat er)  -2
     
   
 
  
      
        
      
 
   
             
  (  :   )

 
     
    
   

  
      
        
   
(  :   )

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 
         
     
  
   
   
                

       
        

       

       
 
            
         O      

         )


( :   

 o  
       
  
   

            

(Clay)  -3
   
        
   
    
              
        
            
       
 :    
  
   
  

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 
           
    
            
     
              
   
                 
  
 
          
      
            
    

    
     
      
 
  
 
 
  
           
     
  
      
    
 
    

 

(Adsorbable clay)    -4
       
      
     
    

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       O       
o
 :  
  
           
       
       
     
            
  
            

 
        

   -5
(Old physically & chemically altered mud)
     
         
                  
  
 
      
    
           
       O    

         :


         

 

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 
    

o     

 
          
       

            
  
 
                

  
                   
    
             
          
       
      
 
              
              
     
             
                 
     
      
      


               
   
           
 
  

               
      

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   
 500 
         (physical change) 

  
       
  
        
         
     
           
      
  
           
  
  

o  
      O     

 :  
       
            
      :   
    

         O            


  
         

    o  :   

                
        
     
  
 
  

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        
     
               
               
 
             
     
        
      
      
       
    
  :    
              
    
               
                

         
    
    
       

     
       
    
 
           
   

  
 
        O        

 
         
  :

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       


o 

    
          
 
             
  
 


(Dried & highly purified clay)     -6
             

    

   
        
o      O   

:  
   
             
     
       
    
  
      
     
                 
               

     
      
                 
 

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   
 503 
                  
  
          
 
 
   
     
   
              
      
 
         

      
    
                

      
   
                   
        

    
       
    
    

        
     
    
               

            
    
 

             
      
        
      

       
 
    

         

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   
 504 
    
          
   
                
  
     
       
  

          
       
   
            
    
         
          
 o            O   
        O    
o   :  
  
    
                   
        
 O   

o      :  


       
    
 
  
     
    

(Extract of purified clay)  -7


         
   
        
 

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   
 505 
    
               
    
   O 

  
o  


           
   


        
       
   
    
(process of purification)      
 
              
 
                 
                       
    

             
              
      
 

  
                   
  
        
    
       
 

     
 
 
       
 
     
 
          
        
             
 

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   
 506 
            

    
      
          
   
   
       
      
             

  
               
            
     
  
               
  
    
 
  
        
  
   
         
 
     
    
    
  
      

                    

               
          
     
    
       
 
                 
   
      
          
      
      
 

  
   
 
           
         
         

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   
 507 
                 
 

                     
  
                  
      
      
    
                   

 
     
   
   
        
  
   
      
                 
      
  O          

     
      
       
       

o

 
  
   
            

                     
 
    
      


   
    

  

    
   
  
   
 
    
    

    
    
      
 
  

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   
 508 
          
        
  
  
   
       
   
           
     
          

             

  

             
       
       
    
          

        
 
        
  
     
  
       
  
             
 
         
       
 
              
           
 
       
      
  )
(    

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   
       

     
               
       
  
       
   
       
    

  
    
   
     

   
 
              
            
(   )

    
      
               
  
    
       
        
   )
            

        
   
   
  
              
   
 
                
    
      
      
              
   

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   
           
    
 
              
 
 
           
 
    
             

 
           
   
    
     
     
      

 


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 

     
 
 

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   
 513 

     
      
 
         
      
 
             
   

  
         
      
              
  
            
   
         
   

   
         
  
   
   
      2      
   
       (celluler division)   

       

(Mitotic division in uterus)  


  
         
         
    
  
       
  

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   
 514 

:  
  
               
(s in g le  
         
  life cell) (    )

       


                
   
      
 

      6 
      
   
           

   
     
         
     
     
  
         
fertilized ovum 
Zygote      
  

       
  
   

      
        
 
   
 
   
             
   (mingled fluid) O             

      ( )

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   
 515 
 
    
o   

   
         
  

   
    
    
   
   (potentialities)  

 (Mingled fluid)   



           
 
   
         fertilization 
           
    
      fertilizing liquid

(Sper m)   -1


  
      
 
      
    O           
o   (   ) 
    
       

spermatic liquid      
      

           sperm
(A liquid pour ed out)    -2
  
     

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   
 516 
    
 ( )     O         
     
 o        O     
 ) 
     O       
    (     (    )
      o  

 (  )  
o  
 
 
          

    
 
                
   
             

 
            
   
 sacrum        
 
      
  symphysis pubis   
   

    
 
   
The seminal passage in the plevic cavity lies
between the anterior and posterior segments of the
pelvic girdle.

       


 semen  
         
     
  
   
         (anatomy)  
       

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   
 517 
   
 
     
      
    
       
   

 

(A despised liquid)    -3
    
    
 
               
          O   

o (   )

(Mingled fluid)     -4


     
    
   
            
   (mingled fluid)    
(:  )

  
       
     

  
    
         
   

  sp e r ma t i c liq u i d  
     
    (glands)   (secretions)
1. Testicals

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   
 518 
2. Seminal vesicles
3. Prostate glands
4. Glands of urinary tract

(Mitotic division) 


    
     
    
 
  (fertilized ovum)            

    
        


            
  mitotic division    
    
 
              
(sin gle  
             
   
  life cell)            
       
      
      (    )

 
   
   
 
 
     
             
              
  ( )

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   
 519 
    

   zygote   
   
 -1

      
   -2

   
   
  cells   -3

   

   mitotic
        division 
  
  
1. Prophase 2. M etaphase
3. Anaphase 4. Telophase

  ( v e r t i c a l l y )   
    
 

     (horizo ntally)

    (Single life cell)  


    mitosis     

  (cells)          meiosis   
  
   m a t u ri t y        

meiosis      ovarian cells   testicular cells

   ova  spermato zoa  


 
zygote         fertilizat ion  
   
 


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   
 520 

  
(Ut erus)    
(uteru s)  
   
    ovum  sperm 
   implant ation of egg  
 
  
     
                        
    
       
 
     
              (egg) 
  
  
    
  

   (Hanging mass) 


 
   
        
   

          
   
   
   
 
  
  
  O          
          o  O      

      
     
o  

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   
 521 
   
 
 
       O          
 (  
 )  
           
 
       o (     )

     

           
    
        
      
         
       
  
 
        
  
 embr yology
    
           
  
 

       
        
          
        
   
     
      

      
   
            
  
     
         
   

  
       
       
         
  
    

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   
 522 
     
   
   
  

    
       

   
       
 
      


    
              
      

   
              
      
   O  

 
o

              


 (   
  )   
  O   

o

   
                  
     
 

         
       
    
       
  

                



 

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   
 523 
     
         

  

                     




    
   O      
 
         (  -   )

    
  
 
 
o   

      


  
 
             
   
     
         
   (deve lop me ntal stages of human embryo)

Extr act of cl ay     


Sper matic liquid of sper m    
Ha n g i ng mas s c li ng i ng t o t he    
endometr ium of the uter us

Chewed lump of chewed substance     


Skeletal system   
Muscular system   
New cr eat ion     

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   
 524 
    
     
  
   


:  
  
)  
                   
  (  
                  
      O        

   (     
)  ( :  )

)     
)      ( 
 (   
o   

:       


   
   
              
   (mingled O               

fluid)

      ( : )

     
 
  ( 
 )    ( )
o

 (embryo)  
      
  
 
         
    
  

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   
 525 
              

        (embryology)  
 
 
   
  (University of Toronto)
   (Dr Keith L. M oore) 
Pr imo r diu m o f t he in te r nal ear s ap p ear s
before the beginning of the eyes and the brain (the
site of understanding) differentiates last. This part
of Su r a 32:9 in d ic at e s t h at spe c ial se nse s o f
hearing, seeing and feeling develop in this order,
which is true.

       
    
       
      
  9       
   
     
    
    
 

    
 
      
      
 

     
       
 
    
    
   
    
     
    
     
  

   
       

     (Streete r)  1941   
   

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   
 526 
   
       
 O' Rahilly   1972  
    
     

 
 14    
       
    


    
    
      
     
  
              

   
 


  (Embryo) 
  

     
  
      
          
 
       
  
   

                   
    


            
        

          
  
 
 )       
 O        
  
    (   ( )

 
  (      
 )  
     
o        

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   
 527 
  L e e u w e n H o o k    1 7

       (micr osc ope )


     
    
      
 
             
   
        

 (thr e e veils 
of darkness)       

 
 
  
1. Anterior abdominal wall
2. Uterine wall
3. Amnio-chorionic membrane
or
Extra-emb ryonic me mbranes

    
(veils of darkness)     

    opacities   laye rs  



     (laye rs)      

  
   
  
           

   
1. Chorion 2. Amnion 3. Amniotic fluid

    (Dr  
Keith L. M oore)

 

   
     

        

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   
 528 
 

Keith L. Moore, Ph D, FIAC
Statements referring to human reproduction
an d d evelop men t are sc att er ed th r ou gh ou t t he
Qu r 'an. It is o n ly r e c e n tly t h at th e sc ien t ific
me an in g o f so me o f t h e se ve r se s h as b e e n
app rec iat ed fu lly. The lo ng de lay in int erp ret ing
th e se ve r se s c o r r e c t ly r e su lt e d main ly fr o m
in ac cu rate tr an slat ion s an d c omme nt aries, an d
from a lack of awareness of scientific knowledge.
Interest in explanations of the verses of the
Qur'an is not new, people used to ask the Prophet
M uhammad all sorts of questions about the meaning
of ve rses r efer ring t o h uman r ep ro du ct io n. The
Ap o st le's an swe r fo r m t he b asis o f t h e Had ith
lite ratu re.
Th e t ran slat io ns o f th e ve rse s fr o m th e
Qur 'an wh ic h ar e in te rpr et ed in th is pap er wer e
p r o vid e d b y S h e ikh Ab d u l M ajid Z e n d an i, a
pr o fe ssor o f Islamic S tu d ies in Kin g Abd u laziz
University in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
"He make s yo u i n t h e wo mb s o f yo u r
mothers, in stages, one after another, in three veils
of darkness."

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   
 529 
This st ate me nt is fr om sura 39. We do not
kn o w wh e n it was re alized th at h uman b ein gs
underwent development in the uterus (womb), but
the first known illustration of a fetus in the uterus
was d r awn b y Le on ar d o d e Vin c i in t h e 15t h
cen tur y. In th e 2nd ce ntu ry AD, Gale n d esc ribed
the placenta and fetal membranes in his bookOn
th e Formati on of th e Foetu s . Co n se q u e n t ly ,
doctors in the 7th century AD likely knew that the
hu man emb r yo d e ve lop e d in t h e u te r u s. It is
unlikely that they knew that it developed in stages,
even though Aristotle had described the stages of
de ve lo p me n t o f t h e c h ic k e mb r yo in th e 4th
century BC. The realization that the human embryo
develops in stages was not discussed and illustrated
until the 15th century.
After the microscope was discovered in the
17th century by Leeuwen Hook, descriptions were
made of the early stages of the chick embryo. The
staging of human embryos was not described until
the 20th century. Streeter (d.1941) developed the
fir st syst e m o f st agin g wh ic h h as n o w b e e n
replaced by a more accurate system proposed by
O'Rahilly (d.1972).
"Th e t hre e veils of d arkness" may refer to :

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   
 530 
(1) t he an te rio r abd omin al wall; (2) th e ut erine
wall; an d (3) t h e amn io -c h o rio nic me mb r ane .
Alt ho ugh the re are ot he r int er pr et at io ns of t his
statement, the one presented here seems the most
logical from an embryological point of view.
"Then we placed him as a drop in a place of
rest." This statement is from sura 23:13. The drop
or nu tfah h as be en in te rp re te d as th e spe rm of
sp e r ma t o z o a n , b u t a mo r e me an i n g f u l
interpretation would be the zygote which divides to
form a blastocyst which is implanted in the uterus
(a place of rest). This interpretation is supported
by another verse in the Qur'an which states that "a
human be ing is cr eat ed from a mixe d dr op." The
zygo t e fo rms by t he u nio n o f a mixt u re o f t h e
sperm and the ovum (the mixed drop).
"Th en we mad e th e dr op int o a lee ch -like
structure." This statement is from sura 23:14. The
word alaqa refers to a leech or bloodsucker. This is
an appr opr iat e d esc rip tio n o f th e hu man embryo
fr o m d ay s 7 -24 in wh ic h i t c lin gs t o t h e
endometrium of the uterus, in the same way that a
leech clings to the skin. Just as the leech derives
blo od fro m th e ho st , th e hu man embr yo d er ives
blood from the decidua or pregnant endometrium.

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   
 531 
It is r emar kab le ho w muc h th e e mb ryo of 23-24
d ays r e s e mb le s a l e e c h . A s t h e r e we r e n o
microscopes of lenses available in the 7th century,
do ct or s wou ld n o t have kn own th at t h e hu man
embryo had this leech-like appearance. In the early
part of the fourth week, the embryo is just visible
to th e u naid ed eye b ec au se it is smaller th an a
kernel of wheat.
"Then of that leech-like structure, We made
a chewed lump." This statement is also from sura
23:14. The Ar abic wo rd Mu dgh ah means c hewed
substance or chewed lump. Toward the end of the
fou rth week, th e hu man e mb ryo looks so mewhat
like a c h e we d lu mp o f fle s h . Th e c h e we d
ap p e ar an c e r e su lt s f r o m t h e so mit e s wh ic h
resemble teeth marks. The somites represent the
beginnings or primordia of the vertebrate.
"The n we made ou t of th e c h ewed lump,
bo n e s an d c lo t h e d t h e b on e s in fle sh ." Th is
continuation of sura 23:14 indicates that out of the
chewed lump stage, bones and muscles form. This
is in accordance with embryological development.
First the bones form as cartilage models and then
the muscles (flesh) develop around them from the
somatic mesoderm.

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   
 532 
"Th e n we d e ve lo p e d o u t o f it an o t h e r
creature." This next part of sura 23:14 implies that
the bones and muscles result in the formation of
another creature. This may refer to the human-like
embryo that forms by the end of the eighth week.
At t his st a g e i t has d i s t i n c t i ve h u man
char acte ristics and po ssesses the primor dia of all
the in ter nal an d ext ernal organs an d par ts. After
the eigh th we ek, t he human embr yo is called a
fetus. This may be the new creature to which the
verse refers.
"An d He gave yo u h e ar ing and sigh t an d
feeling and understanding." This part of sura 32:9
indicates that the special senses of hearing, seeing,
and feelin g develop in t his ord er , which is t ru e.
The primordial of the internal ears appear before
the beginning of the eyes, and the brain (the site of
understanding) differentiates last.
"Then out of a piece of chewed flesh, partly
for me d and p ar tly un fo rmed ." This part o f Su ra
22:5 se e ms t o in d ic at e t h at t h e e mb r yo is
c o mp o s e d of bot h d iffe r e n t iat e d an d
und iffer ent iat ed t issues. Fo r e xample, wh en t he
cartilage bone s are different iate d, th e emb ryonic
conn ect ive tissue o r me sen chyme ar oun d th em is

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   
 533 
und iffer en tiate d. It late r diffe re nt iat es int o th e
muscles and ligaments attached to the bones.
"And We cause whom we will to rest in the
wombs fo r an ap po int ed te rm." This ne xt part of
su ra 22:5 see ms t o imp ly t hat God d et er min es
which embryos will remain in the uterus until full
ter m. It is we ll-kn wo n t hat man y e mbr yo s abo rt
dur ing the first mon th of d eve lo pme nt, an d th at
only about 30% of zygotes that form, develop into
fet us th at su rvive u ntil bir th. This ver se h as also
be en int er pr et ed t o me an th at God d et er mine s
whether the embryo will develop into a boy or girl,
and whether the child will be fair or ugly.
Th is in t er p r e tat io n o f t h e ve r se s in t he
Qur'an referring to human development would not
have been possible in the 7th century AD, or even a
hun dr ed years ago. We c an in te rp re t t he m now
because the science of modern embryology affords
us new understanding.
Und ou bte dly th er e ar e ot he r ve rses in t he
Qur'an related to human development that will be
u n d e r st o o d in t h e fu t u r e as o u r kn o wle d ge
incre ases.

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   
 534 
References:
1. Ar e y, L .B , D ev elo p m e n t A n at om y : A
textb ook a n d Lab orat ory M an n u al of
Emb ryology , r evised 7th ed., Philade lph ia,
W.B.Sanders Co., 1974.
2. M oore, K.L, The Developing Human Clinically
Orien ted Emb ryology , 3rd ed. Philadelphia,
W.B. Sanders Co., 1982.
3. M oore, K.L, Highlights of Human Embryology
in the Qur'an and the Hadith. Proceedings of
the Seventh Saudi M edical M eeting, 1982.
4. M o o r e , K.L, Before W e are B orn , B asi c
Em b ryology an d B irth D efec ts, 2nd ed .,
Philadelphia, W.B.Sanders Co, 1983.
5. O' Rahilly, R, Guide to the Staging of Human
Embryo
6. Str ee te r, G.L, Develop mental Hori zons i n
Human Embryos.

  
     
   
    
 
      
     
     
   
 

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   
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
    

  
    
      
      
       
     
  
                  
   

             
 
         
     
               

  

           
 
            
  
  

      
      
 
   
     O              

         
 (:   )

        


 
 
   
   
o 

   
     
     
          
      
 
   
          


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 536 
      

      
    O       

    o


 O          O     
             O        

 o  
     
O   
     
  
(- :  )

          
 
    o
  o
     

 )  
  
   
o 

   
   
       
    
   

Creation  -1
Arrangement  -2
Estimation 
-3
Guidance  -4

     
 

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   
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     
      O        
    o         O    

           O   

     
 ( :   )

 
       o
  
    
   
        
o
  
        
          
 
  
     
    

 
 
     
   
      
       

        
 

 
  
  
     O      
   o  
    O        
o  (    
 )   O           O   

   
( )    ( : )

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   
 538 
 
   )   o

       
  (  
o 


:   
      
   
                 
    (cell)  
          
    
  O          
 
  
         ( :  )

         
  
       
   
  
o 

  
         


        :  

           


 
           
   
       
         
  
   
(sperm)     
     
   
     
  (ovum)        
     
     
     

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   
 539 
(sperm) 40,00,00,000         
  

       
    
    
     (sperm)      
     
 ( o vu m)      ( o vu m)
       sperm      (membr ane)
     fertilizing membrane    

        
          

   embryo  
   
            
  
   
             


  
          embryo   
        
      
             
 
        (skelton system)     

    (muscular
 system) 


  )                    
   
   
     
    
           
  (     
       
    )   

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   
 540 
 
   (  
    


  
  
     
   
 
(equalization)  -1

(personification) 
 -2

(methodical formation)  -3


    

  
                 

 
       
    O 
   
     o              
O

         
    
O

     
     (: :  )

  
       
o 
   
  
      
  
o


         
     


      
 


         
   
   
 
     30    

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   
 541 
        
        

            
             
  
             
    
 
    

           
               
                 
         (  :   )

  (   )    


 
     
       
    


    
      
   
 
          
    
    

(Nourishment )  -1
    
   
  

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   
 542 
(Pr otection)  -2

 
  
      
      
    
(Movement)   -3

     
       
  
 

  -4

(Contr ol of temper atur e)   
   
            
    (tempe ratu re)
         
            
 

    
      
 
         
  
 

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   
 543 

 


     
 

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  
 545 


     
       
 
   
  
      
              
    

   
    
       
  
            

            
   


              

          
      
   
         
   
  

      
 
   
  
               
              
 
            
                   
  

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  
 546 
    
            
 
         
 
          
    
   
     
 
   

    
  


        
    
 
      
    
        
     
       
    
     
        

         

      
    
  
 
            
 
      
    
  
     
       
  
   
 
  
 -1


 -2


 -3

 

 -4

( 
)
  

 -5


(     -i
 )  

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  
 547 
    
)  
 -ii


(     -iii
 )  

    
 
   -1

              
 

       
     
  
       
     
  
            
       
       
  
       
 
          
  
   
               
   
            
               

  
             
     
                
              
   
          
        
         
    

        
    
    

          
   
     

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  
 548 
 
             

     
      

      
                 
      (   ) O  

 

o     (     

  -2
 


       
       
   
              

   
   
        
                
   
            
     
               
      
  
          
                 
            
 
            
     
                 
   


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  
 549 
           
  
  
  
 

                       



o    
    
O       

( :    
  )

                  


             

   ( :   )

 -3

            
  

  
      

 
     
     

    

     
 
     



  -4


       
    

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  
 550 
     
         
    

    
  

                


      O    
    
       ( :   )
o 
    


        
 
 
       
      
             
    
    
   

 
 
   -5


 
  

  -i

      
         
   
    
   
 
      

   
       

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  
 551 
                      
     
 (  :   )
      


:  
   

      


           
     ( :    )

                     


       

(   )

    
      


                   


   
        O   

o  (  :   )

         
      
 
      
         
 
           
     
      
    
  
         
        

    
        
 


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  
 552 
        
   
      
    

   

  -ii

      
  
      
   
      


        
    
  
           
      
       
       
  
  
 
    



   
      

               


        
         (   :  )
 

                 


             
     
    
     
  ( :    )

  
    
           
     

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  
 553 

   
   


              


   
 
 (  :  )

                     


         
   (:  )

   
        
    

                


  
  

    


             

   
    ( : )



  -iii

  
  
      
   
   
          
  
     
         
               

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  
 554 
        
      
       
        
  
            
 

     
 

  
    O           

         ( : )
o  

 
    
  

            
  
 
   ( :  )


             
 

 
                  
   
     
 
  (:  
  )

   
           



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  
 555 

  
 
   
            
  
        
  
   
                 
    
    
          

              


 
        
           
  
    
        
 

  
            
            
  
             
 

   
           
    

  -1


 -2


  -3


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  
 556 

  -1

     
     
  
         
     
   -1

      -2


    -3
 
    -4
  
     -5

     
 
 
    
      
(physical        
        
 
                 world)

          


      
            
   

   
      
      
            
        
     
                
 
           
   
        
             
  

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  
 557 
  
    
  
   
      

     
  

  
   

           
       
                 
                    

   
       
         


             
    
            

  
 

  
     
   
     
      
                   


                 


             
    
             
   

            


   

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  
 558 
      
          
  
      
           

                
            

  
         
      
  



    
        
 
        
     
            
     
  

           
 

                 

                 

   

            

  
  
                
 
            
   
          
 

            





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  
 559 
             () 
   
              
        
       


 
    

    (physical world)       


  
  
      
        

         
         
  
 
       
      
  
  
   


 
  
   
          
       
        
  
  
        
      
   (perception )    
 (raw material)      
            
     (knowledge)  

          
       
  
          
  

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  
 560 
    
   
     

     
    
 
  
 (factor y)           
               
  
   
           
       
       
       
     

                
                
   
 

             


  
          
    
  
      
     

   

  
      
     
 
     
     
 
  
  

(physical           


  
                
     
 world)

      
        
   
             
 

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  
 561 
    


 -2

   
    
    
               
 
        
  

 -4
   -1


 -5
   -2
 

 -3


        
       -1
    
           

                 
              
  

              -2
      
           
          
      
  
           
 
 
    
   
          

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  
 562 
  
        -3
 
                    

                 
             
  
       
 

          -4


   
       
      



      
     -5
 
  
        
           
 
       
     
      
     
            
  
 
   

   
  
  
 
  

  
        
 
    
  
         
         
                 
       
            

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  
 563 
    
   

 
   
 
        
  
   
      
      

      
 
  
    
 
            
  
         
 



      



         
       
   
            
   
        

               



     
            
                
 
      
          
      
       
               

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  
 564 
                 
            

    
   
 

  
         
         
       
       
    
 
           
                    
     
      

      
     
         
  
     
       
   
   
                
   

               
            
  
      
        
  
       
     
      
   

   
     
      
  
         
     


       
          

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  
 565 
        
  
  
    
     
       
  
              
    
             
 
         
       
  
        
          
 
               
   
          
  
      
         
               
     
        
    
      

       


     
 
               
 
    
         

               
              
              

           
        
  

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  
 566 
         
        
           
     
               

           
 
 

        
    
             
       
          
 
          
   
  
         
 
         
 

 -3
   
      
   
      
 

        
    
 
 
              (intuition)

      
     
    

  
          
  




 -2 
 -1

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  
 567 

 -4 
 -3
 
 -5
    
      
    
     
          
               
 
 
    
 
 
  

 
:             

   
                 
                
                

   
      
        
)
(  :    
       
  

           



          
      
     
           
      
  
    
         
         

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 568 
   
           
     

     
        
    
   
        

 
             
  
      
               
        
       
  
              
    
  
  
          
     

      
           

  
     

           
 

     
         
    
    
         

  
          
 

      
     
    
          

  
  

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  
 569 
       

         
O    
o (   
  )

              
      
   
         

       
       
  
      

         

            
 
   
     
     
    
           
 
           
      
   
           
      
      
       
      
  
  
  
   
       
 
               
   
    
 
(ultimate reality)   

   
          (absolute reality)

          


      
     
         
       
              

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  
 570 
     
    
  
       
  
             
 
            
   
                 
  
               
    

            


 
 
    
   
  
  
        
      
    

 
                
 
    
      

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  
 571 

  


   


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   
 573 

      
      
  
          
   
             
  
    
    
     

         
        
      
      
   
    

    
  

                 

  
     
          

   
             

                      

    
                 

             


      

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   
 574 


                          

        O              

         

       
        

        
          
       
      
       
  
      
    
   
o  

      


     
   

          
        

        
      
  
               

        
      

  
             

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   
 575 
                 
                 
   
  

  
              
    
          
          
     
      
  
  
        
           

  

                   
   
          
     

   
      
         
  
        
     
       
    
      
         
           
    

        
      

     
 
 

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   
 576 

 

          
       

   
      
   
   
      
     



                  

   
     
    
     

    
     
      

           
 
         
         
            
 
  
    
       
  
   

 
  
   
     
    
   
          

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 577 
  
              
 
     

   
         

 
     

       


    
               

     
        

 

      
       




  
     
       
  

     
           

     


    

 
       
      

    
  

    
      
            
  
    
          
    
           

               
 

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 578 
   
    

     
       Pilonidal Sinus
 -1

           
  

  
       
 Pyelonephritis -2

        
    
  
 

            
     
            
 
    
 
           

 
    
       
    

    
      
      
 
         

       

                  

                 
     
  
 
      
     
   


           

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   
 579 
 
        
  

     
           
 
         
      
   
  
             

    
           
 
      
 
   
     
             
  
            
    
     
   
      
  
 
   
       
   
  
               
  
       
       
  
 
          
      
        
      
  
        
  
           
      
          
      
 
   
       
 
        
 

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 580 

     
       
     
   

                
      
       

                

          


     
      

     
     
   
             
      
    
               
        
   
       

              

  
             

         

         

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   
 581 

     
   
   

 
      

   
              

            

     

    
  


              

                  

         

  
       

          
      
          
   

  


 
  

  
             
                      
             

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   
 582 

         
     
  


           
     
         


     
          

                  

                 


 
  
                

      
 
   

  


              
   
            
  
             
  
     
       
   

        
   
    

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   
 583 
   
    


                   

     
    
     

  
   
         

     
 
   


   
          
 

   
  
            

                

     
    

 
     
      

           
  

  
         
      
 
   


       

   
        
     
       
            

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   
 584 

       

 
      

   
    
  
       
       
        
    
 
    

   
 
      
         
               
 
            
 
        
      
   
 
         
  
       
        

 
   



             

       
          

   
            

   
       

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   
 585 
 
            

        
        

       
     
    
     
      

   
   
        
  
 

      


     
    
   

  
          
      
       
  
        
    


 
      


 

      
            

   
           

         
      

          


   
 

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   
 586 
          
  
      
    
  

 
    
     
     
          
                 
  
            
        
      
         
              
           
      
 
  
    

     
 


     
      

     

  
        

              


            
    
        
     

 


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   
 587 

   

      
         
          
        
 
                
  
                
             
   (physiotherapists)    
    
 
           
        
               
        
       

             

 
                
          

 
                     
  
     
         

 
           

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   
 588 
       
        

      
    

    

     
      

  

             


    

      
  
     

          
   
   
     

 250  150     


  
   
   
          

     
           

          
       

                
                    
 
              

                 
 

        
   
   
    
  
        

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   
 589 
         
      
           


         
 
 
 
        
      
 

 
   
 

             


         
 

                  
 
  

     
          

               
                



 
  
     
 
   
     
 

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   
 590 


  
           

          
   
           


       
       
    
    
        
             

     
     



        
     
                
 
              
          
      
       

           
   
  
 

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   
 591 

 

             
   
      
         



    
         


          
      

    
   
  
    
      

    
   
        
 
 
        
        

              
   
           
     

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   
 592 
            
    
   



  
        
  
      
          
        
            
   
       
    
      
       
       

     


            
       

        

   


    
      
            
      
   O        

o      

              




    
   
   
  

    
              

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   
 593 

  
            
     
     
     

            


     
              
  
 
     
    
 
   
  
   


   
              
  

                 

  
          
    
       

 
               

               

        

 
   
 
     

                 

        
          

                

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   
 594 

 
          

   
       

   


  
       

   

 
  
   
            
 
     
      
 
        
     
         
  
        
          
  

 
 
        

   
       
    
            
   
            
 
  
           
    
        
        
 
 
  

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   
 595 
             

2200        
 2900 (calories)  

    

400
  
(carbohydrates)  

    
     (min erals)  

      

45   
  (proteins) 

 C 
  B12  B6  B2 B1 
  A 
 (Vitamins)  

E 
  D 

     
    
(fats)  

 66%     


  (water ) 

 
 

          


 
            
    

    


(Meat) 

           
   


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   
 596 
            
    

      
       
      
  
     
  
 
    
       
     
  
    
         
    
              
 

 
             

     
   
  
    
  
      
           

  
    

(Beef)    

  
           

                

                


       
      
  

    
          

   
   
    
   

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   
 597 
   

  
      
   
        
 
taenia saginate 

    
           
 

    
        
  100
 

 
 15.2  229     -1

 
 14.6  246       -2

 
 12.1  218  -3

 
 21.1  284  

   
  -4

(Mutton)   
 
    
    
  
   
         
   100

 
 17.9  266     
 
-1

 
 29  355      -2

 
 12.3     
 222      -3

 
  8.1  191    
   -4

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   
 598 
     
         
 
  
            

    
     
       

  

   
               

   
      
            

                 


         

     
      

 
  

    
      
(lean)      
 
   
  

(White meat)  

    
    
   
 
              
 
   
      
  
  
    
    

   


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   
 599 

   
     O          

o          

     
         

   
        
 
      
   
       
           
   
   

(Fig & Olive) 



               

     

o     O       



  
    

       


      
(fibr e)    
          
     
             
         
         
      
        
       

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   
 600 
        
     
      
        
     

 
  
     
100

82 

0.7
  

1.2
  
 

1.0
   


35
   

8.8
  


      


               
 
              
  
  
           
   
         
 
         
         
     
           
          
      
    
    

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   
 601 
        
      
         
    
          


   
    
   



      
        

 
           
  

   
                   

    


      


 
    

(Honey) 
    
      


    
        
    
    

               


     


  
   
    

             

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   
 602 

    
       

          

             
         
  
  

   
               

   
    

    
             

  
 
         
  

       
        

      
        

   
        
 
  

 
    
           

 
             
 

                 

        
          


     
        

  
     
         


      
        

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   
 603 

     
  
 

    
         

   
  


 
 
             
  
      
    

 50  40  1

 34.2  2

 1,9  3

 17.7 
4

 1.5 
  5

 0.18   6
 
 
      
     
     



  
 
               
  
           
 
    
 

   


      -1

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   
 604 
  -2

   
  -3

          -4

    
   
     -5




  
  -6

(Grapes) 
        
  
    
  

  


      O      

o       

       


  
             
  
                
    

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   
 605 

(Garlic) 

            

       


    

                 
 
   
         
 
 
  
  
      
                  
       (antiseptic) 
 
(hypertension)  
        
       

(Onion) 

        
         

         


   

              


   
        
    100

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   
 606 
1.3
  (fibe r)  

23
  (Calo ries) 

0.9
  (proteines) 

5.2
  (sugar) 

        
 
 B6    

          
  
            
   
                 
  
 

 
(Po rk) 

      
 
         
      

                  

     
               

    
    
    

  

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   
 607 
              
  
 
          
       
                  
       

 
     
    
 
          
      
  trichinella spiralis   taenia solium 
   
  (epile psy)        
  
 

   
 trichinosis

      acute trichinosis


  
          
  
   
                
      
 
      
      
 
 
 

   
          
 
  

   
          
    
  
   
      100      
   496  
          
   284
 21.1  
   
             
 44.8          
   

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   
 608 
        
  
 
            
              
   

(Drinking) 
   
  
  
         

      

   
                 

                 


                    

       
 O      

        
     
  
     
o 

     

         
   

  
       

 
  
 

    
  
           

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   
 609 

   
 
    

    
              

             

  

        
    
 (amino acids)     
      
       
(me tab olism)   
 
     
     
   
            
    
 
                 
        cardiomyopathy   
     
            
 
       
     
   
 
 
 (cardiovascular system)

  
          
 
              

        (HDL Cholesterol) 
 

       
         

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   
 610 
          
      
                    
       
  (heart associations)
    

      


    
      
 
         
      
   
   
      
         
           
    
 
      
        
           
       
         

      
    
   

 
   

     
            

              

       
    
    

    
 

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   
 611 
 
            
                

                
  
 
    

    
         
       931        
 
      
   
       
            
    

            
   
(clinic)             
 
 

       
       
    
         
    
       
        
   
  
        1,000        
 
   700       
     

          
     
      300 



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   
 612 

   
    
       106  105   
 
      
 
      
   
      
           

          
    
   
     
        

       
 
    
       

    
     
       

 
  

                 

  
      

      

    
     
 

               

     
      

           
    

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   
 613 

   

              
             

               
    
    
  
   
 
           
 

        


     
 

              

  
            

     


       

 
 


  

     

     
        

   
         
  

 
       

      

    
           

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   
 614 

     

             


       

 
  

      
        

     
  
        

     

   
    
   
   
 
   
       
         
  
     
    
    
   
  
          
    
  
   
    


     

  

                   


      
               
    
          
         

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   
 615 
        

     

 
    

               

    
             

            


 
              

   
  
    

        


    
     
            
     
          
               
        


            


     
    

   

                 

          

    
 
      

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   
 616 
             
      
         
      

   


         
   
         
       
 
             
     
 
 

          

                 


   

           

       

   
 
        

            


   

      
        

 
  

      
   
         
      
 
      
    

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   
 617 

                

          

 
 

          


   
         
      
                 
         
      

(Genetic engineering )    



(ge n e t ic         
 

 (genes) 
        engineering)

              
    
   
        
(Deoxyribonucleic            



   
       
 
   Acid)

    (Encyclopaedia 



Britannica)  
   
   
     
 
   
      
   
 
        DNA     

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   
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        
      
  

          
 
  
    
   
 

        


   
   
  
            
    
    
   
 
  
  

             
      
 
      
          
         
     
    
          
     
       
    DNA       
 
   
   
     
    

                       


               
        O  

      
      
O        

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   
 619 
   

    
         



                


  
               
                   
  
       
   
     
   

 

        

 
    
   

            


  
             
 
      
      


         

         
     
  
    

           


     
   
 
        
             
     
             
   

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   
 620 
             
  

         


   
               
 
     
      
    

            
      
          
    
            

 
         
       

          
    
       
     
 
    
     
       
  
    
          

                 
 
    

      
      
          
   
               
    
  
     

  
 
           
     
    

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   
 621 
            
   
  
   
       
      
            


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   

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