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Biography of John Locke

Dates of Birth and Death: () 29 August 1632 in Wrington near Bristol, England () 28 October 1704 in Oates, Essex, England Family Data: John Locke was born into a Puritan family. His father was lawyer and clerk in the court of Justice of the Peace in Chew Magna. During the Civil War he was ocer on the side of the Parliament and the Puritans. His mother was Agnes Keene. In 1661, Locke inherited several cottages and some land from his father. This made him independent. Locke never married and had no children. In 1682, he had a romanticintellectual relation to Damaris Cudworth (1659-1708). After Locke had to go to the exile to the Netherlands, she married Lord Masham, a widower with 8 children, but she and Locke remained friends till his death. Locke spent the last years of his life (since 1691) in the country house of the Masham family in Oates, Essex. Locke was buried on the churchyard of High Laver. Education: Promoted by Alexander Popham (1605-1669) John attended the prestigious Westminster School in London since 1647, where he had a scholarship, which enabled him to continue his education at one of the famous universities. As from 1652, he studied classical philosophy and science at Christchurch College in Oxford; he nished his studies with the Bachelor of Arts in 1656 and with the Master of Arts in 1658. Then he became senior student teaching Greek, Rhetoric, Ethics and Morals as a lecturer. In 1674, he also made the Bachelor of Medicine. Then he travelled to France. Professional Career: As from 1666, Locke was secretary and personal physician at the service of Anthony Ashley Cooper, the 1. Earl of Shaftesbury (1621-1683). He succeeded to save the Earls life by operating his liver. Later, he became tutor of the grandchildren of the Earl and was also politically inuenced by Shaftesbury, who belonged to the Whigs. During the changing political situation,

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Shaftesbury was imprisoned and had to go into exile to the Netherlands in 1682 because of his opposition against James II. as future king. He died there in 1683. Locke also went to exile according to the Rye House Plot, i.e. in the accordance, James II and Charles II were killed during the exile in the Netherlands in the years between 1683 and 1688. When William of Orange came to power, Locke was oered a political position in 1689, but he refused because of health reasons. In the country-house of the Masham family he became the intellectual hero of the Whigs. In the meantime he was famous all over Europe, because of his publications. The king made him excluded from Oxford, where he was not very popular. Locke became important for the enlightenment. He strictly refused the forced conversion to a religion and pleaded for religious tolerance, except for the atheists, because he thought a belief in god was necessary, and the same of the Catholics, because they obeyed a second prince. Locke pleaded for freedom, equality and invulnerability of persons and property. Locke strongly inuenced Voltaire and Rousseau and the American Revolution. Publications: John W. Yolton, later Michael A. Stewart (eds.), The Clarendon edition of the works of John Locke (Oxford 1975), with: The correspondence of John Locke, 8 vols. (1975-1980), A paraphrase and notes on the epistles of St. Paul to the Galatians, 1 and 2 Corinthians, Roman, Ephesians, 2 vols. (1987), An Essay concerning human understanding (1987), Some thoughts concerning education (1989, 2000, 2003), Drafts for the Essay concerning human understanding, and other philosophical writings (1990), Locke on money, 2 vols. (1991), On the reasonableness of Christianity as delivered in the scriptures (1999). Peter Anstey (ed.), John Locke, 4 vols. (London 2006). Essays on the law of nature: the Latin text with a translation, introduction and notes, together with transcripts of Lockes shorthand in his journal for 1676 (Oxford 1954, 2002, 2007). Ioan. Lockii Epistola de tolerantia (Oxford 1968) (A Letter Concerning Toleration) (Goudae 1689), Latin-English: (The Hague 1963), German:

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Herrn Johann Lockens Sendschreiben von der Toleranz, Oder von der Religions- und Gewissens-Freyheit (s.l. 1710; K onigsberg 1755; Bristol 2004), new: Ein Brief u ber Toleranz (englisch-deutsch) (Hamburg 1996; other Edition: Paderborn 2007), French: Lettre sur la tol erance integral (Paris 1995). A second letter on tolerance (London 1690). A third letter on tolerance (London 1692). Letters concerning toleration (London 1765; online Farminton Hills) An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690; 1701, 1726, 1759, 1775, 1788, ...; London 2004; Oxford 2006), http://www.earlymoderntexts. com/f locke.html (16.08.2007), also: http://www.gutenberg.org/browse/ authors/l#2447 (16.08.2007), German: Johann Lockens Anleitung des menschlichen Verstandes zur Erkaentnis der Wahrheit (K onigsberg 1755), new: Versuch u ber den menschlichen Verstand (Hamburg 1988-2000; 6. ed. 2006), also: Die Leitung des Verstandes (Schutterwald 1999), French: Identit e et di erence: linvention de la conscience; an essay concerning human understanding (Paris 1998), also: Essai philosophique concernant lentendement humain (Paris 2004). Two treatises of government (London 1694, 1698, 1728, 1755, 1764, ... ; New Haven, Con. 2003; Cambridge 2003, 2005), German: Zwei Abhandlungen u ber die Regierung (Frankfurt 1906, ..., 1977, 2004, 2006, 2007), other Edition: Uber die Regierung (Stuttgart 1966, 1999, 2003, 2005). The Second Treatise of Government (1690), http://www.earlymoderntexts. com/f locke.html (16.07.2007), and: http://www.gutenberg.org/browse/ authors/l#2447 (16.08.2007), and: The second treatise of government and A Letter concerning toleration (New York 1956, Mineola 2002), German: Zweite Abhandlung u ber die Regierung (Frankfurt 2007). Some Considerations of the Consequences of the Lowering of Interest, and Raising the Value of Money (London 1692, 1696, 1718; D usseldorf 1993). Some Thoughts Concerning Education (London 1693; Indianapolis 1998; Oxford 2000, 2001; Mineola, NJ 2007), German: Gedanken u ber Erziehung (Leipzig 1881; Langesalza 1883, 1910; ... Stuttgart 2002).

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The Reasonableness of Christianitas Deliverd in the Scriptures (London 1695; Chicago 1965; Oxford 1999), French: Que la religion chr etienne est tr` es-raisonnable, telle quelle nous est rerpr esent ee dans lEcriture Sainte (Oxford 1999). Of the Conduct of Understanding (London 1706, 1741, 1754, 1781, 1794), German: Anleitung des menschlichen Verstandes (K onigsberg 1755), or: Lockes Leitung des Verstandes (Heidelberg 1983), also: Uber den richtigen Gebrauch des Verstandes (Leipzig 1920; Hamburg 1978), or: Die Leitung des Verstandes (Schutterwald 1999). Posthumous works of Mr. John Locke (London 1706). Locke in Germany. Des ber uhmten Engl anders Johann Loke vernunftm aiges Christenthum, wie es in der Heiligen Schrift enthalten ist, 8 vols. (Berlin, Leipzig 1709-1761; Bristol 2006). Que la religion chr etienne est tr` es-raisonnable, telle quelle nous est repr esent ee dans lEcriture Sainte (Oxford 1999). Some thoughts concerning education (Oxford 2000, 2001). Mark Goldie (ed.), John Locke: Selected correspondence (Oxford 2002). John Locke: writings on religion (Oxford 2002). Gedanken u ber Erziehung (Stuttgart 2002). The political writings of John Locke (London 2005). Lockes travels in France 1675-1679: as related in his journals, correspondence and other papers (Cambridge 2008). Manuscripts v. http://www.libraries.psu.edu/tas/locke/mss/index.html (16.08.2007). Scientic Awards: In 1668 Locke became member of the Royal Society.

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Bibliography: We only mention the newest literature on Locke. Charles Coulston Gillespie (ed.), Dictionary of scientic biography, vol. VIII (New York 1973) pp. 436-440. Jim Alvey, John Locke after 300 years (Palmerston North 2004). Mashhad Al-Allaf, John Lockes philosophy of science and metaphysics: the problem of cohesion (Lewiston 2007). Peter R. Anstey, The philosophy of John Locke: new perspectives [Symposium New Work on the Philosophy of John Locke] (London 2003). Peter R. Anstey, John Locke: critical assessments of leading philosophers, series II (Cambridge 2006). Heber Arbuet Vignali, Los contractualistas ingleses y su concepci on de la soberan a: Thomas Hobbes y John Locke (Montevideo 2005). Richard Ashcraft, John Locke: critical assessments, 4 vols. (2000). Reinhard Aulke, Grundprobleme moralischer Erziehung in der Moderne: Locke - Rousseau - Kant (Norderstedt 2000). Richard Baumann, Language philosophy as language ideology: John Locke and Johann Gottfried Herder, in: Paul V. Kroskrity (ed.), Regimes of language (2000) pp. 139-204. Michael Ben-Chaim, Experimental philosophy and the birth of empirical science: Boyle, Locke, and Newton (Aldershot 2004). Jonathan Francis Bennett, Learning from six philosophers: Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz, Locke, Berkeley, Hume (Oxford 2001). Jonathan Francis Bennett, Locke, Berkeley, Hume: central themes (Oxford 2004). Michael Billig, The hidden roots of critical psychology (2008). Thom Brooks, Locke and law (Aldershot 2007). Daniel Carey, Locke, Shaftesbury, and Hutcheson: contesting diversity in the Enlightenment and beyond (Cambridge 2006). Vere Clairborne Chappell, The Cambridge companion to Locke (Cambridge 1999, 2006 10. Au.). Giulio M. Chiodi, La losof a politica di Locke (Milano 2006). Jean Pierre Cl ero, Locke (Paris 2004 ). John F. Cleverley, Visions of childhood: inuential models from Locke to Spock (New York 2001). Elart von Collani, Dening the Science of Stochastics (Lemgo 2004). Christopher Hughes Conn, Locke on essence and identity (Dordrecht 2003). Lorraine Daston, Classical Probability in the Enlightenment (Princeton 1988). Jenny Davidson, Hypocrisis and the politics of politeness: manners and morals from Locke to Austen (Cambridge 2004).

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Eldon J. Eisenach, Narrative power and liberal truth: Hobbes, Locke, Bentham, and Mill (Lanham 2002). Verena Epp, Herrschaft und Eigentum bei Wilhelm von Ockham und John Locke, Mittellateinisches Jahrbuch 34 (1999) pp. 63-75. Frederick Esser, John Lockes investigtion into our knowledge of bodies (elektr. Ressource 2001). Laurent Fonbaustier, John Locke: le droit avant l etat (Paris 2004). Greg Forster, John Lockes politics of moral consensus (Cambridge 2005). Bernard Gilson, Lapport de Locke ` a la philosophie g en erale et politique (Paris 2000). Ross Harrison, Hobbes, Locke, and confusions masterpiece: an examination of seventeenth-century political philosophy (Cambridge 2003). Nader Hashemi, The relevance of John Locke to social change in the Muslim world: a comparison with Iran, Iran (Lanham 2003) pp. 25-36. Susanne Held, Eigentum und Herrschaft bei John Locke und Immanuel Kant: ein ideengeschichtlicher Vergleich (Berlin 2006). Nancy J. Hirschmann, Feminist interpretations of John Locke (University Park, PA 2007). Laurent Jaro, Le sens moral: une histoire de la philosophie morale de Locke ` a Kant (Paris 2000). Nicholas Jolley, Locke: his philosophical thought (Oxford 2004). Peter Josephson, The great art of government: Lockes use of consent (Lawrence, Kan. 2002). Diana M. Judd, Questioning authority: political resistance and the ethic of natural science (New Brunswick, NJ 2008). Paul J. Kelly, Lockes Second Treatise on Government (London 2007). Matthew H. Kramer, John Locke and the origins of private property: philosophical explorations of individualism, community, and equality (Cambridge 2004). Lothar Kreimendahl (ed.), Themenschwerpunkt: John Locke; Aspekte seiner theoretischen und praktischen Philosophie (Hamburg 2006). Andrew Levine, Engaging political philosophy: from Hobbes to Rawls (Oxford 2002). Rhodri Lewis, Language, mind and nature: articial languages in England from Bacon to Locke (Cambridge 2007). E. Jonathan Lowe, Routledge philosophy guidebook to Locke on human understanding (London 2000). E.J. Lowe, Locke on human understanding (London 2000, 2003). E. J. Lowe, Locke (London 2005, 2006). Susan Manly, Language, custom, and nation in the 1790s: Locke, Tooke, Wordsworth, Edgeworth (Aldershot 2007).

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Franco Manti, Locke e il costituzionalismo: etica, politica, governo civile (Genova 2004). Bortolo Martinelli, Leopardi tra Leibniz e Locke: alla ricerca di un orientamento e di un fondamento (Roma 2003). Maurizio Merlo, La legge e la coscienza: il problema della libert` a nella losoa politica di John Locke (Monza 2006). John Marshall, Huguenot thought after the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes: toleration, Socinanism, integration, in: From strangers to citizens: the integration of immigrant communities in Britain, Ireland and colonial America (Brighton 2001) pp. 383-396. John Marshall, John Locke, toleration and early Enlightenment culture: religious intolerance and arguments for religious toleration in early modern and early Enlightenment Europe (Cambridge 2006). Michaela Meermann, Mensch oder B urger? (M unster 2005). Alexander Moseley, John Locke (London 2007). Lex Newman, The Cambridge companion to Lockes Essay concerning human understanding (Cambridge 2007). Kim Ian Parker, The biblical politics of John Locke (Waterloo, Ont. 2004). Walter R. Ott, Lockes philosophy of language (Cambridge 2004). Ivano Petrocchi, Lockes Nachlaschrift Of the Conduct of the Understanding und ihr Einu auf Kant: das Gleichgewicht des Verstandes; zum Einu des sp aten Locke auf Kant und die deutsche Aufkl arung (Frankfurt 2004). Alexander S. Rosenthal, Crown under law: Richard Hooker, John Locke, and the ascent of modern constitutionalism (Lanham 2008). Charles Kershaw Rowley, Property rights and the limits of democracy (Cheltenham 2002). Paul Schuurman, Ideas, mental faculties, and method: the logic of ideas of Descartes and Locke and its reception in the Dutch Republic, 1630-1750 (Leiden 2004). Gottfried Schwitzgebel, Edward Stillingeet als Kritiker der Ideenlehre John Lockes (Frankfurt 2000). Sean R. Silver, Lockes pineapple and the history of taste, The eighteenth century 49 (2008) pp. 43-65. Rainer Specht, John Locke (M unchen 2007). W.M. Spellman, John Locke and the problem of depravity (Oxford 2003). Jean-Fabien Spitz, John Locke et les fondements de la libert e moderne (Paris 2001). Edward Stillingeet, The philosophy of Edward Stillingeet: including his replies to John Locke (London 1661, 1817; Bristol 2000). Edward Stillingeet, The philosophy of Edward Stillingeet. Vol. 5: The Bishop of Worcesters answer to Mr. Lockes letter: concerning some pas-

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sages relating to his essay of human understanding (London 1697; 2000). Henrik Syse, Natural law, religion, and rights: an exploration of the relationship between natural law and natural rights, with special emphasis on the teachings of Thomas Hobbes and John Locke (Cambridge 2007). Nathan Tarcov, Lockes education for liberty (Lanham 1999). Udo Thiel, Locke: epistemology and metaphysics (Aldershot 2002). David A. Lloyd Thomas, Locke on government (London 2002, 2003). Yasuhiko Tomida, Inquiries into Lockes theory of ideas (Hildesheim 2001). Yasuhiko Tomida, Quine, Rorty, Locke: essays and discussions on naturalism (Hildesheim 2007). Alex Scott Tuckness, Locke and the legislative point of view: toleration, contested principles, and the law (Princeton 2002). James Tully, A discourse on property: John Locke and his adversaries (Cambridge 2006). Tapani Turkka, Laslett and beyond: John Lockes Two treatises of government revisited (Tampere 2004). William Uzgalis, Lockes Essay concerning human understanding: a readers guide (London 2007). Thea Vinnicombe, Richard W. Staveley, John Locke, Thomas Hobbes and the development of political economy, in: Deductive rationality (Lanham 2008) pp. 29-46. Philip Vogt, John Locke and the rhetoric of modernity (Lanham 2008). Voltaire Foundation (ed.), La diusion de Locke en France (Oxford 2001). Peter Walmesley, Lockes essay and the rhetoric of science (Lewisburg 2003). Jeremy Waldron, God, Locke, and equality: Christian foundations of John Lockes political thought (Cambridge 2002, 2007). Roger Stuart Woolhouse, Locke: a biography (Cambridge 2007). Gideon Yae, Liberty worth the name: Locke on free agency (Princeton 2000). John W. Yolton, Locke and the way of ideas (South Bend, Ind. 2000). John W. Yolton, The two intellectual worlds of John Locke: man, person, and spirits in the Essays (Ithaca NY 2004). Samuel Zinaich, John Lockes moral revolution: from natura law to moral relativism (Lanham 2006). Michael P. Zuckert, Launching liberalism: on Lockean political philosophy (Lawrence, Kan. 2002). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John Locke (16 August 2007). http://www.philolex.de/locke.htm (16 August 2007). http:/plato.stanford.edu/entries/locke/ (16.08.2007).

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http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/locke.html (03 November 2008). Author(s) of this contribution: Claudia von Collani

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