n2 _ 1 1

n2

z2

=1 1X
n=1

2z2

1 n2
1X k=0

_ z2 n2 _k ! 16 where we expand z2 n2 using the geometric series. Since both series are absolutely convergent, we may interchange the order of summation to obtain z_ cot(_z) = 1 2z2 1X
k=0 1X n=1

1 n2(k+1) ! z2k = 1 1X
k=0

_(2k)z2k We now compute the Taylor series for _z cot(_z). _z cot(_z) = _z cos(_z) sin(_z) = _iz ei_z + e i_z ei_z e i_z = _iz ei2_z + 1 ei2_z 1 = 2_iz e2_iz 1 + _iz(e2_iz 1) e2_iz 1 = _iz + 2_iz e2_iz 1 Let jzj < 1 2_ . Then z_ cot(_z) = _iz + 2_iz P1

k=1 (2_iz)k k!

= _iz + 1 1 _ P1
k=1 (2_iz)k (k+1)!

_ = _iz + 1X
n=0

1X k=1

(2_iz)k (k + 1)! !n = _iz + 1X

k=0

Bk k! (2_iz)k where we may use the geometric expansion since ___ P1

k=1 (2_iz)k (k+1)!

___ _ P1 k=1 j2_zjk < 1 (jzj < 1 2_ ), and the change in the order of summation is permitted since the series are absolutely convergent. According to Ahlfors, the numbers Bk are called Bernoulli numbers, the values of which one can look up. Since the two series representations for _z cot(_z) are equal, the coe_cients must agree. Hence, _(2) = 1 2 (2_i)2B2 2! = _2 6 _(4) = 1 2 (2_i)4B4 4! = 16_4 6 _ 60 =

_4 90 _(6) = 1 2 (2_i)6B6 6! = 32_6 42 _ 6! = _6 21 _ 45 = _6 945

5.2.1 Exercise 2
We _rst observe that 1X
n= 1

1 z3 n3 converges absolutely, being comparable to P1

n=1 1 n3 . For z 6= 0, we may write (after some laborious computation, which can be found at the end of the solutions) 1 z3 n3 = 1 (z n)(z nei 2_ nei 4_ 3 )(z 3) = 1 (z n)(ei 2_ n)(ei 4_ 3z 3z n) = A z n + B zei 4_ n 3 + C zei 2_ 3 n where C= e
2_ 3i

3z2 B = e
4_

3i

3z2 A = 1 3z2 Ahlfors p. 189 shows that limm!1 Pm

m 1 z n=

_ cot(_z); 0 < jzj < 1. Hence, for 0 < jzj < 1,

lim
m!1

Xm
m

1 z3 n3 = 1 3z2 lim
m!1

Xm
m

1 z + e
2_ 3i

3z2 lim
m!1

Xm
m

1 zei 2_ n 3 + e
4_ 3i

3z2 lim
m!1

Xm
m

1 zei 4_ 3 n = _ cot(_z) 3z2 + _e

2_ 3i 2_

cot(_e

3 iz) 3z2 + _e 4_ 3i 4_

cot(_e

3 i) 3z2 17

5.2.2 Exercise 2
In what follows, we will restrict ourselves to z 2 D(0; 1). For n 2 Z_0, de_ne Pn(z) = (1 + z)

1 + z2_ ___ _ 1 + z2n _ = Yn

i=1

_ 1 + z2i _ First, I claim that (1 z)Pn(z) = (1 z2n+1 ). Suppose the claim is true for some n, then (1 z)Pn+1(z) = [(1 z)Pn(z)] (1 + z2n+1 ) = (1 z2n+1 )(1 + z2n+1 )= _ 1 z2n+2 _ = _ 1 z2(n+1)+1 _ The base case is trivial, so the result follows by induction. Therefore, ____ Pn(z) 1 1 z ____ _ 1 1 jzj j(1 z)Pn(z) 1j = jzj2n+1 ! 0; n ! 1 since jzj < 1. Since 1 1 jzj ; jzj are bounded on any compact subset of D(0; 1), we remark that the convergence is uniform on compact subsets of D(0; 1).

5.2.3 Exercise 3
First, note that even though the function z 7! p z is not entire for any branch choice, the function f(z) = cos( p z) is. Indeed, substituting into the de_nition of cos(z), f(z) = 1X
n=0

( 1)n (2n)! ( p z)2n Since changing the choice of branch only results in a sign change, we see that ( p

z)2n = zn, and therefore f(z) = 1X

n=0

( 1)n (2n)! zn which is evidently an entire function, being a power series with in_nite radius of convergence. Observe that f(z) has zero set __
(2n+1)_ 2

_2 :n2Z _ . Since sin(z + _ 2 ) = cos(z), cos(_z) can be written as cos(_z) = _ _ z+ 1 2 _Y

n6=0

_ 1 z+1
2

n _ e
z+1 2 n= _ _ z+ 1 2 _Y

n6=0

_ 2n 2n 2z 2n _ e
1 2n+ z n

= _ 2 _ 1 z
1 2

_Y