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Laboratory Report 1

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Content

Page
I. Objective of the experiment: ................................................................................. 2

II. Introduction ........................................................................................................... 2 III. IV. Materials and Tools ............................................................................................ 3 Procedures: .......................................................................................................... 4

V. Data ......................................................................................................................... 5 VI. Calculation ........................................................................................................... 6

VII. Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 8 VIII. References ......................................................................................................... 10

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I.

Objective of the experiment:

In this experiment we want to find the specific gravity and water absorption of fine aggregates which has been place in water for 24h and after it has been dry up in the oven. For this experiment, we based on the ASTM C128 standard method and carries out three different separate tests for more accurate result. This experiment will also helped us to determine and discuss about the different values due to the errors and some other factors that has been affected during the process.

II.

Introduction
Specific Gravity is the characteristic that mostly used for calculation for volume occupied by the aggregate in various mixtures that contain aggregate such as Portland cement concrete, bituminous concrete, and other mixtures that are proportioned or analyzed on an absolute volume basis. Water Absorption values are widely for calculation of the proportional different mass of an aggregate as the water is absorbed in the pore spaces within the constituent particles, compared with dry condition, when it is deemed that the aggregate has been in contact with water long enough to satisfy most of the absorption potential. These two values are very important to engineers when building structures high humidity atmosphere and the place where there are a huge different in humidity daily or monthly. It helps engineer to determine the correct amount of the fine aggregate during the mixture process so that they can get the better quality for their concrete. Moreover, before the structures have been finished, this values must be take into account for calculate the total weight and expansion of the structures when there are different in humidity in the atmosphere.

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III.

Materials and Tools a. Sample:

Fine Aggregate: it must be place in the tap water for at least 24h to make sure that all of its pores has been filled with water. 1kg of fine aggregate (weight before place in the tap water) is needed to carry out 3 separate tests.

b. Apparatus:
1) Balance with 0.1g precise 2) 250ml volumetric flasks and funnel 3) Conical mold and Tamper 4) Metal pans 5) Drying oven" 6) Heat gun 7) Small metal shovel

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IV.

Procedures:
1. Use the metal shovel to take out the sand from the wet sand container and place it on a metal pan about 1.5 inner-volume of conical mold. 2. Use heat gun to dry the surface of the wet fine aggregate to get saturated-surfacedry aggregate (SSD) and also mix during drying ! 3. Make sure that it is not too hot as we need only its surface to dry

Then use the Conical mold to test whether the fine aggregate surface it dry or not. Place the Conical mold on the metal pan then put the aggregate inside with small pressure until it is full. Use tamper to drop on the top of the mold 25 times with the height 5mm above the mold. Finally, remove take the mold up vertically and slowly. Then if the aggregate remain in the shape, it means that the aggregate still has a wet surface, but if the top aggregate has been fallen down a bit, then it can be used as the saturated surface dry sample.

4. 5.

Use the balance to weight SSD about 200g 10g and mark as S Then put SSD into the 250ml volume metric flask with the help of funnel. Then put the water inside and shake it gently until there is no bubble coming out which mean there is no space between each particle. Add more water to the 250ml notice line.

6.

Clean out any wet water outside the volume metric flask and then use the balance to measure its weight get mark as C

7.

Take out those aggregate and place it into the metal pan, use additional water to help removing aggregate particles. After that, pour the water out of the metal pan as much as possible.

8.

Fill that empty flask with only tap water again and then use balance to measure the weight and mark as B

9.

Place the aggregate in the metal pan into the drying oven for 24H with the constant temperature of 115oC to get the oven-dry aggregate

10. Use balance to weight the oven-dry aggregate and mark as A

" Repeat this process for 3 times

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V.

Data
A: Oven-dry weight B: Weight of empty flask filled with tap water C: Weight of flask with aggregate filled with tap water S: Weight of saturated surface dry aggregate

1st Experiment A1 B1 C1 S1 197.3g 342.8g 465.8g 200.8g

2nd Experiment A2 B2 C2 S2 193.6g 345.3g 468.3g 200.2g

3rd Experiment A3 B3 C3 S3 196.2g 353.8g 479.0g 201.4g

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VI.

Calculation
Specific Gravity of Saturated Surface Dry Fine Aggregate

S B+S-C Specific Gravity of Oven Dry Fine Aggregate SG(SSD) = SG(OD) = A B+S-C S-A ! 100 A

Water Absorption of Fine Aggregate

WA (%) =

First Experiment

SG( SSD) = SG(OD) =

WA (%) =

200.8 = 2.5809 342.8 + 200.8 ! 465.8

197.3 = 2.5359 342.8 + 200.8 ! 465.8

200.8 ! 197.3 "100 = 1.77% 197.3

Second Experiment

SG( SSD) = SG(OD) = WA (%) =

Third Experiment

200.2 = 2.5932 345.3 + 200.2 ! 468.3

193.6 = 2.5077 345.3 + 200.2 ! 468.3

200.2 ! 193.6 "100 = 3.41% 193.6 201.4 = 2.6430 353.8 + 201.4 ! 479.0

SG( SSD) = SG(OD) = WA (%) =

196.2 = 2.5748 353.8 + 201.4 ! 479.0

201.4 ! 196.2 "100 = 2.65% 196.2

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Average Result:
2.5809 + 2.5932 + 2.6430 = 2.6057 3 2.5359 + 2.5077 + 2.5748 SG (OD) avg = = 2.5394 3 1.77 + 3.41 + 2.65 WA (%) avg = = 2.61% 3 SG ( SSD) avg =

Standard Deviation:

! SG ( SSD ) = 0.0268 ! SG (OD ) = 0.0275 !WA(%) = 0.6701

The table shows the overall summary of the result: 1st 2nd 3rd Average Experiment Experiment Experiment SG (SSD) SG (OD) WA (%) Standard Deviation

2.5809 2.5359 1.77%

2.5932 2.5077 3.41%

2.6430 2.5748 2.65%

2.6057 2.5394 2.61%

0.0268 0.0275 0.6701

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VII.

Conclusion
According to the result from our experiments, The average of Specific Gravity of Saturated Surface Dry Fine Aggregate is 2.6057. The average of Specific Gravity of Oven Dry Fine Aggregate is 2.5394. The water absorption rate of the fine aggregate is 1.77%, 3.41%, 2.65%

Discussion:
Although the result of SG of SSD and OD for each experiments are close to each others, but there are a huge different in result of Water Absorption and has the standard deviation up to 0.67. So the overall result of this experiment should not be trusted or used this result for practical purpose. The experiment went wrong might be due to: The sample fine aggregate that we used as the sample is not pure fine aggregate, but there are some dust (diameter < 75m) that mixed with aggregate. The sample was continuously lose during the process, which we cannot make sure that all of the sample will be transferred from one container to another container and also amount of sample lose for each experiment is not the same. Furthermore, at the stage of Saturated Surface Dry (SSD), the drying surface rate of the three samples are not the same. On the other hand, there are also other factors that affect our experiments such as eye-level error during the volume of water in the volumetric flask. The test is recommended for carry out the new experiment and might also have to improve the efficiency but trying to minimize above factors that affect the result. Some improvement methods are: Wash the sample to remove all dust (diameter < 75m) before use. It can be used the sieving method with the sieve number 200. Minimize the loss of the sample while trying to transfer from one container to another container. Use Pycnometer instead of volumetric flask as it can decrease the eye level error and also decrease the rate of transferring the sample from volumetric flask to other container.
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Make sure that there should not be a big different rate of SSD, by each time try to measure the amount of wet aggregate taken out and time to dry to be similar. More importantly make sure the level of distribution of sample in the conical mold process should be the same or similar. And do not place the sample without any covering of cloth is it is not being used or pause in any cases.

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VIII.

References
1. Basic Construction Materials by Theodore Marotta, John C. Coffey, Cynthia LaFleur-Brown, Christine LaPlante. 8th Ed. Pearson 2010. 2. ASTM C0128-04A Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific Gravity), and Absorption of Fine Aggregate 3. FINE AGGREGATE DENSITY TESTING, WHATIS THE RIGHT WAY TO DO IT? By Chris Rogers and Tom Dziedziejko

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