Homework 3

October 1, 2003

2.3 4 Using Denition 4. show that each of the following functions is nowhere dierentiable. (a)Rez (b)Imz (c) | z |

df (z0 ) f (z0 ) = Proof: For (a), we recall the Denition 4, which is dz f (z0 + z )f (z0 ) 1 i lim z0 . Fix z0 , let z1 to be n and z2 to be n , then we will z nd that the limits are dierent(the rst one is 1 and the second one is 0), that means the function is not dierentiable on z0 , for z0 is a random number in C , so Re z is nowhere dierentiable. For (b) use the same way as (a). For (c), let z be az , where a is a real number, and a tends to be 0. So, if a is always bigger than 0, then the limit is 1, if a is always less than 0, then the limit is 1, so | z | is nowhere dierentiable.

2.4 2 Show that h(z ) = x3 + 3xy 2 3x + i(y 3 + 3x2 y 3y ) is dierentiable on the coordinate axes but is nowhere analytic. Proof: Here, I will prove it on y axis, x axis is similar. Fix an point (0, y ), that i 1 , and z2 = n . We can means z = iy then h(z ) = i(y 3 3y ). So let z1 = n 2 2 get the limits are 3y 3 and i(3y 3), therefore it is not dierentiable on y axis. for the second problem, just use the C-R equations. 2.4 8 Show that if f is analytic in a domain D and either Ref (z ) or Imf (z ) is constant in D, then f (z ) must be constant in D. Proof: If Ref (z ) is constant, then use the C-R equations we can get that dv/dx = 0 and dv/dy = 0 that means f (z ) is constant in D. The case when Imf (z ) is constant is similar. 2.5 2 Find the most general harmonic polynomial of the form ax2 + bxy + cy 2 . Proof: Using the Laplaces equation, we can get that 2a + 2c = 0, that means a = c. So the most general harmonic polynomial of it is ax2 + bxy ay 2 .

2.5 6 Show that if v is a harmonic conjugate of u in a domain D, then uv is harmonic in D. Proof: Use R-C equations, we can get that
d (uv ) d (uv ) 2dudv ud2 v vd2 u dx2 + dy 2 = dx2 + dx2 + dx2 dvdv dvdv = 2( dydx dxdy ) = 0 That means uv
2 2

+ is harmonic.

du dv du dx = dy and dy 2dudv ud2 v vd2 u dy 2 + dy 2 + dy 2

dv = dx . So

2.3 10 Use Denition 4 to show that f is dierentiable at z = 0 but is not dierentiable at any other point. Proof: Use the Denition 4 we can get that f (z0 ) = =
(z +z0 )(z0 + z )z0 z0 = z0 + z z because z has no limit, that |z0 + z |2 |z0 |2 z

z + z0

z z.

So if z0 = 0, it is 0. But if z0 = 0, then

means, it has no limit on z0 . So f is dierentiable at 0 but is not dierentiable at any other point. 2.4 6 If u and v are expressed in terms of polar coordinates (r, ), show that the C-R equations can be written in the form. 1 dv dv 1 du du dr = r d , dr = r d Proof: Firstly, use the R-C equation, which is:
u x

v y ,

and

u y

v = x . So we

can get that uy = vx and ux = vy . Remember that r = x2 + y 2 yx y ). Therefore r = r(xx + yy ) and = xyr . So and = arctg ( x 2 yxu xvx+yyv 1 vr 2 = = = vr . ru = xuy r r 2 r v That means ru = vr, so u r = r . By using the same method, we can prove the second formula. Of course, you can also prove it by the hint in the book. 2.5 16 Find a function harmonic outside the circle | z |= 3 that goes to zero on | z |= 3 but is not identically zero. Proof: Using the conclusion of Problem 14, we can get the function which is z 3.