Investigation in compact optoelectronic oscillator with mini-disk resonator

P. Salzenstein(1), K. Volyanskiy(1,2), H. Tavernier(1), M. Pogumerskiy(3), . arger(1) an! ". #u$iola(1)

(1)

CNRS UMR 6174, Franche Comt Elctronique Thermique Optique Science et Technolo!ie "FEMTO#ST$, ENSMM, %6 Chemin &e l'pitaphe, F%())) *e an+on, FR,NCE (2) -ept. o/ Optical communication , State Uni0er it1 o/ ,eroco mic an& 2n trumentration "SU,2$, Saint 3eter 4ur!, RUSS2, (3) Saint#3eter 4ur! State Uni0er it1 o/ 2n/ormation Technolo!ie "2TMO$, Saint 3eter 4ur!, RUSS2,

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T(is stu!y !eals )it( a !esign, *a$ri+ation an! +(ara+terization o* +om,a+t o,toele+troni+ os+illators (-"-). T(e resonator . a !isk measuring a *e) millimeters in !iameter )it( roun!e! e!ges . $e(aves as a s,(ere $e+ause t(e energy is tra,,e! in )(is,ering.gallery mo!es in t(e e/uatorial region. 0or t(is ,ur,ose, 0use! sili+a an! Mg0 2 are suita$le, !ue to t(eir me+(ani+al +(ara+teristi+s an! t(eir lo) attenuation at 1.11 2m )avelengt(. 3n *a+t, t(e (ar!ness o* 4.5 !egrees Mo(s o* t(ese materials allo)s us to o$tain a /uite easy ,re+ision ,ro+essing an! sur*a+e ,olis(ing. -ur ,rototy,e o)ns a /uality *a+tor o* a,,ro6imately 37189, )(i+( is +ertainly limite! $y t(e availa$le te+(nology. T(e resonator is +ou,le! to an ta,ere! o,ti+al *i$er )it( a *e) nm ,osition resolution system. T(e mi+ro)ave +arrier is generate! $y lo+king t(e o,ti+al ,(ase mo!ulation to a *ree s,e+tral range resonator, )(i+( o++urs in t(e 18 :Hz region. Moreover, t(is +arrier is !ete+te! $y a stan!ar! lo).noise 3n:a%s ,.i.n tele+om ,(oto!io!e. T(e os+illator ,rototy,e is assem$le! on a 8.12 m2 o,ti+al $rea!$oar!. 3n ,rin+i,le, t(is sur*a+e +an $e re!u+e! to t(ose o* t(e os+illator main ,arts (resonator, laser, ,(oto!io!e, am,li*ier an! o,ti+al mo!ulator). T(e os+illator ,(ase noise measure! $y a !ual.!elay.line instrument, )(i+( (as $een !evelo,e! in &esan+on, +orres,on!s to ;<8 !&ra! 2=Hz at 18 kHz o** +arrier. %++or!ing to t(is result, t(e os+illator su**ers *rom severe noise limitations !ue to several reasons> t(e t(ermal +oe**i+ient o* t(e resonator, t(e lo) ,o)er t(at t(e resonator +an a++e,t, an! t(e small volume o* t(e energy. +on*inement region in t(e resonator (?27181@ m3). &ut our os+illator +oul! $e ,a+kage! in a small volume, +ontrarily to a +lassi+ -"- $ase! on an o,ti+al *i$er o* a *e) km. Key)or!s> *use! sili+a, Mg02, -,toele+troni+ os+illator, ,(ase noise, A.$an!, mini.!isk, )(is,ering.gallery resonator

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"arly )orks (ave $een *o+use! on t(e -"- in+lu!ing *i$er loo, E1,2F an! o**ering +om,ati$ility )it( tele+ommuni+ation systems, )(ere t(e os+illation *re/uen+y is sele+te! a++or!ing to t(e $an! *ilter value. Ho)ever, on t(e one (an!, o,ti+al *i$ers are still $ulky )it( ty,i+ally several km an! most o* all, t(ey are una!a,te! to an e**i+ient tem,erature +ontrol. -n t(e ot(er (an!, t(e use o* o,ti+al *i$ers o**ers an a$ility to a+(ieve lo) noise ,er*orman+es. Dsing a @ km o,ti+al !elay line, )e (ave measure! res,e+tively ; 43 !&.ra!G=Hz at 18 Hz, an! a noise *loor o* ; 113 !&.ra!G=Hz at 18 kHz *or a 18 :Hz +arrier E3F. T(e integration o* a mini.resonator is (el,*ul in or!er to solve t(e ,ro$lems relate! to t(e tem,erature +ontrol an! to )ork in a small volume> t(is allo)s us to ,er*orm trans,orta$le a,,li+ations. T(us, t(e o,ti+al *i$er ,reviously use! in -"- is re,la+e! $y a )(is,ering gallery mo!e (H:M) o,ti+al mini.resonator. T(en an o,ti+al signal +an $e ,ro,agate! $y a total internal re*le+tion insi!e t(e +rystal resonator $y H:M. -ne +an a+(ieve a long e/uivalent !elay line into a mini.!isk o* a *e) millimeters in !iameter. %s 3. S. :ru!inin et al. E@F (ave $een ,rove!, )e s(oul! e6,e+t a (ig( /uality *a+tor u, to 4.18 18. 3n t(is )ork )e investigate t(e a$ility to $uil! a +om,a+t os+illator $y t(e use o* a mini.!isk resonator )it(out any o,timize! to,ology o* t(e -"-. T(e aim o* our stu!y !eals )it( t(e *irst os+illating ,rototy,e in a limite! volume. Ces,ite t(e te+(ni+al ,ro$lems o* +ou,ling o,ti+al *i$er to t(e resonator, it is interesting to a+(ieve a *irst -"- an! ,er*orm *irst measurements relate! to its signal. 0irst, )e (ave *o+use! on t(e resonator *a$ri+ation an! +(ara+terization. T(en )e !es+ri$e t(e +(oi+e o* t(e te+(nology *or +ou,ling t(e *i$er to t(e resonator an! t(e resonan+e measurements. 0inally, )e ,resent t(e im,lementation in -"an! ,er*orm e6,eriments in or!er to ,ro+ess t(e ,o)er s,e+trum an! t(e s,e+tral !ensity o* t(e ,(ase noise relate! to t(e signal !elivere! $y t(e -"-, )(i+( is $ase! on an o,ti+al resonator element. 1. 0%&#3'%T3-B -0 TH" -PT3'% #"S-B%T-#S %++or!ing to its tetragonal +rystal s(a,e an! its e**i+ient $e(avior in ,resen+e o* ,ollute! )ater, 'a02 seems to $e a

,otential +an!i!ate. Ho)ever, in or!er to ,er*orm our *irst e6,erimental stu!y, )e (ave avoi!e! !ue to its $a! rea+tion to me+(ani+al s(o+ks. He (ave o,te! *or a resonator )it( Mg02 or *use! sili+a, )(i+( o)n goo! ,ro,erties E1F. %+tually, t(eir (ar!ness is in t(e range o* 4 Mo(s an! t(ey $ot( res,on! e**i+iently to ,re+ision ma+(ining an! ,olis(ing. T(is as,e+t (el,s us to ,ro!u+e mini.!isks +ontaining t(ese materials. T(ey $elong to !i**erent +rystal +lass, t(e Mg02 +rystal $eing tetragonal an! t(e *use! sili+a $eing non +rystalline. Moreover, )(ile Mg02 is not )ater sensitive, it is ne+essary to ,er*orm s,e+i*i+ treatments in or!er to !iminis( t(e H2- in+lusion insi!e t(e *use! sili+a. &ot( o* t(ese materials are relatively easy to mani,ulate )it(out !amaging t(e sur*a+e. % s,e+i*i+ tool (as $een !evelo,e! in or!er to manu*a+ture t(e Mg02 resonator. % !e!i+ate! ,olis(ing ma+(ine a**or!s a 288 nm small e++entri+ity an! a ,re+ision a!a,ter. System is (el! on t(e air $earing su,,ort in or!er to me+(ani+ally ,revent in*luen+e o* vi$ration on t(e e6ternal tore sur*a+e o* t(e mini.!isk resonator. -ur ,ro+ess starts *rom an initial Mg02 (ig( /uality material, )(i+( +orres,on!s to a !iameter o* a$out 4 mm, an! a t(i+kness o* 188 2m. % (ole must $e ,er*orme! in t(e +enter in or!er to allo) us an easy ,osition !uring ,ro+ess> t(is (as to $e ,ro+ess in or!er to avoi! ,ro$lems o* t(e e++entri+ity !uring ,olis(ing. T(e +ou,ling zone must $e re!u+e! to less t(an 18 2m, t(at is )(y t)o 28 !egree angles $evels are ,er*orme! on t(e !isk to *orm a s(ar, e!ge. %t t(is ste,, it is ne+essary to ,ro+ee! +are*ully using an a,,ro,riate grin!stone an! !isk s,ee!, in or!er to avoi! any s,linter t(at +an enlarge !ramati+ally t(e e!ge an! *or$i! *uture +ou,ling. T(e *igure 1, s(o)s a ,ro*ile o* a Mg02 mono.+rystal resonator ,re.s(a,ing. Manual ,olis(ing is t(en +are*ully realize! )it( a lo) s,ee!. He nee! a (ig( o,ti+al /uality in+lu!ing a tiny an! regular roug(ness, all aroun! t(e tori+al sur*a+e o* t(e !isk ,eri,(ery. Po)!ers )it( !e+reasing grain size are use! (*or e6am,le sili+a +olloi!al), +erium o6i!e, alumina o6i!e. Moreover, t(eir !ilution an! a+i!ity (ave to $e +(e+ke!.

0igure 1. #esonator ,re.s(a,ing. He )ork simultaneously )it( our o)n Mg02 o,ti+al resonators manu*a+ture! in t(e la$oratory an! also our *use! sili+a o,ti+al resonators manu*a+ture! in #ussia. 3t is )ell kno)n, t(at *use! sili+a lea!s to trou$les in ,resen+e o* Hy!ro6yl grou,s E4F. %+tually, t(ey e6ist as an isolate! grou, an! e6er+ise an in*luen+e on t(e +rystal sensitivity to )ater. T(at is )(y a t(ermal annealing is ne+essary on *use! sili+a +rystal. Sur*a+e is t(en +leane! )it( a <8I !iet(yl et(er ('H 3. 'H2)2- ; 18I iso,ro,yl al+o(ol ('H3)2'H-H solution in a ultrasoni+ environment. 3t (el,s t(e im,urities !e,osite! at t(e sur*a+e to move in or!er to smoot( t(e sur*a+e enoug( to insure a goo! signal ,ro,agation. 2. T%P"# '-DP 3B: %BC #"S-B%B'" M"%SD#"M"BTS T(e $est )ay to +ou,le t(e *i$er to an o,ti+al resonator +ertainly +onsists in using a ,rism )it( a signal ,rovi!e! $y a +ut o,ti+al *i$er. Ho)ever, an a,,ro,riate re,ro!u+i$le )ay in a la$ +onsists o* using a ta,ere! *i$er. 0igure 2 ,resents t(e ta,ere! *i$er glue! on t(e (ol!er.

0igure 2. Ta,er glue! on t(e (ol!er. Hol!er alloy an! geometry mat+( t(e t(ermal e6,ansion o* t(e glass. T(e )aist is less t(an 3 2m. 0or +ou,ling )e *irst use! a nano.,ositioning system manu*a+ture! $y t(e 0ren+( *irm 5a eo E5F, )it( its 3.a6is nano.,ositioning an! a resolution o* 28 nm. He (ave im,rove! t(e nano.,ositioning system $y t(e use o* a 1 nm t(eoreti+al resolution Smar,ct :erman system E9F as s(o)n in *igure 3.

0igure 3. Smar%+t nano.,ositioning system. 3n or!er to measure t(e resonan+e, a signal *rom a 1118 nm tuna$le laser !io!e 3 mH out,ut ,o)er (as $een use! E<F. T(e 18 ,m )avelengt( )ee, +orres,on!s to a 4 :Hz *re/uen+y in t(e s,e+trum. 0ast !igital real time 9488%.ty,e 5ecro1 os+illos+o,e ,rovi!es an analysis o* t(e very s(ar, ,(enomena at t(e ,eak o* resonan+e. 3t is ne+essary to em,loy a (ig( s,ee! resolution os+illos+o,e, in or!er to analyze very s(ort ,(enomenas. %n os+illos+o,e is inserte! a*ter a ,(oto!io!e t(at !ete+ts an o,ti+al signal, )(i+( is +oming *rom t(e mini.!isk resonator +ou,le! to t(e *i$er glue! on t(e (ol!er. T(e resonan+e ,eak !ete+tion +orres,on!s to a single mo!e e6+itation. % small ta,er size is (el,*ul to sele+t a t(in e6+itation area.

0igure @. #esonan+e measurement set.u,. 0igure @ s(o)s t(e resonan+e measurement set.u, in o,en loo,. %lt(oug( t(e )avelengt( s,an is too small in or!er to s+an a *ull *ree s,e+tral range (0S#) an! s+an rate is 18 Hz, it let $e ,ossi$le J *a+tor measure )it( t(e sel* (omo!yne met(o!ology E18F. Boti+e )e also nee! ,olarization +ontroller. -s+illation !am,ing t(en ,rovi!es J K 3.@6189 *or Mg02 o,ti+al resonator an! in t(e range o* 189 *or *use! sili+a resonator. T(e /uality *a+tor is e6tra+te! *rom t(e time !elay o* inter*eren+e ,at( $et)een t)o $eams. % *irst $eam +omes *rom t(e laser an! a se+on! one +omes *rom t(e +avity. T(e laser lig(t an! t(e ot(er one !elaye! $y t(e +avity o)n !i**erent )avelengt(s. Some !am,e! os+illations are o$serve! !uring t(e +avity unloa!ing. T(e J *a+tor +an $e !e!u+e! $y J K LT=2. 3t strongly !e,en!s on +ou,ling +on!itions an! !e!u+e! value is !i**erent a++or!ing to t(e )ay t(e resonator is +ou,le! to t(e o,ti+al *i$er. 3t +an in!ee! $e !e+om,ose! in t)o terms> J8 re,resents an intrinsi+ /uality *a+tor an! t(e ot(er term Je +orres,on!s to t(e +ou,ling J. *a+tor. T(ey are linke! $y t(e relation> J.1 K J8.1 M Je.1. 3n or!er to ,er*orm a (ig( e**i+ient measurement o* t(e /uality *a+tor, t(e varia$le J must $e +lose enoug( to t(e intrinsi+ J8 )(i+( !e,en!s on t(e ,ro,erties o* t(e resonator. T(is as,e+t e6,lains )(y t(e ta,er (as to $e )ell +ou,le!. 3t is not t(at easy to a+(ieve +on+retely $e+ause t(e ta,ere! *i$er ten!s to tou+( t(e resonator sur*a+e, lea!ing to a too strong over.+ou,ling. 3. -"- 3MP "M"BT%T3-B He assem$le! a -"- ,rototy,e making use o* Mg0 2 or *use! sili+a resonators o* 1mm to 1.1 mm !iameter. &lo+k !iagram an! a+tual im,lementation are s(o)n in 0ig. 1 an! 4, res,e+tively. T(is os+illator ,rovi!es mi+ro)ave os+illations sta$ilize! to t(e resonator *ree s,e+tral range, in t(e 18;11 :Hz region.

0igure 1. -,ti+al resonator inserte! in -"-. 3nsi!e t(e resonator, t(e lig(t ,ro,agates a++or!ing to H(is,ering :allery Mo!es (H:M) an! t(e !i**eren+es relate! to t(e o,ti+al in!e6es $et)een t(e o,ti+al +avity an! t(e air ,rovi!es a /uasi total re*le6ion o* t(e signal insi!e t(e resonator, even i* it !e,en!s on t(e roug(ness o* t(e sur*a+e t(at also +auses losses. T(e ,(ase mo!ulator is o,ti+ally !riven $y t(e laser. T(e resonator is +ou,le! to t(e o,ti+al *i$er at t(e out,ut o* t(e ,(ase mo!ulator. T(e mi+ro)ave signal is +onverte! into mi+ro)ave $y t(e ,(oto!io!e, an! am,li*ie!. T(e mi+ro)ave signal is ma!e availa$le t(roug( a 18 !& !ire+tional +ou,ler. 0or !emonstration ,ur,oses, )e s(o) t(at t(e os+illator *its in an %3.size $rea!$oar!. -* +ourse t(is is not a miniaturize! version. T(is +om,a+t to,ology )as realize! *or *irst Mg0 2 resonator $ase! -"- E1F an! t(en re!u+e! lately *or *use! sili+a resonator $ase! -"-.

0igure 4. 0use! sili+a resonator $ase! -"- realize! in t(e $eginning o* 2818 at t(e la$oratory. T(e re! line s(o)s t(e size %3 re/uirements *or +om,a+t ,rototy,e to $e !evelo,e! at t(is ste, o* t(e )ork. T(e *igure 4 s(o)s (o) t(is ne) system im,roves t(e gain o* t(e +om,a+t os+illator. He +learly see t(e ,ositioning system )(i+( +om$ines t(e ta,ere! *i$er an! t(e mini.resonator. T(e re! line re,resents t(e limit o* a %3 size +om,a+t os+illator )(i+( is +ertainly mu+( in t(e range o* a %@ size no). Bote t(at s,e+i*i+ation *or $uil!ing a +om,a+t -"- is ne+essary *or ,otential a,,li+ations o* su+( an os+illator. 3t is un!er lig(t in or!er to *o+us t(e +amera (le*t to, e!ge o* t(e ,i+ture) on t(e +ou,ling zone to )at+( on t(e s+reen o* a +amera.+onne+te! +om,uter (o) +lose! is t(e *i$er *rom t(e resonator. T(e nano.,ositioning system ,rovi!es enoug( s,a+e *or t(e moves in a 12612612 mm 3 volume an! is +ontrolle! $y a Noysti+k in+lu!ing t(ree !i**erent s,ee!s to a,,roa+( t(e resonator an! t(e sele+te! ta,ere! *i$er. @. PH%S" B-3S" -0 TH" -"- P#-T-TOP" %t t(e time o* )riting t(e laser tem,erature +ontrol is still not *ully o,erational, (en+e t(e o,ti+al *re/uen+y !ri*ts a)ay *rom t(e resonan+e a*ter a *e) minutes, an! t(e mi+ro)ave os+illation sto,s. %*ter t(at, some manual a!Nustment is ne+essary. Sin+e )e are intereste! in t(e !emonstration o* s(ort.term ,(ase noise, t(is te+(ni+al !etail is not relevant.

0igure 5. 18.5 :Hz *use! sili+a resonator $ase! -"- signal measure! in Panuary 2818 )it( a s,e+trum analyzer. Po)er is given in !&m versus *re/uen+ies in :Hz. 0igure 5 s(o)s a ty,i+al s,e+trum o* t(e -"- ,rototy,e. T(is -"- (as not t(e s,urs mo!es o*ten *oun! in *i$er.$ase! -"-s. T(e +arrier os+illation *re/uen+y in!i+ates 18.5 :Hz an! t(e !elivere! ,o)er is lo+ate! in t(e range o* 1.4 !&m. T(e 14 :Hz s,an e6,lains )(y t(e noise *loor is !ue to t(e analyzer an! not to t(e -"-. Ces,ite t(e signal !oes not remain enoug( sta$le, it is ,ossi$le to measure t(e ,(ase noise o* t(e -"- at t(e 0ourier *re/uen+ies $et)een 18 Hz an! 188 kHz *rom t(e +arrier using !e!i+ate! o,toele+troni+ ,(ase noise measurement $en+( !evelo,e! at t(e la$oratory E3,11F. %lt(oug( our -"- !oes not $e(ave as e**i+iently as ot(er relate! ,u$lis(e! results (ave e6,ose! E12F ; relate! to a mini.!isk use! as a sele+tive *ilter . it is ,ossi$le to ,resent a *irst ,(ase noise s,e+trum.

0igure 9. 0irst ,(ase noise s,e+trum o$taine! on *use! sili+a resonator $ase! 18.5 :Hz -"-. T(e ,(ase noise s,e+trum is SQ(*) K 1.9718;11 M 4.3718;2=*2 M 1.@7183=*3 M 1.47181=*@ ra!2=Hz, as s(o)n in 0igure 9. T(e s,e+trum is measure! )it( t(e !elay.line instrument e6tensively !is+usse! in E3F. Boti+e t(at t(e os+illator )(ite noise is 4 !& (ig(er t(an t(e !i, Nust $elo) 188 kHz. T(is 4 !& !i**eren+e is a ,ro,erty o* t(e !elay.line instrument, an! (as not(ing to !o )it( t(e s,e+i*i+ os+illator. #ea!ing t(e ,lot, t(e *re/uen+y *li+ker (as an un+ertainty o* 3 !& !ue to t(e !i**i+ulty o* *itting t(e e6,erimental +urve to t(e e6,e+te! $e(avior. He still not kno) )(et(er t(is irregular s(a,e is t(e signature o* a ,(ysi+al ,(enomenon or it is t(e e**e+t o* averaging several s,e+tra in t(e ,resen+e o* laser !ri*t. P(ase *li+ker is (i!!en $elo) t(e ot(er ,(enomena, an! not visi$le in t(e s,e+trum. 0re/uen+y *li+ker an!

ran!om )alk, +onverte! into %llan !eviation, yiel! Ry(S) K @.1718;< T S M 1.4718;11. T(e )(ite ,(ase noise is omitte! $e+ause it )oul! $e visi$le at s(ort integration time, )(ere t(e %llan !eviation is not a suita$le tool. et us ,oint out t(e *ollo)ing *a+ts> a) t(e to,ology (as not $een o,timize! at all, $) t(e mini.!isk is only use! as a resonator. He +onsi!er t(is )ork as a *irst e6,loratory one, !ealing )it( su+( a ne) stru+ture. T(e *use! Sili+a mi+ro. s,(ere resonators (ave $een ,reviously ,ro!u+e! E13F an! integrate! into t(e -"-. Ho)ever, t(ey (ave not $een yet a!a,te! to a mini.!isk +ontaining our material. Moreover, t(e signal )as not t(at sta$le enoug( !uring t(e ,ro+ess an! (as ,ro$a$ly +ause! a signi*i+ant !ri*t, t(at (as +(ange! a $it t(e *re/uen+y. &y t(e )ay, one +an ,oint out, t(at t(e lig(t is +on*ine! in a very small volume at t(e ,eri,(ery o* t(e !isk an! su+( a +on+entration ,ossi$ly lea!s to a non linear e**e+t on t(is ty,e o* stru+ture. '-B' DS3-B %BC C3S'DSS3-B T(is )ork +ontri$utes to s(o) t(e ,otentialities o* an o,ti+al mini.!isk resonator in or!er to in+rease t(e re!u+tion o* t(e -"- !imension. et us mention, t(at our )ork (as not $een +on+erne! yet $y an o,timization o* t(e ,(ase noise o* su+( a $asi+ stru+ture (i.e, 0S# -"-), $ut (as mainly *o+use! on t(e investigation o* a relatively +om,a+t -"-, $ase! on an o,ti+al resonator. T(is e6,erien+e s(o)s t(at a num$er o* im,rovements +an (el, in getting more sta$le or more s,e+trally.,ure os+illators. Oet, t(ree maNor ,ro$lems (ave to $e ta+kle! $e*ore getting a true $ene*it *rom t(ese im,rovements. T(e *irst ,ro$lem is t(at t(e /uality *a+tor J t(at goes in t(e eeson e**e+t is a,,ro6imately t(e o,ti+al /uality *a+tor J o,t multi,lie! $y t(e *a+tor Umi+ro)=Uo,t. Hit( 1.11 2m o,ti+al )avelengt( an! 18.9 :Hz mi+ro)ave *re/uen+y, )e get Umi+ro)=Uo,t K 1.4718;1. To $e more ,re+ise, t(e a+tual J is lo)er $e+ause t(e mi+ro)ave signal is generate! using t)o (+ontiguous) lines o* t(e resonator res,onse, an! $e+ause t(e o,ti+al intensity is !ete+te! instea! o* t(e ele+tri+ *iel!. So, t(e e/uivalent mi+ro)ave J o* our resonator is o* a$out 1888. T(oug( it ,ossi$le to in+rease J $y in+reasing t(e mi+ro)ave *re/uen+y, t(e a+tual im,rovement is no more t(an a *a+tor o* 1, limite! $y t(e ,(oto!ete+tor te+(nology. T(e se+on! ,ro$lem is t(e small o,ti+al ,o)er t(at a H: +an (an!le, $e*ore #aman os+illation or ot(er nonlinear ,(enomena t(at s,oil t(e os+illator o,eration. "6,erien+e in!i+ates t(at )it( Jo,t K 4718;18 t(e ma6imum sa*e ,o)er is o* t(e or!er o* 18 2H. 3n t(is +ase, s(ot an! t(ermal noise limit t(e )(ite noise to some ;188 !&ra! 2=Hz. T(e ma6imun ,o)er s+ales )it( J2o,t. T(is e6,lains t(e lo)er )(ite noise o* our ,rototy,e, an! also in!i+ates t(at (ig( sta$ility an! lo) )(ite noise are in+om,ati$le. T(e t(ir! ,ro$lem is t(at *li+ker is a,,ro6imately ,ro,ortional to t(e inverse o* t(e volume. Presently, t(is statement is only su,,orte! $y (euristi+ reasoning an! e6,erien+e, )it(out a /uantitative t(eory. Sin+e in t(e +ase o* t(e !isk resonator t(e o,ti+al energy is +on*ine! in an really tiny volume, o* t(e or!er o* 18;1@ m3, )e nee! to kno) more a$out t(e volume la) $e*ore e6tra,olating s,e+tral ,urity an! *re/uen+y sta$ility *rom te+(ni+al im,rovements.

%'KB-H "C:"M"BTS T(is )ork )as ,artly su,,orte! $y t(e 0ren+( s,a+e agen+y un!er +ontra+t num$er 'B"S=48291=88.

#"0"#"B'"S E1F E2F E3F E@F E1F E4F E5F %. Beyer, ". Voges, VHig( *re/uen+y ele+tro o,ti+ os+illator using an integrate! inter*erometer,V %,,l. P(ys. ett. @8(1), 4.9 (1<92). A. S. Oao, . Maleki, V-,toele+troni+ mi+ro)ave os+illator,V P. -,t. So+. %m. & 13(9), 1521.1531 (1<<4). Kirill Volyanskiy, Po(ann 'ussey, HervW Tavernier, Patri+e Salzenstein, :Wrar! Sauvage, aurent arger, an! "nri+o #u$iola, V%,,li+ations o* t(e o,ti+al *i$er to t(e generation an! measurement o* lo).,(ase.noise mi+ro)ave signals,V P. -,t. So+. %m. & 21(12), 21@8.2118 (2889). 3. S. :ru!inin, V. S. 3l+(enko, . Maleki, VDltra(ig( o,ti+al J *a+tors o* +rystalline resonators in t(e linear regime,V P(ys. #ev. % 5@, 843984(<) (2884). P. Salzenstein, H. Tavernier, K. Volyanskiy, B. B. T. Kim, . arger, ". #u$iola, V-,ti+al Mini.!isk resonator integrate! into a +om,a+t o,toele+troni+ os+illator,V %+ta P(ys. Pol. % 114(@), 441.443 (288<). V. :. Plotni+(enko, V. -. Sokolov, an! ". M. Cianov, VHy!ro6yl :rou,s in Hig(.Purity Sili+a :lass,V 3norgani+ Materials, 34(@), @8@.@18 (2888). (tt,>==))).laseo.te+(.+om=

E9F E<F E18F E11F E12F E13F

(tt,>==))).smara+t.!e= H. Tavernier, B. B. T. Kim, P. 0eron, #. &en!oula, P. Salzenstein, ". #u$iola, . arger, V-,ti+al !isk resonators )it( mi+ro.)ave *ree s,e+tral range *or o,toele+troni+ os+illator,V Pro+. o* t(e 22n! "uro,ean Time an! 0re/uen+y 0orum . Toulouse, 0ran+e, ,a,er 0P".815< (2889). P. Poirson, 0. &retenaker, M. Vallet, %. e 0lo+(, V%nalyti+al an! e6,erimental stu!y or ringing e**e+ts in a 0a$ry.Perot +avity. %,,li+ation to t(e measurement o* (ig( *itnesses,V P. -,t. So+. %m. & 1@(11), 2911.2915 (1<<5). P. Salzenstein, P. 'ussey, A. Pouven+eau, H. Tavernier, . arger, ". #u$iola, :. Sauvage, V#ealization o* a P(ase Boise Measurement &en+( Dsing 'ross 'orrelation an! Cou$le -,ti+al Celay ine,V %+ta P(ysi+a Poloni+a %, 112(1), 1185.1111 (2885). V. S. 3l+(enko, %. %. Sav+(enkov, %. &. Matsko, C. Sei!el, . Maleki, V'rystalline resonators a!! ,ro,erties to ,(otoni+ !evi+es,V 15 0e$ruary 2818, SP3" Be)sroom. C-3> 18.1115=2.1281882.882134 (2818). Vla!imir S. 3l+(enko, A. S. Oao, an! ute Maleki, VHig(.J mi+ros,(ere +avity *or laser sta$ilization an! o,toele+troni+ mi+ro)ave os+illator,V Pro+. SP3", Vol. 3411, 1<8 (1<<<).