Ecological and Human Health Risk Assessment

Ecological and Human Health Risk Assessment
Thomas M. Biksey1*, Amy Couch Schultz2, Aaron M. Bernhardt3, Brett Marion4, and Chrissy Peterson4
ABSTRACT:
This literature review covers the risk
Ecological Problem Formulation and Methodology. A
assessment process and addresses both ecological and human receptors.

1
The review covers the risk assessment
methodology was presented by Zhang et al. (2009) for risk assessment and regionalization of ecological disasters in Jilin Province, Northeast China using the geographic information system with climatology, geography, disaster science, and environmental science in mind. The results of the study aid in decision making for ecological disaster prevention and could be helpful to rebuild the ecological environment. Graham et al. (2009) completed a comprehensive analysis of chromium speciation in sediment and porewater
literature including methodology, analysis, interpretation, management, uncertainty, policy, and regulatory guidance. The review is divided into ecological and human health sections. The focus of the review is on the risk assessment process as it is applied to ecological systems and human health, site investigation and remediation, and natural resources. The objective is to provide an overview of the scope of the literature published in 2009.
KEYWORDS:
ecological,
human
health,
risk
collected from 22 locations in the Baltimore Harbor to understand chromium bioavailability, and the probability of toxicity due to chromium in sediments. Overall, the results
assessment, management, policy, regulatory
doi: 10.2175/106143010X12756668802256
provided field validation of the hypothesis that chromium VI will not persist in sediments with excess acid volatile sulfides and given the low concentrations of chromium VI
1*
WSP Environment & Energy, 750 Holiday Drive, Suite 410, Pittsburgh, PA 15220; Tel. 412-604-1040; Fax. 412-920-7455; e-mail: thomas.biksey@wspgroup.com
in sediment and porewater, it appears unlikely that chromium in Baltimore Harbor sediments contributes appreciably to previously observed sediment toxicity.
WSP Environment & Energy , Reston, Virginia Tetra Tech NUS, Inc., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania WSP Environment & Energy, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Water Environment Research, Volume 82, Number 10Copyright 2010 Water Environment Federation
Three sets of studies designed to test a thin-film solid phase extraction technique for characterizing the bioavailability of organic chemicals in sediments were presented in Meloche et al. (2009). The authors found that bioaccumulation studies with clams (Macoma balthica) show excellent correlations between thin-film and animal tissue concentrations, and conclude that thin-film extraction provides an ecologically relevant, fugacity-based measure of chemical exposure that can be expected to improve sediment quality assessments. Maruya et al. (2009) developed and tested a porewater sampler that uses solid-phase microextraction (SPME) to measure freely dissolved (bioavailable)
sequestered) fractions of metal in soil that could become bioaccessible in the gastrointestinal tract of earthworms. Dobbins et al. (2009) performed a hazard assessment for parabens using common invertebrate and vertebrate models to define acute and subchronic toxicity thresholds for seven parabens; to examine whether there was a relationship between aquatic toxicity and
lipophilicity of the parabens; and, to use a probabilistic chemical toxicity distribution (CTD) approach to
characterize hazards associated with parabens in aquatic environments. The distributions demonstrated that at environmentally relevant concentrations in developed countries, there is limited acute or subchronic aquatic hazard of parabens to the organisms and responses examined. Fu et al. (2009) collected measured
hydrophobic organic compounds (HOC) concentrations that are regulatory concern in sediment pore water. The concept showed promise for directly measuring the freely dissolved concentration of HOCs in sediment pore water, a previously difficult-to-measure parameter that will improve the ability to assess the impacts of contaminated sediments. A simulated earthworm gut (SEG) was developed by Ma et al. (2009) to measure the bioaccessibility of metals in soil to earthworms by mimicking the The SEG
bioconcentration factors (BCFs) in fish for organic electrolytes, and then tested empirical BCF estimation methods. They found that several methods provided
acceptable results for suitable methods for estimating the BCFs. A study was conducted to evaluate several headspace and solvent extraction methods for mass recovery of tricholoroethylene (TCE), to identify a relatively fast and simple method to extract TCE from plant branches completely, and to identify plant characteristics that affect the efficiency of the most promising extraction methods (Gopalakrishnan et al., 2009). Hot methanol
gastrointestinal fluid composition of earthworms. difference between chemical and enzymatic
treatments was clear with respect to the bioaccessibility of metals in soils with different physicochemical properties and different levels of metal contamination. Although
further research is needed, the SEG could prove valuable because it simultaneously evaluates the labile (chemically extractable) and recalcitrant (Soil Organic Matter-
extraction performed the best with respect to TCE mass recovery, and was relatively fast, simple, and reliable; this
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method recovered more than 89% of the TCE present in branches of five different tree species. Ecological Effects and Exposure Assessment. In a literature-based study of measured concentrations of anti-infectives (i.e., antibiotic medications) in wastewater and natural and drinking waters, the potential spread of anti-infective resistant bacteria and the resulting effect on aquatic biota were evaluated (Segura et al., 2009). The study found that 68 parent compounds and 10 degradation products or metabolites of these substances have been quantified in various waters with environmental
locomotion behavior of the amphipod Gammarus pulex over a 7 day observation period. Results indicate that
gender plays a role in activity; however, considerable between-individual differences existed indicating that natural variation should be considered when behavior is an endpoint for ecotoxicological assays. Baatrup (2009) developed a computerized vision system to quantify fish behavior, and the system has been used to study the effects of endocrine disruptors on the reproductive behavior of male guppies. Sigmoid displays and posturing behavior were significantly suppressed by estrogenic and antiandrogenic substances. Female Chironomus riparius life stages were investigated by Dornfeld et al. (2009) to observe avoidance of copper contaminated water and sediment environments. Even though the highest concentrations of copper caused lethal effects, there was no sign of avoidance by ovipositing females, first-, second-, or fourth-instar larvae. Gestational exposure to 2,24,4,5-
concentrations ranging from approximately 10-1 to 109 /l and concluded that detrimental effects on aquatic biota are possible with a potential result of indirect impact on human health as well. The polychaete Nereis diversicolor and the bivalve Scrobicularia plana living in intertidal mudflats were studied by Bonnard et al. (2009) looking at effects of copper on the benthic invertebrates burrowing behavior. Both species exhibited hypoactivity resulting from the lowest tested concentrations of copper below lethality for these species. Survival and locamotory behavior of the
pentabrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE99) and lifetime exposure to tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) was
examined by Lilienthal et al. (2009) to determine neurobehavioral and endocrine effects in rats. Sweet
freshwater oligochaete Tubifex tubifex based on exposure to metals (cadmium, copper, nickel), Ivermectin, and
preference, catalepsy, and brainstem auditory potentials were shown to be affected by the brominated flame retardants. Amiard-Triquet (2009) evaluated the idea of behavioral responses as a useful tool in ecological risk assessments to connect between stress in the suborganismal and supra-organismal levels. Combining
Imidacloprid were studied by Gerhardt (2009) in the Multispecies Freshwater Biomonitor. A short-term
automated behavioral toxicity test was developed indicating toxicity is dependent on concentrations and exposure time. The Multispecies Freshwater Biomonitor was used by Peeters et al. (2009) to observe the variation in
behavioral biomarkers with biochemical and physiological
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biomarkers creates a multimarker approach to view a population response to a chemical stress. De Lange, Peeters, and Lurling (2009) used the benthic invertebrate Gammarus pulex (Crustacea,
California by Hall et al. (2009) using multiple linear regressions from two years of studying the relationship of benthic metrics to physical habitat metrics, pyrethroids, and metals. Benthic communities were primarily affected by habitat metrics and when habitat metrics, and metals were observed in the statistical models then no significant relationship was seen from pyrethroids. Zajdlik et al. (2009) conducted a case study using Atrazine in multimodel species sensitivity distributions to estimate water quality guidelines. This bimodal method allows the water quality guideline to be created for the pesticide using a statistical subset of data and emphasizing the more sensitive portion. whereas other models did not account for small sample sizes. Using species sensitivity distribution, Wong et al. (2009) examined metals toxicity data derived primarily
Amphipoda) in a Multispecies Freshwater Biomonitor to observe Principal Response Curves based on sublethal concentrations of fluoxetine, ibuprofen, carbamazepine, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. Increased ventilation
was determined to be a sign of stress, and locomotion caused by stress depended on the type of toxin present. The effects of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) on the liver status, growth, and behavior of seabass was investigated by Gravato and Guilhermino (2009). As levels of BaP
increased, oxidative liver damage occurred along with a decrease in weight, size, food intake, and swimming velocity. A brine discharge to the North Fork Holston River and conductivity dissipation was examined by Echols et al. (2009) to evaluate the impact on benthic macroinvertebrates. The results indicate that under lowflow conditions, subchronic intermittent toxicity exists that potentially impair the unionid populations for
from daphniids compared with toxicity data of copepods and other species of cladocerans. C. dubia is a cladoceran with relatively small body size making it extremely sensitive to trace metals; therefore, copepods and other cladocerans are most likely protected from water quality criteria derived from data using the genus Daphnia. Weston et al. (2009) investigated temperature manipulations to identify pyrethroid insecticides as the primary source of toxicity in whole sediment toxicity identification evaluations. The authors found that toxicity increased two to three fold with temperature decreases as little as 5C and 10C, respectively. A graphical information system-based model was developed for assessing the combined effects of multiple estrogenic compounds on endocrine disruption and intersex
approximately 26 miles downstream. Staples et al. (2009) supported the environmental fate and aquatic toxicity of methacrylic acid esters using quantitative structure-activity relationships. The
methacrylate data was determined to be low to moderate toxicity, and was used to develop predicted no effect concentrations in water and sediment. Benthic communities and physical habitats were characterized in an urban and residential stream in
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of fish populations in England and Wales by Williams et al. (2009). The study used a catchment-based approach to
dissolution of AVS and metals in the sediment occurred simultaneously. The only metal that appeared to have
evaluated risks from these compounds. Powell et al. (2009) demonstrated that
similar reaction kinetics to AVS in the study sediment was copper. Perron et al. (2009) evaluated the applicability of using reverse polyethylene samplers (RePES) as a phase II toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) method for
bioaccumulation models could be developed by Hall et al. (2009) that predict the uptake and loss of a chemical based on chemical properties and physiological processes using characteristic times. The characteristic time model can be effectively used to evaluate both water-respiring and airrespiring biota. Selenium exposure and uptake from seleniumspiked sand to leopard geckos (Eublepharis macularius) via direct and indirect ingestion was investigated by Rich and Talent (2009). Sublethal effects were apparent with increasing soil concentrations indicating that soil uptake is an important exposure route in some reptiles. Stebbins et al. (2009) developed a nonlethal microsampling technique to extract albumen to measure mercury concentrations in wild bird eggsm and then the eggs were returned to the nest for incubation. The
evaluating the toxicity of nonionic organic contaminants in whole marine sediment. RePES can be used as an effective TIE method to reproduce the toxicity of intact sediments. Marine species sensitivity distributions from exposure to oil were used by Smit et al. (2009) to evaluate the relationship between biomarkers and organism level effects. Biomarkers from oil exposure were up to 50 times more sensitive, but biomarkers could be used as a screening tool for evaluating when additional study is warranted. Quinn et al. (2009) developed a no-observedadverse-effects level (NOAEL) and a lowest-observedadverse-effects level (LOAEL) for the northern bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) from RDX (1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5triazine) administered orally in corn oil. The resulting
reproductive effects of mercury to avian species can be effectively evaluated because of the nonintrusive nature of this methodology. Arsenic uptake from soil and plant tissue to deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) was evaluated by Ollson et al. (2009). Calculated uptake rates from standard estimated daily intake models highly overestimated the actual daily intake of arsenic by an order of magnitude. The dissolution kinetics of acid volatile sulfide (AVS) and simultaneously extracted metals (SEM) were measured by Poot et al. (2009) to evaluate whether the
NOAEL and LOAEL were 3.0 mg/kg.d and 8.0 mg/kg.d, respectively. Qi et al. (2009) measured the liberation of arsenic from arsenical herbicide contaminated soils that
demonstrated three types of release mechanisms including kinetically controlled, equilibrium controlled, irreversibly bound. Arsenic would be desorbed from the kinetically and equilibrium controlled soils by acid rain, but the irreversibly bound soils would not release arsenic.
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The binding affinity of nitroaromatic compounds to three types of Chinese soils was investigated by Zhang, SHU*, and Chen (2009). Results from the study indicate that soil organic matter rather than clay minerals was the primary binding pathway of nitroaromatics in these soils. Reiss et al. (2009) evaluated the ecological risk of triclosan (2,4,4-trichloro-2-hydroxydiphenyl), a
DGTs provide a practical field-based method to determine metal concentrations in edible portions of crops. Stanley et al. (2009) evaluated two methods for measuring semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in tadpole tissue. Although both evaluated methods showed promising results, matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) provided additional benefits over pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) including detection of more SVOCs and reduced solvent volumes necessary in the extraction process. Bioaccumulation of RDX (1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5triazine) in the earthworm (Eisenia andrei) was evaluated by Sarrazin et al. (2009) using toxicokinetic studies. As RDX soil concentrations increased from 1 to 10 000 mg/kg, the BAF dropped significantly from 6.7 to 0.1, respectively showing that BAFs can differ widely in a sandy loam soil. A 13-d amphipod reproduction test was
common bactericide, from the application of sewage sludge. Typical sewage sludge concentrations should not pose an ecological risk to earthworms, birds, mammals, terrestrial plants, or soil microorganisms. Smolder et al. (2009) used a series of laboratory toxicity tests to evaluate metal bioavailability from different soil types and sources of metals. Total metal
concentrations are not solely indicative of toxicity and other factors including soil properties, aging and source of metals play a contributing factor in the bioavailability and toxicity of metals in soil. Stinging nettle (Urtica dioica ) was proposed for use as a model plant species to evaluate the transfer of metals from contaminated soils to higher trophic-level species by Sinnett et al. (2009). Concentrations of
developed by Mann et al. (2009) that encompasses gametogenesis, fertilization, and embryo development before hatching. The sensitivity of the test endpoints were evaluated using field collected sediments that were naturally contaminated, predominantly with metals, and using metal-spiked sediments prepared in the laboratory. Side-by-side reproductive tests with mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus) and fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) were conducted with effluent from a bleached kraft pulp mill in Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada, to determine the differenced in the effects of endocrine disrupting substances among the available tests (Melvin et al., 2009). A comparison of the results of the study to other published studies suggest that current reproductive
cadmium and zinc measured in the leaves of U. dioica strongly correlated with tissue concentrations in the primary consumer test organisms Helix aspersa and Lumbricus terrestris. Nickel and cadmium concentrations in wheat and potato crops were measured and compared to the fieldmeasured soil-diffusive gradient in thin film (DGT) concentrations by Perez and Anderson (2009). Total metal concentrations in conjunction with those measured in the
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bioassays are only sensitive for detecting magnitudes of change of greater than 50% and that differences exist in the sensitivities of fish. A 4-d, staticrenewal survival and growth test was developed for use with D. magna and the test results were compared to performance criteria and results from 7-d survival and reproduction tests with Ceriodaphnia dubia to determine the level of comparability between the two methods (Lazorchak et al., 2009). Results from the 4-d D. magna survival and growth test method indicated that this method produces consistent results with various reference toxicant materials and provides data that are both reproducible and useful for detecting potential toxicity in aquatic environments. Brooks et al., (2009) investigated the
concluded that their model is simple and effective and can be applied to any polar and nonpolar narcotic chemical to calculate the LC50 acute toxic endpoint. A method was presented by McGrath and Di Toro (2009) for developing scientifically defensible, numeric guidelines for residual petroleum-related aromatic aromatic
constituents, hydrocarbons
specifically (MAHs) and
monocyclic polycyclic
hydrocarbons (PAHs), in the water column, using the target lipid model (TLM) that was developed for assessing the toxicity of type I narcotic chemicals. An acute to chronic ratio is used for chronic expression and sublethal effects. They concluded that the methodology is capable of predicting both the acute and chronic toxicity of MAHs and PAHs in single exposures and in mixtures and can be used by the oil spill community to compare residual
consequences of sublethal contaminant effects in prey on predatorprey interactions, particularly the interaction between prey behavioral changes and predation by predators with different hunting strategies. The results of this study highlighted that the full effects of contaminants cannot be predicted by single species acute toxicity tests and that ecological risk assessments may therefore need to incorporate trophic interactions and population changes that can occur as an indirect result of sublethal exposures within natural assemblages. A method was presented by Kipka and Di Toro (2009) for extending the target lipid model (TLM) of narcotic toxicity to polar narcotic chemicals. The model predicts the log median lethal concentration with a root mean square error of 0.460 for nonpolar and polar chemicals and 0.501 for only polar chemicals. The authors
concentrations of PAHs against defensible, numeric guidelines to assess potential ecological impacts. Risk Management. Characterization, Uncertainty, and
De Lange et al. (2009) developed a new
method to predict ecological vulnerability in wildlife using autecological information. The method resulted in an ordinal ranking of vulnerable species which was applied to six representative contaminants: cadmium, copper, zinc, DDT, chlorpyrifos, and ivermectin, to include essential metals with low to medium toxicity to persistent organic chemicals with high toxicity.) Lin and Meng (2009) proposed an extrapolation approach using available acute (median lethal or effect concentration) and chronic (no observed-effect
concentration) toxicity test data at the organism level to
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derive a reference value contributing to the development of predicted-no-effect concentration on population persistence for population-level ecological risk assessment of
fullerenes and single-walled carbon nanotubes. The study results showed that low dose oral exposure to both C60 fullerenes and single-walled carbon nanotubes resulted in elevated levels of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2-deoxyguanosine in the liver and lung, which were associated with genotoxic ability of the substances as opposed to an inhibition of DNA repair. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is developing an online resource for toxicology information
chemicals. They concluded that the extrapolation approach is widely applicable and is promising for performing population-level ecological risk assessment on a more general basis that can support reasonable chemical management.
Human Health Methodology. Using a modified Chemical
identified as the Aggregated Computational Toxicology Resource (ACToR), which incorporates information from a wide variety of public sources on chemical structure, physical-chemical properties, in vitro assay data, tabular in vivo data, summary toxicology determinations, and links to online toxicology summaries (Judson et al., 2009). This resource is also being used as a means to identify and prioritize chemicals where additional toxicity testing is needed. Bisphenol A (BPA), a chemical commonly used The potential uptake and toxicity of in polycarbonate plastic manufacturing, may be linked to endocrine disruption in animals and possibly humans at low exposure levels; a study was conducted to evaluate the potential exposure to BPA through ingestion of beverages from polycarbonate plastic drinking bottles in a group of 77 Harvard College students. (Carwile et al., 2009). Urinary concentrations of BPA were measured during both a washout week (minimal exposure to BPA) and an intervention week (drinking cold beverages from polycarbonate bottles) and compared and it was determined that there was an increase in urinary BPA concentrations by
Hazard and Evaluation Management Strategies model along with Canadas National Pollutant Release Inventory (NPRI), Dunn (2009) developed a relative risk ranking. This ranking scored chemicals of concern based on toxicity, chemical fate properties, and NPRI data to set a priority to help the community determine hazards as well as for future risk assessment and evaluation by the government. Toxicity.
tungsten carbide and cobalt-doped tungsten carbide nanoparticles on human and rat cells was evaluated by Bastian et al. (2009) using human lung, skin, and colon cells, and rat neuronal and glial cells in vitro. The authors demonstrated uptake of tungsten carbide nanoparticles by mammalian cells with no acute toxicity; however, the cobalt-doped nanoparticles were shown to have an increased cytotoxic effect with the most sensitive cells being the astrocytes and colon epithelial cells. Oxidative damage to DNA was measured by Folkmann et al. (2009) in a study where rats were exposed by oral gavage to C60
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a factor of two thirds following the week of polycarbonate bottle use. Morisseau et al. (2009) used a mechanistically based screening assay, identified as high-throughput screening using nine enzyme-based and five receptor-based bioassays, as a tool to obtain rapid toxicological data for 176 synthetic chemicals. The authors concluded that this rapid screening method could be useful tool to identify potentially hazardous chemicals and prioritize them for further research. Protection Agency In 2009, the U.S. Environmental (USEPA, 2009a) released draft
with the toxicity of crocidolite by Iudicello and Englehardt (2009) using a theoretically derived emergent doseresponse model. The study concludes that the two
toxicities are comparable when looking at intratracheal and intraperitoneal applications; however, further dose-
response data is recommended. Finley et al. (2009) administered soil samples containing PCDD/F toxic equivalent (TEQ) concentrations orally to female Sprague Dawley rats. The results compare the soil bioavailability of the cogeners, evaluate the consistency of bioavailability results with in vitro bioaccessibility, and develop quantitative bioavailability measurements for a health risk assessment. A physiologically-based pharmacokinetic
toxicological reviews for the following chemicals: trichloroethene hydrogen cyanide and cyanide salts 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane ethyl tertiary butyl ether chloroprene trichloroacetic acid methanol halogenated platinum salts and platinum compounds cis- and trans-1,2-dichloroethene 1,4-dioxane
(PBPK) model was used to measure the radiation dose equivalents to benzene metabolites to estimate benzene risk by Nakayama et al (2009). The life-time exposure risks were predicted to be 5.4 x 10-7 and 1.3 x 10-3 based on lifetime exposure to benzene of 1 micrograms per cubic meter (!g/m3) to 3.2 milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m3). The simulation of one- and two-sided confidence intervals for benchmark dose estimation when model inputs in the profile likelihood method employed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency benchmark dose
Also in 2009, the USEPA published its final assessment for particulate matter, which included the agencys most recent evaluation of the scientific literature regarding the potential health effects associated with exposure to particulate matter in ambient air (USEPA, 2009b). A predictive Bayesian dose-response assessment was conducted to compare the toxicity of carbon nanotubes
software are on the boundary was conducted by Kopylev et al. (2009). The coverage was close to 1, with a confidence level of 95 percent or " = 0.05 for several. The potential for organotin (OT) heat stabilizers, potentially immune, nervous, and reproductive toxicants, to leach from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes to residential drinking water was evaluated by Fristashi et al (2009) by
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developing probability distributions of U.S. population exposures to OT mixtures in drinking water transmitted via PVC pipes; the 90th percentile average daily dose (ADD) was determined to be 0.034 2.92 x 10-4 micrograms per kilogram per day (!g/kg-day). The calculated ADD is significantly lower than the World Health Organization (WHO) ADD of 4.2 !g/kg-day for the most toxic OT evaluated in the study, dibutylin (DBT); the estimated exposures to the population were also significantly lower than the WHO safe long-term drinking water concentration. An inhalation unit risk factor (URF) for 1,3butadiene of 5.0 x 10-7 per microgram per cubic meter (!g/m3) was developed by the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ) using an updated
noncancer toxicity default values are appropriate for screening assessments of mixtures. Exposure Assessment. Using blood mercury
concentrations and fish/shellfish consumption data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), an evaluation was conducted of the
distribution of blood mercury within coastal and noncoastal areas (U.S. Census regions) among women of childbearing age as a function of fish consumption for the period from 1999 through 2004 (Mahaffey et al., 2009). The results showed higher levels of blood mercury among women living in coastal areas with regional differences across the U.S., and across social and economic groups leading to the conclusion that blood mercury levels were associated with income, ethnicity, and area of residence. A study was conducted to measure and compare concentrations of various oxidative phthalate metabolites in breast milk, serum, saliva, and urine of 33 lactating women in North Carolina (Hines et al., 2009). Phthalate
epidemiological study based on styrene-butadiene rubber production workers which was not available at the time the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency developed the URF for 1,3-butadiene in 2002 (Grant et al, 2009). Air concentration values of 20 !g/m3, which reflects nosignificant-risk level of leukemia mortality, and a chronic reference value of 33 !g/m3, which is protective of ovarian atrophy, will be used to evaluate ambient air by the TCEQ. By modeling the uncertainty in toxicity
metabolites were more prevalent in urine samples and were detected with less frequency in serum, milk, or saliva and it was concluded that the urinary metabolite concentrations reflected material exposure and were not representative of the concentrations in other bodily fluids. Phthalate
standards, the approach for the evaluation of chronic noncarcinogenic effects of chemical mixtures developed as part of the Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) was evaluated by Price et al. (2009) to determine if overestimation of risk as a result of compounding conservative assumptions for individual components when applied to the mixture. The use of TTC leads to conservative estimates of mixture toxicity and the resultant
exposure was also the subject of a study by HernndezDaz et al. (2009) who examined the role of medication as a potential source of phthalate exposure in the U.S. population by measuring the urinary concentrations of phthalate metabolites in both users and nonusers of oral medications where phthalate is present in the polymer coatings. The study results showed higher concentrations
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of urinary phthalate metabolites among users of phthalatecontaining medications as compared to nonusers and concluded that some medications could be a source of high exposure to some phthalates raising a potential human health concern especially for more vulnerable exposure groups, such as pregnant women and children. A cohort of 725 deaths from among 6,181 former residents of Love Canal was used in a study of the association between mortality and exposure to the contamination present in the landfill beneath the residential neighborhood that was located in Niagara Falls, New York (Gensburg et al., 2009a). The mortality rates were
samples from NHANES collected from 1999 through 2004 were compared to existing health-based standards and it was determined that most houses with children had dust lead levels that complied with federal standards, but still may put children at risk. The second study evaluated the relationship between dust lead levels and childhood blood lead levels and lead poisoning. The study concluded that a reduction in the current federal standard for floor dust lead would be more protective of children. The association
between cumulative exposure to lead and cognitive function in older women was examined using biomarkers in bone and blood to assess cumulative lead exposure in conjunction with performance of a battery of cognitive function tests (Weuve et al., 2009). The results of the study indicated that cumulative lead exposure, even at relatively low doses, could have an adverse effect on cognitive function in older women. Sclo et al. (2009) demonstrated a strong association between the risk of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and home paint exposure in children, with a higher risk observed when the paint was used postnatally or frequently. The study also examined the association between ALL and the use of petroleum solvents in the home and between acute myeloid leukemia and exposure to paint or solvents; the study concluded that additional research was needed to evaluate these relationships. No association between the incidence of several types of cancer and exposure to permethrin was demonstrated among pesticide applicators that were included in a cohort from the Agricultural Health Study
examined and compared with rates for New York State and Niagara County and it was determined that a direct relationship between exposure to landfill chemicals and an increase in mortality rate was not clear. These authors also evaluated the association between exposure to the landfill at Love Canal with cancer incidence using data from the same group of former residents, of which it was determined that 5,052 were eligible study participants (Gensburg et al., 2009b). An elevated incidence rate was identified for
cancer of the bladder and kidney and higher rates of bladder cancer were noted within the group of residents who were exposed as children, although the authors concluded that the specific link between landfill exposure and increased cancer incidence was unclear given the various limitations of the study. In companion studies, Gaitens et al. (2009) and Dixon et al. (2009) evaluated the relationship between lead exposure in children in the U.S. and the presence of leadcontaminated house dust. In the first study, dust lead
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(Rusiecki et al., 2009). The study examined permethrin exposure for a total of 49,093 pesticide applicators. Cooper et al. (2009) conducted a literature-based evaluation of the immune-related, and specifically
The U.S. Food and Drug Administrations (FDAs) finding that concentrations of lead in certain commercial multivitamin and mineral products used by women and children do not pose a health hazard was examined through the analysis of the methodology and safe exposure levels used by the agency (Miodovnik and Landrigan, 2009). The authors determined that the safe exposure levels used by the FDA, the provisional total tolerable intake (PTTI) levels, were not based on blood level levels that were sufficiently protective and that the agencys analysis did not take into account nonfood sources
autoimmune-related effects resulting from exposure to trichloroethene (TCE) in mice and humans. The authors concluded that TCE exposure was linked to various autoimmune responses in both mice and humans and noted both consistency in the studies identified in the literature and good agreement between outcomes for mice and humans in support of their conclusions. Biological monitoring of to urine uranium
of
lead
exposure
leading
to
the
conclusion
that
concentrations was conducted
evaluate potential
reconsideration of the FDAs position was warranted. The potential link between arsenic exposure and impaired glucose tolerance during pregnancy, and an indicator of increased risk of type 2 diabetes, was studied in a group of 523 women living near the Tar Creek Superfund Site in Oklahoma (Ettinger et al., 2009). Correlating the concentrations of arsenic in blood and hair with the results of a 1 hour glucose tolerance test performed during routine prenatal care, and adjusting for age and other factors, the authors demonstrated an increased risk of impaired glucose tolerance associated with arsenic exposure at 24 to 28 weeks of gestation, which suggests a potential increased risk of gestational diabetes. Kozul et al. (2009) conducted research involving arsenic exposure via drinking water and food and the potential effect on immune response in mouse lungs at concentrations reflective of the current federal drinking water standard for arsenic. The results of the
exposure to depleted uranium in Gulf War and post-Gulf Ware veterans (Dorsey et al., 2009). In a study conducted over the period between January 2003 and June 2008, 1,769 24-hour urine specimens were analyzed and no depleted uranium was identified in those veterans who did not have embedded fragments of depleted uranium from a previous injury suggesting that a health risk related to depleted uranium exposure is unlikely for veterans without embedded fragments. The emerging environmental health effects resulting from the modernization and urbanization of African countries was evaluated in a literature-based study (Nweke and Sanders, 2009). The study determined that the traditional hazards such as inadequate sanitation were being replaced by exposure to more industrial-type hazards such as those related to natural resource mining and processing and automobile exhaust, and noted that potential risks related to water and air pollution were significant data gaps.
study showed significant changes in the expression of a number of genes of varying function, including aspects of
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innate immune response suggesting an association between low dose arsenic exposure and effects on the regulations of innate immunity, which could lead to a change in disease risk, particularly in the lung. The effect of arsenic exposure on response to respiratory influenza was the subject of a study where mice were exposed to 100 parts per billion of arsenic in drinking water for 5 weeks, which was followed by intranasal inoculation with influenza A (H1N1) virus (Kozul et al., 2009). Arsenic exposure was observed to be associated with a compromised immune response to the respiratory infection and the results suggested that the altered response to respiratory infection may contribute to other chronic respiratory disease. Heck et al., (2009)
1,017 French women participating in the EDEN (a pre- and postnatal development study) cohort study between 2003 and 2005 (Yazbeck et al., 2009). Blood lead concentrations were measured in all participants and pregnancy-induced hypertension was identified in 106 subjects; after
adjustment for confounding factors, such as age, parity, weight gain and others, it was determined that blood lead levels were significantly higher in subjects diagnosed with pregnancy-induced hypertension. The association between prenatal exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) and early childhood behavior was studied using data from 249 mothers who provided 3 urine samples at 16 weeks and 26 weeks of pregnancy, and at birth, and the administration of the second edition of the Behavioral Assessment System for Children (BASC-2) to each child at two years of age (Braun et al., 2009). Using linear regression to analyze prenatal BPA concentrations and the relationship to BASC-2 scores, the results suggested a potential association between prenatal exposure to BPA and specific (externalizing) behaviors in 2-year old children, and in particular, female children. A study was conducted on 150 pregnant women from central New Jersey by Yan et al. (2009) focusing on phthalates metabolites from measurements of maternal urine, maternal serum, and cord serum samples collected at the time of delivery. The results showed widespread
evaluated the association between arsenic exposure at low to moderate concentrations (less than 100 !g per liter) and the incidence of lung cancer in 10 counties in New Hampshire and Vermont. Using toenail clippings to
determine arsenic exposure and estimating odds ratios of the association between exposure and lung cancer, after adjusting for confounding factors, it was concluded that there is a possibility of increased risk of specific types of lung cancer at low levels of arsenic exposure. Patterns of urinary arsenic concentrations and arsenic species and
(inorganic,
methylarsonate,
dimethylarsinate,
arsenobtaine) were evaluated by Navas-Acien et al. (2009) in samples from American Indians in Arizona, Oklahoma, and North and South Dakota from 1989 to 1999. The study identified low to moderate inorganic arsenic exposure and long-term consistency in urine excretion patterns. Pregnancy-induced hypertension and its
exposure to five phthalate parent compounds with urinary concentrations being the better biomarker. An experiment utilizing a computer controlled mechanical chamber to contact human skin with carpet and aluminum foil laden with soil in order to determine the
association with exposure to lead was studied in a group of
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amount of soil transferred. Ferguson et al. (2009) used two different soil types accounting for variations of contact pressure and time to determine that these had less influence on the magnitude of transfer for the second contact. Richardson and Fulton (2009) compiled data to create an environmental emissions inventory for
of
the
seven
evaluated
was
based
on
stratified
microenvironment concentrations, lifestyle factors, and individual-level activities and accounted for 40 to 85% of the variance for individual VOCs and was validated for most of the VOCs. Manipulating oxygen uptake ranges and
endogenous and retail pharmaceutical estrogens discarded in Canada during 2007. This inventory suggests that 960 kg of endogenous estrogens were excreted of which 420 kg are impacting the surface water and soil/groundwater. Two source-to-dose models developed from data collected in a village polluted with emissions from a lead smelter were integrated by Bonnard and McKone (2009) to combine the idea of media-specific concentrations with concentration of exposure of specific individuals. This
ventilation rates, Allan et al. (2009) used a Monte Carlo simulation to create probability density functions. Hourly inhalation rates of construction workers were generated to use as human exposure factors for risk assessments. The control of air pollution was approached using methodology based on traditional and fuzzy process capability indices and compared with the six-sigma approach by Kaya and Kahraman (2009). SO2 and
particulate matter in Istanbul exceed the ideal values and should be decreased to provide a suitable environment. With the aid of system dynamics modeling a simulation was run using historical data to research the risk
integrated approach helps to provide outputs with lower variance, but further tests need to be run to determine accuracy. Dermal exposure to latex paint is the subject of McCreadys (2009) study that uses a tiered approach, due to drying time of latex paint, to determine bioavailability. The idea of latex paint drying quickly reduces dermal penetration from 100% of the applied substance to 5% and potentially becomes 2% if the paint film is partially wiped. Modeling and Probability Simulation. Various models to predict personal exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were developed and tested by Delgado-Saborit et al. (2009) using microenvironment concentrations collected via active samplers and sorbent tubes combined with information collected through questionnaires. The authors indicated that the best model
of water shortage and the carrying capacity of water resources for the city of Yiwu, China. Feng et al. (2009) conclude that promoting environmental protection and water conservation with economic development is the best way to ensure the city grows in a way in which the required amount of clean water will be available. Accounting for treatment rate, Ding et al. (2009) observed HIV patients when using a stochastic model with treatment rate for AIDS transmission and control. Knowledge, attitudes, and behavior of HIV patients were considered while looking at the effects that changing the treatment rate and contact rate pose.
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Risk of fire is increasing in urban areas of China as the population continues to grow and this article by Wu and Ren (2009) takes the main factors into account. City planning along with decision making rely on the index system of city fire risk evaluation, response time of fire departments and a model using a theory of fuzzy mathematics. The mean value of intake of methyl mercury through fish consumption by Japanese population was estimated to be 6.76 micrograms per kilograms (!g/kg) or 0.14 micrograms per body weight per day using a Monte Carlo simulation by random sampling of fish consumption and species-specific methyl mercury levels (Zhang et al, 2009). No health risk was identified in an evaluation of exposure to phthalates through food was evaluated by Dickson-Spillman et al. (2009); however, consumers with a higher natural and healthy diet interest correlated to higher daily doses of phthalates. Bengtsson et al. (2009) demonstrated that the toxic equivalent concentration of a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) mixture was dependent on the spatial distribution of organic carbon at a site in southern Sweden polluted with creosote using sequential Gaussian simulation and indicator kriging models for 1.8 meter (m) by 1.8 m blocks and site-specific data; Monte Carlo simulations for 5 m by 5 m blocks and yielded similar results. Hierarchical models used to predict benchmark dose (BMD) estimates of the effects of sodium chloride on reproduction of Ceriodaphina dubia were found to produce BMD estimates which more accurately reflected system variability (Wheeler et al. 2009). Policy.
Rowney et al. (2009) used a geographic information system approach to assess the risk of cytotoxic drugs in the drinking water of the Thames River catchment. Predicted concentrations of these drugs were many times lower than human daily intake thresholds and would not pose a risk to the general public. Risk Characterization, Management, and
A survey of local public health officers in
California was conducted between August and October 2007 to evaluate concerns regarding the potential public health effects that may result from climate change and the level of preparedness of the various agencies to deal with those issues (Bedsworth, 2009). The survey results
indicated a high degree of concern regarding the potential health effects that may be triggered by climate change, but a sense that the level of preparedness was not sufficient, although the author concluded that, based on programs being developed by local public health agencies, the level of preparedness may be higher than perceived at that time. The availability of federal funding in the U.S. to evaluate and respond to the anticipated human health effects associated with climate change was incorporated into a study by Ebi et al. (2009) who examined the potential health risks expected to result from climate change and determined the estimated current federal funding level to be less than $3 million per year. Based on the perceived level of risk, the authors concluded that a more realistic funding level would be in excess of $200 million annually for both intramural and extramural programs within the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Institutes of Health, and Centers for
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Disease Control, with oversight to be provided by the National Academy of Sciences. Through a review of applicable scientific literature, English et al. (2009) were able to identify surveillance indicators for climate change including climate-sensitive health outcomes and environmental vulnerability indicators, and mitigation, adaptation, and policy indicators of climate change. The authors review showed existing data for many of the indicators, but also identified data gaps including an evaluation of sensitivity and usefulness of the indicators. A geographic mapping system was used to determine vulnerability to the effects of heat waves within the U.S., based on 10 factors that included demographic and social variables, land cover, prevalence of diabetes, and air conditioning (Reid et al., 2009). Four factors were shown to account for greater than 75% of the total variance among the 10 factors and included social/environmental vulnerability, social isolation, air conditioning prevalence, and proportion of elderly/diabetes incidence and the areas of the U.S. with generally higher vulnerability were in the Northeast and Pacific Coast areas, the lowest was in the Southeast. In a literature-based study, Karn et al. (2009) examined the benefits and risks pertaining to the application of nanotechnology and the resulting use of nanomaterials in environmental remediation projects in the U.S. and internationally, using information obtained from 45 sites regarding the nanomaterials used, the types of pollutants being remediated, and the responsible
zero-valent iron. The authors concluded that the use of nanomaterials in site remediation has the potential to reduce cost and time of cleanup, eliminate treatment and disposal of contaminated soil, and substantially reduce contaminant concentrations, all using in situ applications, but also identified the need for evaluation of the potential adverse environmental impact of nanomaterials. The contribution of indoor air pollution to cumulative cancer risk and the potential disparities in cancer risk between Hispanic and non-Hispanic white groups was evaluated using data from participants in the Relationships of Indoor, Outdoor, and Personal Air (RIOPA) study through the evaluation of 12 of the volatile organic compounds and carbonyls that were sampled and considering sociodemographic factors and building
characteristics (Hun et al., 2009).
The study results
indicated cumulative cancer risks for both groups that were higher than the U.S. EPAs current 10-6 benchmark with Hispanics having statistically higher cumulative cancer risks than non-Hispanic whites due to differences in exposure leading to the conclusion that Hispanics were disproportionately affected by certain indoor air pollutants, with contribution from outdoor sources, and that indoor air pollution should be considered in policies designed to reduce risk resulting from exposure to hazardous air pollutants across all potential exposure groups. Indoor air quality of schools in Oporto, Portugal along with the health symptoms of the teachers was studied to determine the present impact. Madureira et al. (2009) identified many health concerns and determined that the
organizations, focusing especially on the use of nanoscale
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increase in disease symptoms could be decreased with the installation of adequate ventilation. A Study was done by Rodionova et al. (2009) to analyze gathered information relating to perceived societal risks by people in the Russian cities of Moscow and Tula. The highest risk perceptions were for violence, sex, and addiction type hazards and the study compared these perceptions by gender and education levels. The medicinal plant Colebrookia oppositifolia was used in a study to determine its antibacterial activity against waterborne pathogens found in drinking water in the Pothwar region in Pakistan. Using the API 20 E
guidelines, and a great potential exists with plants being used for purification against waterborne pathogens found in drinking water. Siriwong et al. (2009) conducted a study of organochlorine pesticide residues found in the Rangsit agricultural area in central Thailand to create a human health risk assessment looking at the potential dermal contact exposure that local fishermen face. Using liquidliquid extraction and gas chromatography low
concentrations were detected, but a risk of concern is present when looking at the worst case scenario based on a maximum exposure. An assessment of vulnerability was conducted by Zhang (2009) providing a definition of socioeconomic vulnerability and indicators arising from typhoon storm surges in Guangdong Province, China. Methods of
method, Ahmed et al. (2009) assessed the activity of leaves roots and shoots against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria that had been isolated. The Catalan stretch of the Ebro River in Spain was studied by Huguet et al. (2009) for a human health risk assessment for exposure to the metals arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, mercury, manganese, nickel and lead from soil and water. The results from sampling indicated low metal concentrations in the tap water and
numerical prediction, Gumbel Extreme Value Distribution Function, information diffusion, fussy comprehensive evaluation method with the Delphi method, and an integration of these indicators allow the vulnerability to be assessed. After hurricane Katrina, Fox et al. (2009) evaluated the potential for chemical mixture exposures to identify health effects of concern. This study points out the limitations of single substance risk assessments and urges the need for disaster preparedness and response. The Global International Council of Chemical Associations (ICCA) Amine Oxides Consortium conducted an environmental risk assessment on aquatic environments using the United States exposure tool E-FAST (Sanderson et al., 2009). A low risk to the environment was predicted:
concentrations in soils comparable to recent worldwide surveys indicating minimal health concerns for the local population with the exception of arsenic which needs continued monitoring. Ahmed et al. (2009) collected water samples from filtration plants in the Potohar region in Pakistan to analyze for faecal coliform bacteria and assessed Solanum surrattense against waterborne pathogens. Results of the water samples showed significantly elevated levels
compared to the recommended World Health Organization
2083
predicted environmental concentration (PEC) and the predicted no effect concentration (PNEC) ranged from 0.04 to 0.003. The result of a survey of two urban, English regions on risk contaminated land in each neighborhood and potential sources of information indicated trust is reliant on perception of honest motives and perceived expertise; if the public believes an expert sources is motivated to distort information less knowledgeable resident groups or friends/family were more likely to be believed. Regulatory Agency Guidance, Standard, and Policy. The USEPA, Regions 3, 6, and 9, in cooperation
Hopkins Risk Sciences and Public Policy Institute where the state of the science on low-dose extrapolation modeling as it applies to environmental health risk assessments was reviewed using discussion topics
identified based on a literature review.
Alternate
approaches were recommended for high-dose animal to low-dose human extrapolation. In May 2009, the USEPA announced its plan to conduct various activities related to environmental
exposure to dioxin and related compounds. As part of the implementation of this plan, the agency released several reports, including a review of a dioxin exposure study conducted by the University of Michigan (USEPA, 2009e), a review of various state soil cleanup levels for dioxin (USEPA, 2009f), and draft agency guidance on preliminary remediation goals for dioxin for both Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act and Resource Conservation and Recovery Act sites (USEPA, 2009g). The USEPAs Risk Assessment Forum released an external review draft of its recommended toxicity equivalency factors (TEFs) to be used in conducting human health risk assessments for dioxin and dioxin-like compounds (USEPA 2009h). Public comments were obtained through correspondence and during an October 2009 teleconference and have been made available at www.regulations.gov (search under Docket ID No. EPAHQ-ORD-2009-0605). The USEPAs Risk Assessment Forum released external review drafts of guidance for the use of probabilistic models to enhance risk analysis in the decision making process with regard to human, ecological, and
with the U.S. Department of Energy Oak Ridge National Laboratory, developed and launched a website containing the Regional Screening Levels for Chemical Contaminants at Superfund Sites (USEPA, 2009c); it is noted that this website was updated in May 2010. The website includes tables of generic risk-based screening levels, the equations used to develop the screening levels, and a calculator that can be used to develop site-specific screening levels or default screening levels for chemicals not included in the generic tables. An update to the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) process was announced by the USEPA in May 2009 (USEPA, 2009d). The new process includes a streamlined review schedule intended to result in the posting of new toxicological assessments to IRIS within two years of the start date of the assessment. White et al. (2009) published the findings of an April 2007 workshop sponsored by the USEPA and Johns
2084
environmental risk (two separate documents, one including case study examples and the other, a Managers Summary) (USEPA, 2009i). The documents describe aspects of the decision-making process where probabilistic tools may be helpful and provide further discussion regarding
probabilistic risk assessment; public comments were made available at: http://www.regulations.gov (search under DOCKET ID NO. EPA-HQ-ORD-2009-0645). The findings of a June 2008 workshop regarding population-level ecological risk assessment was published by the USEPAs Risk Assessment Forum (USEPA, 2009j). The workshop focused on current approaches, methods, and tools; strengths, limitations, trade-offs, and research needs; and technical needs regarding the development of additional guidance with respect to the agencys current Guidelines for Ecological Risk Assessment. The Global Change Research Program, under the National Center for Environmental Assessment, released a draft report concerning a proposed method for categorizing the relative vulnerability of various species to the effects of climate change (EPA 2009k). The framework document includes four modules, including 1) categorizing baseline vulnerability to extinction or major population reduction, 2) categorizing vulnerability to future climate change, 3) developing a matrix to score vulnerability to non-climate and climate change stressors, and 4) qualitatively determining uncertainty in estimating vulnerability.
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Trichloroethylene Exposure from Studies in Mice and Humans. Environ. Health Persp., 696-702. Carwile, J. L.; Luu, H. T.; Bassett, L. S.; Driscoll, D. A.; Yuan, C.; Chang, J. Y.; Ye, X.; Calafat, A. M.; Michels, K. B. (2009) Polycarbonate Bottle Use and Urinary
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Dorsey, C. D.; Engelhardt, S. M.; Squibb, K. S.; McDiarmid, M.A. (2009) Biological Monitoring for Depleted Uranium Exposure in U.S. Veterans. Environ. Health Persp., 953-956. Dunn, Allison M. (2009) A Relative Risk Ranking of Selected Substances on Canadas National Pollutant Release Inventory. Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess, 15, 579-603. Ebi, K. L.; Balbus, J.; Kinney, P. L.; Lipp, E.; ONeill, M. S.; Wilson, M. L. (2009) U.S. Funding is Insufficient to Address the Human Health Impacts of and Public Health Responses to Climate Variability and Change. Environ. Health Persp., 857-862. Echols, B. S.; Currie, R. J.; Cherry, D. S. (2009) Influence of Conductivity Dissipation on Benthic Macroinvertebrates in the North Fork Holston River, Virginia Downstream of a Point Source Brine Discharge during Severe Low-Flow Conditions. Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess, 15, 170-184. Eiser, J. Richard; Stafford, Tom; Henneberry, John; Catney, Philip (2009) Trust me, Im a Scientist (Not a Developer): Perceived Expertise and Motives as Predictors of Trust in Assessment of Risk from Contaminated Land. Risk Analsyis, 29, 288-297. English, P. B.; Sinclair, A. H.; Ross, Z.; Anderson, H.; Boothe, V.; Davis, C.; Ebi, K.; Kagey, B.; Malecki, K.; Shultz, R.; Simms, E. (2009) Environmental Health Indicators of Climate Change for the United States: Findings from the State Environmental Health Indicator Collaborative. Environ. Health Persp., 1673-1681. Ettinger, A. S.; Zota, A. R.; Amarasiriwardena, C. J.; Hopkins, M. R.; Schwartz, J.; Hu, H.; Wright, R. O. (2009) Maternal Arsenic Exposure and Impaired Glucose Tolerance During Pregnancy. Environ. Health Persp., 1059-1064. Feng, Lihua H.; Zhang, Xingcai; Luo, Gaoyuan. (2009) Research on the Risk of Water Shortages and the Carrying
Parabens Using Daphnia Magna And Pimephales Promelas. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 28 (12), 2744 2753. Dornfeld, Carolina B.; Moreira-Santos, Matilde; Espindola, Evaldo L. G.; Ribeiro, Rui. (2009) Do Larvae and Ovipositing Chironomus riparius (Diptera: Chironomidae) Females Avoid Copper-Contaminated Environments? Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess, 15, 63-75.
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Capacity of Water Resources in Yiwu, China. Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess, 15, 714-726. Ferguson, Alesia C.; Bursac, Zoran; Coleman, Sheire; Johnson, Wayne. (2009) Computer Controlled Chamber Measurements for Multiple Contacts for Soil-Skin Adherence from Aluminum and Carpet Surfaces. Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess, 15, 811-830. Ferre-Huguet, Nuria; Nadal, Marti; Schuhmacher, Marta; Domingo, Jose L. (2009) Human Health Risk Assessment for Environmental Exposure to Metals in the Catalan Stretch of the Ebro River, Spain. Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess, 15, 604-623. Finley, Brent; Fehling, Kurt; Warmerdam, John; Morinello, Eric J. (2009) Oral Bioavailability of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins/Dibenxofurans in Industial Soils. Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess, 15, 1146-1167. Folkmann, J. K.; Risom, L.; Jacobsen, N. R.; Wallin, H.; Loft, S.; Mller, P. (2009) Oxidatively Damaged DNA in Rats Exposed by Oral Gavage to C60 Fullerenes and SingleWalled Nanotubes. Environ. Health Persp., 703-708. Fox, Mary; Chari, Ramya; Resnick, Beth; Burke, Thomas. (2009) Potential for Chemical Mixture Exposures and Health Risks in New Orleans Post-Hurricane Katrina. Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess, 15, 831-845. Fristachi, Anthony; Xu, Ying; Rice, Glenn; Impellitteri,
Gaitens, J. M.; Dixon, S. L.; Jacobs, D. E.; Nagaraja, J.; Strauss, W.; Wilson, J. W.; Ashley, P. J. (2009) Exposure of U.S. Children to Residential Dust Lead, 1999-2004: I. Housing and Demographic Factors. Environ. Health Persp., 461-467. Gensburg, L. J.; Pantea, C.; Fitzgerald, E.; Stark, A.; Hwang, S.; Kim, N. (2009) Mortality Among Former Love Canal Residents. Environ. Health Persp., 209-216. Gensburg, L. J.; Pantea, C.; Kielb, C.; Fitzgerald, E.; Stark, A.; Kim, N. (2009) Cancer Incidence Among Former Love Canal Residents. Environ. Health Persp., 1265-1271. Gerhardt, Almut. (2009) Screening the Toxicity of Ni, Cd, Cu, Ivermectin, and Imidacloprid in a Short-Term Automated Behavioral Toxicity Test with Tubifex tubifex (Muller 1774) (Oligochaeta). Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess, 15, 27-40. Gopalakrishnan, G.; Werth, C.J.; Negri, M.C. (2009) Mass Recovery Methods for Trichloroethylene in Plant Tissue. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 28 (6), 1185-1190. Graham, A,M.; Wadhawan, A. R.; Bouwer, E. J. (2009)
Chromium Occurrence and Speciation in Baltimore Harbor Sediments and Porewater, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 28 (3), 471-4480. Grant, Roberta L.; Haney, Joseph; Curry, Angela L.; Honeycutt, Michael (2009) Development of a Unit Risk Factor for 1,3-Butadiene Based on an Updated Carcinogenic Toxicity Assessment. Risk Analysis, 29, 1726-1742. Gravato, Carlos; Guilhermino, Lucia. (2009) Effects of Benzo(a)pyrene on Seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.): Biomarkers, Growth and Behavior. Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess, 15, 121-137. Hall, Jr. Lenwood W.; Killen, William D.; Anderson, Ronald D.; Alden, III Raymond W. (2009) The Influence of Physical Habitat, Pyrethroids, and Metals on Benthic Community Condition in an Urban and Residential
Christopher A.; Carlson-Lynch, Heather; Little, John C. (2009) Using Probabilistic Modeling to Evaluate Human Exposure to Organotin in Drinking Water Transported by Polyvinyl Chloride Pipe. Risk Analysis, 29, 1615-1628. Fu, W.; Franco, A; Trapp, S. (2009) Methods for Estimating the Bioconcentration Factor of Ionizable Organic
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Ecological and Human Health Risk Assessment

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Ecological and Human Health Risk Assessment

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Ecological and Human Health Risk Assessment

This literature review covers the risk

Ecological Problem Formulation and Methodology. A

assessment process and addresses both ecological and human receptors.

The review covers the risk assessment

assessment, management, policy, regulatory

gastrointestinal fluid composition of earthworms. difference between chemical and enzymatic

behavioral biomarkers with biochemical and physiological

specifically (MAHs) and

De Lange et al. (2009) developed a new

concentration) toxicity test data at the organism level to

Human Health Methodology. Using a modified Chemical

concentrations was conducted

association with exposure to lead was studied in a group of

A survey of local public health officers in

characteristics (Hun et al., 2009).

The study results

organizations, focusing especially on the use of nanoscale

compared to the recommended World Health Organization

identified based on a literature review.

Chemicals. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 28 (7), 1372 1379.

From Soil. 1446.

Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 28 (7), 1439-

Assessment, Office of Research and Development; Research Triangle Park, NC.

http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/cfm/recordisplay.cfm?deid=2 16546 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2009c) Regional

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