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O JUDEUS DO EGIPTO E AS ORIGENS DO MONOTEISMO I
Por Artur Felisberto.
Once the distinction is drawn, there is no end of reentries or  subdistinctions. We start with Christians and pagans and end up with Catholics and Protestants, Calvinists and Lutherans, Socinians and Latitudinarians, and a thousand more similar denominations and subdenominations. Cultural or intellectual distinctions such as these construct a universe that is not only full of
 
meaning, identity, and orientation, but also full of conflict, intolerance, and violence. Therefore, there have always been attempts to overcome the conflict by reeamining the distinction, albeit at the ris! of losing cultural meaning. Let us call the distinction between true and false in religion the "#osaic distinction" because tradition ascribes it to #oses. $%& The #osaic distinction was therefore a radically new distinction which considerably changed the world in which it was drawn. The space which was "severed or cloven" by this distinction was not simply the space of religion in  general, but that of a very specific !ind of religion. We may call this new type of religion "counter'religion" because it re(ects and repudiates everything that went before and what is outside itself as "paganism."
It
no longer functioned as a means of intercultural translation) on the contrary, it functioned as a means of intercultural estrangement. Whereas polytheism, or rather "cosmotheism," rendered different cultures mutually transparent and compatible, the new counter'religion bloc!ed intercultural translatability.
False gods cannot be translated 
. ''
 Moses the Egyptian, THE MEMORY OF EGYPT IN WETERN  MONOTHEIM, !an"ss#ann,
 *+-+.
A procura da origem do monoteísmo é a tarefa árdua da busca do ponto em que a humanidade se perdeu no fanatismo da intolencia contra a desigualdade e a diferença em nome de Deus...ou da igualdade universal A este respeito o ateísmo !ar"ista seguia a mesma senda mosaica da intolerância contra tudo o que possa ser a marca das ovelhas tresmalhadas dos rebanhos sociais.
The process of achieving monotheism had involved several stages. +t first, the foreign gods of the +ssembly of gods were had been viewed as simply  subordinate to /ahweh, the 0od of 1srael. 0radually, their status as deities was eroded until they were viewed merely as +ngels rather than gods. +s this change happened, the term 2lohim came to be used only as another name of 2l, its plural eventually being reinterpreted as a "Plural of #a(esty", a concept of post'2ile origin that was developed to reconcile the older biblical use of the plural noun elohim with the completely monotheistic views that had evolved among the 3ews and that we now ta!e for granted as if it had been accepted from the beginning.  2ventually, 2lohim and /ahweh too were merged, with /ahweh being understood as a "name" and 2lohim as merely a word meaning "0od", simply a more formal or respectful form of el, the generic term for "god".''
 RE$IGION IN THE  "N%IENT EMITI% WOR$&,
 Richley H' %rapo'
ATON / ADONAI
A profiss#o de fé $udaica
4
%hema &isroel Adonai 'lohenu Adonai '$od
$Ouve 1srael, +d$t&on$ai& 5 o nosso 6nico eus7&
é uma estranha alocuç#o( como Freud o notou( onde se encobrem verdades da teologia $udaica que nem os  pr)prios $udeus suspeitariam
The first, pivotal, words of the Shema are4 *ebrew4
4
 שְארשׁיוהי
 
וניהלאוהיחא
 
' Sh8ma /isra8el /*W* 2loheinu /*W* 2ad.
Parece que a verdade sagrada tem tanto de interpretativo quanto de ontol)gico. De facto( o dicionário do *oogle tradu+ esta frase em hebraico
 
comum, -uve( ) srael( o %enhor nosso Deus é o /nico %enhor( ou se$a( parece que no te"to original n#o está de facto o tetragrama
/*W*,
até porque nem  poderia estar por ser suposto inefável o nome pr)prio de DeusDe facto( a evid0ncia hist)rica revela1nos que o que é suposto ser a verdade oficial actual n#o significa que tenha sido sempre a verdade oculta ou esquecida da verdade original que por ra+2es de conveni0ncia foi sendo alterada.
Sh8ma 9 listen, or hear : do $according to the Targum, accept&/israel 9 1srael, in the sense of the people or congregation of 1srael  +donai 9 often translated as "LO", it is read in place of /*W*) Samaritans say Shema, which is +ramaic for "the ;ivine< =ame" and is the eact e>uivalent of the *ebrew "ha'Shem", which abbinic 3ews substitute for "+donai" in a non'liturgical contet such as everyday speech.;citation needed< 2loheinu 9 the plural ?st person possessive of
3456789:
 2lohim, meaning @our 0odA. 2ad 9 the cardinal number one
 +nother possibility is the Samaritan reading4Sh8ma /israel Shema 2loheinu Shema 2ad.
$*ear, O 1srael, the =ame is our 0od, the =ame is One.BBB&The connective "is" is implied rather than stated as it would be in modern  2nglish.This first verse of the Shema relates to the !ingship of 0od. The first verse, "*ear, O 1srael4 the Lord our 0od is one Lord," has ever been regarded as the confession of belief in the One 0od. ue to the ambiguities of the *ebrew language there are multiple ways of translating the Shema4"*ear, O 1srael7 +donai is our 0od7 +donai is One7" and,"*ear, O 1srael7 +donai is our 0od  +donai alone."  #any commentaries have been written about the subtle differences between the translations.
There is an e#phasis on the oneness o( God and on the sole )orship o( God by Israel 
. There are other translations, though most retain one or the other emphases.
;uanto < f)rmula de fé &udaica(
Shema 3isroel +donai 2lohenu +donai  2(od 
( como se verá adiante(
 
talve+ devesse ter por traduç#o mais literal, =- >deus? sol de srael é Adonai e Adonai é -phi >a cobra emplumada do disco solar alado(@ mas isso $á será hermetismo a mais neste conte"to.er,
OS DEUSES DO SOL-POSTO / OS DISCOBOLOS SOLARES ALADOS (***)
%e &eová é o nome inevel
dD+>uele >ue 5 O >ue 5
( quem era ent#o
Adonai
B
 2timologicamente 5 o plural de +donE $"meu senhor"&, pela combinaFGo de seu  plural adonEm e do sufio do pronome possessivo, primeira pessoa do singular, resultando na forma +donai. 2ste plural foi su(eito a vHrias eplanaFIes. Pode ser olhado como um abstractum do plural, e por>ue ele indicaria a grandeJa e o ponto divino de eus, como o Senhor dos Senhores. $...&

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