1.

B
[1]

2.

D
[1]

3.

B
[1]

4.

C
[1]

5.

(a)

ray: direction in which wave (energy) is travelling; wavefront: line joining (neighbouring) points that have the same phase / displacement / Or suitable reference to Huygens principle; ray is normal to a wavefront;

(b)

(i)

wavefront parallel to D;

(ii)

frequency is constant; since v = f , v ; wavelength larger in medium I, hence higher speed in medium I; Allow solution based on angles marked on diagram or speed of wavefronts.

(iii)

ratio = =

v I I = (or based on Snells law); vR R

2

3.0 = 2.0 allow 0.5; 1.5

(c)

(i)

velocity / displacement / direction in (+) and () directions; idea of periodicity;

(ii)

period = 3.0 ms; 1 frequency = = 330 Hz; T

(iii)

Accept any one of the following. at time t = 0, 1.5 ms, 3.0 ms, 4.5 ms, etc;

(iv)

area of half-loop = 140 10 squares / mean v = 4.0 m s1 accept 0.2; = 140 0.4 0.1 103 / 4.0 1.5 103; / 6.0 103 m; 2 = 5.6 103 m Award [1] for area of triangle.

(v)

(twice) the amplitude; Allow distance moved in 1.5 m s.

1
[17]

6.

A
[1]

7.

C
[1]

8.

(a)

(i) (ii)

wavefront parallel to D; frequency is constant; since, v = f , v wavelength larger in medium I, hence higher speed in medium I; Allow solution based on angles marked on the diagram or speed of wavefronts.

(b)

(i)

velocity / displacement / direction in (+) and () directions; idea of periodicity;

(ii)

period = 3.0 ms; 1 frequency = = 330 Hz; T

(iii)

Accept any one of the following. at time t = 0 / 1.5 ms / 3.0 ms / 4.5 ms etc;

1 max

(iv)

area of half-loop = 140 squares 10 / = 140 0.4 0.1 103 / / = 5.6 103 m Award [1] for area of the triangle.

mean v = 4.0 m s1 0.2; 4.0 1.5 103; 6.0 103 m; 2 max

(v)

(twice) the amplitude; Allow distance moved in 1.5 m s.

(c)

(i)

when two (or more) waves meet; resultant displacement is the sum of the individual displacements;

(ii)

at M, it is loud; at P, minimum / not so loud; at P, path difference is and at M, no path difference; at P, destructive interference and at M, constructive;

(iii)

because adding in a larger amplitude; sound is louder at M; because wave amplitudes no longer equal; sound louder at P; Award [1] for louder at M and at P.

(iv)

sources are not coherent

(d)

(i) (ii)

wavelength =

c ; f

1 1
[25]

speed relative to observer = (c + v);

9.

A
[1]

10.

A
[1]

11.

(a)

longitudinal;

(b)

(i) (ii) (iii)

wavelength = 0.5 m; amplitude = 0.5 mm; correct substitution into speed = frequency wavelength; to give v = 660 0.5 = 330 m s1;

1 1 2 max
[5]

12.

C
[1]

13.

A
[1]

14.

D
[1]

15.

(a)

[1] for any valid and relevant point eg Geiger-Marsden experiment involved bombardment of gold foil by alpha particles; most passed straight through / were deviated through small angles, but some deflected through large angles; these alpha particles were heading towards central nucleus;

3 max

(b)

[1 max] for any valid and relevant point eg protons in nucleus repel each other (seen or implied); but are held together by the strong nuclear force / or neutrons are involved keeping it bound together / OWTTE;

2 max

(c)

attempted use of F =

q1 q 2 4 0 r 2

with q1 = q2 = 1029 e = 1.6 1010 C; and r = 100 m; to get F = 2.3 1026 N 1026 N;

4 max

(d)

substitution into F =

Gm1 m 2 r2

with m1 = m2 = 70 kg; Accept any sensible estimate, say 30 kg 110 kg and r = 100 m to get F = 3.3 1011 N 3 1011 N; above range gives 6 1012 N 8 1011 N

2 max

(e)

people are overall electrically neutral / equal numbers of positive charges mean that overall the electrical force is zero / OWTTE; the gravitational force of attraction is too small to notice;

2 max
[13]

16.

(a)

Q is destructive interference; since the difference in path lengths from the speakers to Q; must be a 1 difference; 2 Accept (n +
1 2

3 max

) difference / OWTTE.

(b)

frequency = 2 Hz time between loud points = 0.5 s; wavelength of sound, = 330 / 360 = 0.917 m; distance between loud points = D / a; = (0.917 10.0 / 4.0) m = 2.29 m; Accept solutions using n = d sin . since speed = distance / time; = 2.29 / 0.5 ms1 = 4.58 ms1 5 ms1 NB The solution above is, of course, an estimation. If the answer attempts full solution (ie does not resort to small angle estimations) but still gets confused with maths, full marks can be awarded if appropriate progress is made or understanding shown.
[9]

6 max

17.

B
[1]

18.

C
[1]

19.

A
[1]

20.

D
[1]

21.

(a)

(i) (ii)

distance travelled per unit time; by the energy of the wave / by a wavefront; velocity has direction; but light travels in all directions;

2 2

(b)

(i) (ii)

distance in a particular direction; (accept in terms of energy transfer) (of a particle) from its mean position; longitudinal: displacement along; transverse: displacement normal to; direction of transfer of wave energy / propagation, not motion; Award [0] for left / right and up / down for longitudinal / transverse.

(c)

(i)

700 1 = 9.3 km s ; (0.1) 75 700 = 5.8 km s1; (0.1) 120

Award [1 max] if the answers to (i) and (ii) are given in reversed order.

(ii)

(d)

(i) (ii) (iii)

P shown as the earlier (left hand) pulse; laboratory L3; eg pulses arrive sooner; smaller S-P interval; larger amplitude of pulses; Allow any feasible piece of evidence, award [1] for each up to [3 max].

1 1

(iv)

distance from L1 = 1060 km; ( 20) distance from L2 = 650 km; ( 20) distance from L3 = 420 km; ( 20) Accept 3 significant digits in all three estimates. some explanation of working; 4

(v)

position marked, consistent with answers to (iv); to the right of line L2L3, closer to L3; If the answers given in (iv) means that the point cannot be plotted, then only allow the mark if the candidate states that the position cannot be plotted / does not make sense.

1 max

(e)

(i)

illustration showing node at centre, antinode at each end;

(ii)

wavelength of standing wave = (2 280) = 560 m / ecf 3.4 10 3 or = 570 m; 6

(3.4 10 3 ) 6Hz 560 or wavelength of standing wave = (2 280) = 560 m; earthquake frequency is natural frequency of vibration of building / mention of resonance / multiple / submultiple if ecf;

frequency =

3
[25]

22.

B
[1]

23.

(a)

(i) (ii)

velocity has direction; but light travels in all directions; longitudinal: displacement along; transverse: displacement normal to; direction of transfer of wave energy / propagation, not motion; Award [0] for left / right and up / down for longitudinal / transverse.

(b)

(i)

700 1 = 9.3 km s ; (0.1) 75

(ii)

700 1 =5.8 km s ; (0.1) 120

Award [1 max] if the answers to (i) and (ii) are given in reversed order.

(c)

(i) (ii)

P shown as the earlier (left hand) pulse; laboratory L3;

1 1

(iii)

eg pulses arrive sooner; smaller S-P interval; larger amplitude of pulses; Allow any feasible piece of evidence, award [1] for each up to [3 max].

(iv)

distance from L1 = 1060 km; ( 20) distance from L2 = 650 km; ( 20) distance from L3 = 420 km; ( 20) Accept 3 significant digits in all three estimates. some explanation of working;

(v)

position marked, consistent with answers to (iv); to the right of line L2 L3, closer to L3; If the answers given in (iv) means that the point cannot be plotted, then only allow the mark if the candidate states that the position cannot be plotted / does not make sense.

1 max

(d)

(i) (ii)

illustration showing node at centre, antinode at each end; wavelength of standing wave = (2 280) = 560 m / e.c.f 3.4 10 3 or = 570 m; 6
(3.4 10 3 ) 6Hz 560 or wavelength of standing wave = (2 280) = 560 m; earthquake frequency is natural frequency of vibration of building / mention of resonance / multiple / submultiple if ecf;

frequency =

3
[21]

24.

(a)

circular wavefronts originating from four successive source positions; bunching of wavefronts in front, spreading out at back; approximately, correct spacing of wavefronts in front, and behind source;

(b)

f waves in distance (V v); (V v) apparent wavelength = ; f apparent frequency =

f V ; (V v)

Allow any other valid and correct approach or statement of formula. Award [0] for quote of formula with no working shown.

(c)

(V v) ; V
600 (3 10 8 v ) ; (3 10 8 )

599.996 =

v = 2000 m s1; Allow alternative version for red-shift.

3
[9]

25.

D
[1]

26.

A
[1]

27.

B
[1]

28.

C
[1]

29.

(a)

the net displacement of the medium / particles (through which waves travel); is equal to the sum of individual displacements (produced by each wave); 2 max Award a good understanding [2 max] and a reasonable one [1 max].

(b)

Wave X and wave Y should be identical.

X and Y

correct phase for wave X; correct phase for wave Y; amplitudes the same for each wave; amplitude for each wave is two divisions;

4 max

(c)

(i)

the phase difference between light leaving S1 and S2 is constant; Do not penalize the candidate if they state has the same phase.

(ii)

to produce sufficient diffraction; for the beams to overlap; OWTTE;

2 max
[9]

30.

B
[1]

31.

A
[1]

32.

B
[1]

10

33.

B
[1]

34.

D
[1]

35.

Wave properties (a) (i)

(ii) 1

(b)

A M

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

downwards; correct marking of A; correct marking of ; +ve sine curve; correct position of N; Watch for ecf from (i).

1 1 1 2

(c)

(i)

f=

v to give 2.0 Hz;

11

(ii)

T = 0.5 s; vT s= = 1.25 (1.3) cm; 4 or T in wave moves forward 4 =

1 4

; 2 max

5 = 1.25 (1.3) cm; 4

(d)

Principle of superposition: when two or more waves overlap, the resultant displacement at any point; is the sum of the displacements due to each wave separately / OWTTE; Award [2 max] for an answer that shows a clear understanding of the principle, [1] for a reasonable understanding and [0] for a weak answer. Explanation:

suitable diagram; when two +ve pulses (or two wave crests) overlap, they reinforce / OWTTE; Any situation where resultant displacement looks as though it is the sum of the individual displacements. Mark the description of the principle and the description of constructive interference together.

[14]

36.

C
[1]

37.

B
[1]

12

38.

(a)

a wave in which the direction of energy propagation; is at right angles to the direction of vibration of the particles of the medium through which the wave is travelling / OWTTE; or suitable labelled diagram eg

vibration of particles / medium

direction of energy propagation

(b)

any em wave / elastic waves in solids / accept water;

(c)

displacement / cm

5.0

15

25

35

45

distance along string / cm

correct annotation (i) (ii) A (4.0 cm); (30.0 cm); 1 1

(d)

f=

1 1 = = 830 Hz; T 1.2 10 3 2

c = f = 830 0.30 = 250 m s1;

13

(e)

displacement / cm

5.0

15

25

35

45

distance along string / cm

troughs / peaks moved to the right; by / 4 (7.5 cm); (judge by eye) wave continuous between x = 0 and x = 45 cm;

3
[10]

39.

C
[1]

40.

B
[1]

41.

A
[1]

42.

A
[1]

43.

C
[1]

14

44.

B
[1]

45.

C
[1]

46.

A
[1]

47.

B
[1]

48.

B
[1]

49.

C
[1]

50.

(a)

(i)

energy transfer; no interruption in transfer / without mass motion of the medium; Do not accept continuous.

(ii)

speed / rate at which energy / wavefronts are propagated;

(b)

(i)

frequency: number of oscillations / vibrations per unit time; Do not accept specific units eg seconds.

(ii)

wavelength: distance moved by wave during one oscillation of the source; 1 Accept distance between successive crests or troughs.

(c)

(i)

wave travels down tube and is reflected; incident and reflected waves interfere to give standing wave;

15

(ii)

air (column) in tube has natural frequency of vibration; when fork frequency equals natural frequency; maximum amplitude of vibration / maximum loudness; when fork frequency not equal to natural frequency, no resonance / loudness drops;

(iii)

1 2

= 65 cm; 2

speed = 0.65 2 256 = 330 m s1; Award [1 max] for 660 m s1.

(d)

pressure = =

force area

( 4.0 10 5 ) (30 10 6 )

= 1.3 Pa; kx2;

(e)

(i)

idea of using area under the line / energy =

1 2

1 2

6 105 1.5 102 103 or 112.5 (2.5) squares; 3

= 4.5 1010 J; (Allow 0.1 1010 if candidate counts squares.)

(ii)

period = 1.0 ms; and energy is supplied in power =

1 4

period ( = 0.25 ms);

4.5 10 10 ; 0.25 10 3
4

= 1.8 106 W;

(iii)

strain energy / energy of deformation of eardrum / kinetic energy of eardrum / vibrational energy;

(f)

(i)

path difference is 2.5 ; wavelength = 0.20 m; speed = f = 1700 0.2 = 340 m s1;

16

(ii)

at X: loudness increases; waves not same amplitude at X so not complete destructive interference; at P: loudness decreases; because sum of amplitudes less than before; 4 Award [1] for two correct statements without explanations. Award [0] for statement with incorrect reasoning. Award [1] for correct statement with partially correct reasoning.
[30]

51.

C
[1]

52.

C
[1]

53.

B
[1]

54.

B
[1]

55.

D
[1]

56.

The properties of sound waves (a) substitution into speed = distance / time to get distance =1500 0.012 = 18m; therefore, depth = 18 2 = 9m;

17

(b)

(i) (ii)

appropriate wavefronts shown in geometric shadow region; of constant wavelength; substitution of correct values into v = f to get = 0.025m; so obstacle (fish) significantly larger than wavelength hence diffraction effect small / OWTTE; or the wavelength is very small; so diffraction will be small for any reasonably sized fish;

(c)

(i)

change in received frequency of sound (wave); as a result of relative motion of source and observer; Accept other general descriptions but award [1 max] for an answer that just gives an example of the Doppler effect.

(ii)

490 = 1 410 =

f v 340 f v 1+ 340

490 340 + v = ; 410 340 v

to get v = 30ms1; or:

490 =

f v 1 340

with f = 450Hz; justification of f = 450Hz; to get v = 28ms1; or:

410 = 1+

f v 340

with f = 450Hz; justification of f = 450Hz; to get v = 33ms1; 4

[12]

18

57.

(a)

Award [2] for a clear statement or [2] for a clear diagram. the maximum of one diffraction pattern is coincident with the first minimum of the other; or:

(b)

min = 1.22

(with small angle approximation), =

s ; 150 m

590 10 9 equate =1.22 = 1.22 ; D 5.0 10 3

to get s = 2.2 cm; Award [2 max] if 1.22 factor is omitted.
[5]

58.

D
[1]

59.

C
[1]

60.

D
[1]

19

61.

Waves (a) the direction in which energy (of the wave) is propagated; for a transverse wave it is at right angles to the direction of vibration of the particles (of the medium through which the wave is travelling); for a longitudinal wave the direction of energy propagation is in the same direction as the vibration of the particles; Accept answers based on diagrams for full marks provided direction of energy transfer and direction of oscillation are clear on the diagram.

(b)

(i)

longitudinal; it is likely that the hammer will set the atoms of the rod to vibrate in the same direction as the direction of the motion of the hammer / OWTTE; Award [0] if no explanation or poor explanation. Or hammer would not experience a rebounding force (if wave were not longitudinal) / OWTTE; some reference to direction of propagation of energy being along the length of the rod;

(ii)

s = 3.00m;

s 3.00 v= = = 5.00 10 3 ms 1 ; 4 t 6.00 10

Watch out for incorrect answers based on v = f and 1 f= =1667 Hz ! It can give the correct numerical result 6 10 4 with a completely wrong argument.

(iii)

the hammer blow / pulse sets the rod vibrating; the vibration of the rod causes the air molecules in contact with the rod to vibrate; thereby setting up a longitudinal wave in the air / creates the sound / OWTTE;

3
[10]

62.

B
[1]

63.

B
[1]

20

64.

C
[1]

65.

Sound waves Production of sound waves (a) the direction in which energy (of the wave) is propagated; for a transverse wave it is at right angles to the direction of vibration of the particles (of the medium through which the wave is travelling); for a longitudinal wave the direction of energy propagation is in the same direction as the vibration of the particles; Accept answers based on diagrams for full marks provided direction of energy transfer and direction of oscillation are clear on the diagram.

(b)

(i)

longitudinal; it is likely that the hammer will set the atoms of the rod to vibrate in the same direction as the direction of the motion of the hammer / OWTTE; Award [0] if no explanation or poor explanation. Or hammer would not experience a rebounding force (if wave were not longitudinal) / OWTTE; some reference to direction of propagation of energy being along the length of the rod;

(ii)

s = 3.00m;

s 3.00 v= = = 5.00 10 3 ms 1 ; 4 t 6.00 10

Watch out for incorrect answers based on v = f and

f=

1 = 1667 Hz ! it can give the correct numerical result with 6 10 4

a completely wrong argument. (iii) the hammer blow / pulse sets the rod vibrating; the vibration of the rod causes the air molecules in contact with the rod to vibrate; thereby setting up a longitudinal wave in the air / creates the sound / OWTTE;

(iv)

v ; f

5.00 10 3 = 3.00 m ; = 1.67 10 3

some statement to recognize that this wavelength corresponds to the fundamental mode standing wave eg for the fundamental = 2l; 3

21

Interference of sound waves (c) (i) the sound from the two sources undergo interference / some statement that recognizes that interference is occurring; when the path difference between the sources is an integral number of wavelengths there is maximum interference and minimum when the path difference is an odd integral number of half wavelengths; some statement that the path difference is altering as S1 moves; path difference =

(ii)

; 2
2 2

to give = 0.16m; (iii) S1X = one wavelength = 0.082m; v = f = 0.082 4100 = 340ms1; Accept ecf for those candidates who use the incorrect wavelength from (ii).

[20]

66.

D
[1]

67.

D
[1]

68.

(a)

medium 1; wavelength is greater than in medium 2; and c = f and frequency is same in both media; Award [1] if the candidate answers medium 2, because wavelength is greater. Award [1] for correct medium and mention of bending towards normal when entering medium 2. Award [0] for correct medium but incorrect or no explanation.

22

(b)

measurement of wavelength: 1 = 2.5cm; 2 =1.0cm;

c1 1 = = 2.5 ( 0.2); c 2 2
or measurement of incident and refraction angles: 1 = 60; 2 = 20;

c1 sin 1 = = 2.5 ; c 2 sin 2

Award [2] if the candidate gets it the wrong way round in either method, but they must have answered medium 2 in (a).

[6]

69.

A
[1]

70.

D
[1]

71.

C
[1]

72.

A
[1]

73.

(a)

no energy is propagated along a standing wave / OWTTE; the amplitude of a standing wave varies along the wave / standing wave has nodes and antinodes; in standing wave particles are either in phase or in antiphase / OWTTE;

23

(b)

medium 1; wavelength is greater than in medium 2; and c = f and frequency is same in both media; Award [1] if the candidate answers medium 2, because wavelength is greater. Award [1] for correct medium and mention of bending towards normal when entering medium 2. Award [0] for correct medium but incorrect or no explanation.

(c)

measurement of wavelength: 1 = 2.5cm; 2 = 1.0cm;

c1 1 = = 2.5 ( 0.2 ); c 2 2
or measurement of incident and refraction angles: 1 = 60; 2 = 20;

c1 sin 1 = = 2 .5 ; c 2 sin 2
Award [2] if the candidate gets it the wrong way round in either method, but they must have answered medium 2 in (b).

(d)

Look for these main points. when the tube is vibrated, a wave travels along the tube and is reflected at B; the wave is inverted on reflection; the reflected wave interferes with the forward wave; the maximum displacements occurs midway between A and B; since there is always a node at A and B, then the pattern shown will be produced / OWTTE; Award [1] for essentially two waves in opposite directions, [1] for out of phase, [1] for interference and [2] for condition to produce shape.

24

(e)

(i)

f=v;
to get f = constant

T since constant; T ;
4

therefore, a plot of f 2 against T or f against

should produce a straight-line through the origin / OWTTE; (ii) = 4.8m; v = f = 1.8 4.8 = 8.6ms1;

k = v = 8.6 = 2.9 ; 3 T
Ignore any units.

(f)

(i)

smaller wavelength and larger wavelengths in appropriate position relative to S; quality of diagram eg position of S and consistency of wavelength; (ii) B hears higher frequency than A / A hears lower frequency than B; since smaller for B / since larger for A;

2 2
[24]

74.

C
[1]

75.

A
[1]

76.

A
[1]

25

77.

B
[1]

78.

Wave phenomena (a) (i) (ii) wave that transfers energy; amplitude = 4.0mm; 1 1 1

wavelength = 2.4cm; frequency =

1 ; 0.3
1

= 3.3Hz; speed = 3.3 2.4; = 8.0cms1;

(b)

(i)

angle of incidence = 40;

sin r =

sin 40 1.4

r = 27; angle = 63; Award [1 max] for angle of incidence = 50, r = 33. (ii) construction: wavefronts equally spaced; separation less in medium B; angle in medium B correct by eye; 3

3
[11]

79.

B
[1]

80.

B
[1]

81.

A
[1]

26

82.

(a)

(i) (ii)

wave that transfers energy; amplitude = 4.0mm; wavelength = 2.4cm; frequency =

1 1 1

1 ; 0.3
1

= 3.3Hz; speed = 3.3 2.4; = 8.0cms1;

(b)

(i)

angle of incidence = 40;

sin r =

sin 40 1.4

r = 27; angle = 63; Award [1 max] for angle of incidence = 50, r = 33. (ii) construction: wavefronts equally spaced; separation less in medium B; angle in medium B correct by eye; (c) eg coherent; (do not allow same frequency / monochromatic / crest meets crest) (approximately) same amplitude / intensity; polarised in same plane; waves from source meet at a point; 3 3

(d)

(i)

wavelength is shorter; hence fringes are closer together; Award [1 max] for wavelength longer hence fringes further apart. centre fringe is white; because all wavelengths give constructive interference here; fringes are coloured; with blue inner edge / with red outer edge; because constructive interference occurs at different positions; far from centre position, no fringes observed;

(ii)

(e)

frequency determines maximum kinetic energy of photo-electron; instantaneous; intensity determines rate of production of photo-electrons; intensity does not determine maximum kinetic energy of photo-electron;

27

(f)

idea of eV =
19

hc ;
34

1.6 10

(6.6310 2.4 =

3.0 10 8 ;
3

= 5.2 107 m; Award [2 max] if factor 1.6 1019 is missing.

(g)

(i)

current is 2ip / doubled; because photon flux is doubled; photon energy is unchanged; current is less than iP; because photon flux is reduced; since photon energy is increased;

(ii)

3
[30]

83.

D
[1]

84.

A
[1]

85.

A
[1]

86.

Waves on a string (a) (i) (ii) wavelength = 3.0cm; period 0.25 ms; hence frequency = 4000Hz; (Bald answer 4000 Hz scores [2]) 0.03 1 c= 0.25 10 3 = 0.03 4000 =120 ms ; Watch ecf from (i) and (ii) 1 2

(iii)

28

(b)

(i) (ii)

correct labelling of amplitude of 2.0 mm; (Any line from equilibrium to crest or trough) cosine wave from x = 0; period constant throughout;

2
[7]

87.

A
[1]

88.

B
[1]

89.

Waves on a string (a) (i) (ii) wavelength = 3.0cm; period = 0.25 ms; hence frequency = 4000Hz; (Bald answer 4000 Hz scores [2]) (iii) 0.03 1 c= 0.25 10 3 = 0.03 4000 =120 ms ; Watch ecf from (i) and (ii). 1 2 1

(b)

(i) (ii)

correct labelling of amplitude of 2.0 mm; Any line from equilibrium to crest or trough. cosine wave from x = 0; period constant throughout;

(c)

(i)

pulse of similar shape and size; and inverted; Accept pulse that is of similar width but smaller amplitude. the string pulls on the wall and so the wall pulls in the opposite direction on the string by Newtons third law; the wall pushes on the string creating an inverted pulse;

(ii)

29

(d)

(i)

the oscillating left end creates a travelling wave to the right; which gets reflected by the fixed end; at any one time there are two waves on the string travelling in opposite directions whose displacements / amplitudes are added (creating the standing wave); c = f

(ii)

4L = 4.0 m ; 3 120 = 30 Hz ; 4.0

2

hence f =

Use ecf for wave speed from (a)(iii).

(e)

(i) (ii)

sources whose phase difference is constant; the waves from the transmitters interfere; the path difference varies as the satellite moves and so the amplitude of the detected (superposed) signal varies as well; Accept references to path difference changing form being an integral or half integral multiple of the wavelength as the satellite moves. three fringe separations in 7.7 km; hence s = using s =

(iii)

7.7 = 2.57 km; 3 2.57 160 D D= = 342 km = 340 km (2 sd ); s 1.2

3
[22]

90.

D
[1]

91.

B
[1]

92.

B
[1]

30

93.

C
[1]

94.

C
[1]

95.

B
[1]

96.

Waves (a) no energy is transferred; variable amplitude / variable maximum displacement of particles / OWTTE; points along the wave where amplitude is always zero / reference to phase / OWTTE;

(b)

if two or more waves overlap / OWTTE; the resultant displacement at any point is found by adding the displacements produced by each individual wave / eg peak / trough meets peak / trough to give maximum / minimum / OWTTE;

(c)

(i)

T t = : straight-line; (a line must be drawn on the diagram) 4 T t = : negative sine; 2

2

(ii)

the points of no displacement / nodes (at middle and ends) do not change with time; therefore, the wave cannot be moving forward / does not progress;

31

(d)

(i)

maximum amplitude of oscillation; when a periodic force is applied to it and the frequency of the force is equal to the natural frequency of vibration of the system / OWTTE; frequency of wave f =

(ii)

c 6.0 10 3 = 0.50 Hz ; = 4 1.2 10

1 = 0.50Hz; 2. 0
3
[13]

natural frequency of oscillation of building =

the waves therefore, cause the building to resonate / vibrate violently / OWTTE;

97.

D
[1]

98.

A
[1]

99.

C
[1]

100. A
[1]

101. Wave properties (a) (i) (ii) direction in which energy is travelling / locus of one point on a wavefront; speed at which energy is propagated along the wave; 1 1

(b)

(i) (ii)

frequency = 6.0 10 3

({

)=170 Hz;

at t = 1.0ms , displacement (= 1.7 + 0.7) = 2.4mm; at t = 8.0ms, displacement = 1.7 0.7; = 1.0mm;

3
[6]

32

102. B
[1]

103. A
[1]

104. X-ray spectra (a) (i) (ii) corresponds to electron losing all its energy to give rise to one photon / max photon energy when photon receives all the energy of the electron; 1 electron in target atom moves from ground state to an excited state / atom is ionized; photon with particular wavelength emitted on de-excitation; each element has characteristic atomic energy levels;

(b)

frequency =

(0.154 10 ) =1.95 10
9

(3.00 10 )
8

18

Hz;

1.95 1018 = 2.5 1015 (Z 1.0)2; Z = 29; 3

(c)

use of

hc = eV or hf = eV;

6.63 1034 1.95 1018 = 1.6 1019 V; V = 8.1 103 V; 3

[10]

105. (a)

each element of the slit acts as a point source of light; the light from these sources interfere; there will be a zero of intensity (on the screen) when the sum of the path differences between the sources is an integral number of half wavelengths / a maximum when an integral number of wavelengths;

(b)

= d = ; D b
rearrange to get d = D ;

33

(c)

central maximum same intensity as single slit maximum; two other maximum either side about half-intensity of central maximum; Award [1 max] if lines do not touch x-axis. There is no need to show maxima within secondary maxima. Do not penalize responses if more than two maxima are shown but they must be symmetrical and with realistic relative intensities.

[7]

106. (a)

changes by / 180;

(b)

use of 2nd cos = m +

1 2

n = 1 cos = 1 and m changesby1; therefore d = = 280 nm ;

2
[3]

107. C
[1]

108. C
[1]

109. (a)

Transverse the particles (of the medium) vibrate at right angles; to the direction of energy transfer; Longitudinal the particles (of the medium) vibrate in the same direction as the direction of energy transfer;

34

(b)

(i)

time period = 0.13 s; 1 1 f = = = 7.7(0.3) Hz; T 0.13 Award full marks for bald correct answer.

(ii)

8 mm;

(c)

v ; f

15 ; 7.7 = 1.95 cm 2.0 cm

(d)

start at (1.2 2.0) on y-axis; sine curve of amplitude 8 mm; wavelength 2 cm;

(e)

use of

sin 1 v1 = sin 2 v 2 v2 sin 1 ; v1

sin 2 =
=

20 sin30 to give 2 = 42; 15 angle = 48;

3
[14]

110. D
[1]

111. D
[1]

112. A
[1]

35

113. (a)

Transverse the particles (of the medium) vibrate at right angles; to the direction of energy transfer; Longitudinal the particles (of the medium) vibrate in the same direction as the direction of energy transfer;

(b)

(i)

time period = 0.13 s; 1 1 f = = = 7.7(0.3) Hz; T 0.13 Award full marks for bald correct answer.

(ii)

8 mm;

(c)

v ; f

15 ; 7.7 = 1.95 cm 2.0 cm

(d)

start at (1.2 2.0) on y-axis; sine curve of amplitude 8 mm; wavelength 2 cm;

(e)

use of

sin 1 v1 = sin 2 v 2 v2 sin 1 ; v1

sin 2 =
=

20 sin30 to give 2 = 42; 15 angle = 48;

3
[14]

114. D
[1]

115. D
[1]

36

116. A
[1]

117. B
[1]

118. A
[1]

119. B
[1]

120. (a)

(i) (ii)

C shown where graph line cuts x-axis; time period = 0.30 ms; 1 use of v = f and f = or v = ; T T = 380 0.30 103 = 0.11 m; ECF if time period misread.

(b)

(i)

superposition of two waves / OWTTE; of same frequency and amplitude travelling in opposite directions;

(ii)

stationary/standing wave is set up in the tube; heaps form at the (displacement) nodes / powder pushed away from antinodes;

(iii)

wavelength = (2 9.3 =) 18.6 cm; speed = (1800 0.186 =) 330 m s1; ECF if value of wavelength wrong.

(c)

heaps further apart means longer wavelength; hence speed increases (as temperature rises); Do not award if there is no reasoning or reasoning is fallacious or misleading.

(d)

(i)

when two waves meet; resultant displacement found by summing individual displacements; to give maximum displacement / displacement greater than that of an individual wave;

37

(ii)

line in correct position, labelled C;

(iii)

line in correct position, labelled D;

1
[17]

121. B
[1]

122. B
[1]

123. A
[1]

124. C
[1]

125. Simple harmonic motion and the greenhouse effect (a) the force acting / accelerating (on the body) is directed towards equilibrium (position); and is proportional to its / the bodies displacement from equilibrium;

(b)

(i) (ii)

1.5 1010 m; T = 1.1 1012 s;

1 f = 1.110 12 ;
= 9.1 1013 Hz (iii) = (2f) = 5.7 1014 (rad s1); Emax = 2

( m x )=
1 2 2 2 0

1 2

1.7 10 27 (1.5) 10 20 (5.7 ) 10 28 ;

2 2

= 6.2 1018 J

38

(c)

negative sine; starting at zero; with same frequency as displacement; (allow 2mm square)

(d)

(i)

k = (42f2mp) = 40 83 1026 1.7 1027; 560 Nm1 1

(ii)

use of F = kx and F = ma; to give a =

560 1.5 10 10 = 5.0 1019 ms 2 ; 27 1.7 10

(e)

(i)

infra red radiation radiated from Earth will be absorbed by greenhouse gases; and so increase the temperature of the atmosphere / Earth; the natural frequency of oscillation (of a methane molecule) is equal to 9.1 1013 Hz; because of resonance the molecule will readily absorb radiation of this frequency;

(ii)

2
[17]

126. B
[1]

127. B
[1]

128. D
[1]

129. C
[1]

130. Simple harmonic motion and the greenhouse effect (a) the force acting / accelerating (on the body) is directed towards equilibrium (position); and is proportional to its / the bodies displacement from equilibrium;

39

(b)

(i) (ii)

1.5 1010 m; T = 1.1 1012 s;

1 f = 1.110 12 ;
= 9.1 1013 Hz (iii) = (2f) = 5.7 1014 (rad s1); Emax = 2

( m x )=
1 2 2 2 0

1 2

1.7 10 27 (1.5) 10 20 (5.7 ) 10 28 ;

2 2

= 6.2 1018 J

(c)

(i)

k = (42f2mp) = 40 83 1026 1.7 1027; 560 Nm1 1

(ii)

use of F = kx and F = ma; to give a =

560 1.5 10 10 = 5.0 1019 ms 2 ; 1.7 10 27

(d)

(i)

infra red radiation radiated from Earth will be absorbed by greenhouse gases; and so increase the temperature of the atmosphere / Earth; the natural frequency of oscillation (of a methane molecule) is equal to 9.1 1013 Hz; because of resonance the molecule will readily absorb radiation of this frequency;

(ii)

2
[14]

40