REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Naveen Rayapudi et al(jan 2013) did a comparative study of linear measurements of Facial Skeleton using CT and traditional Cephalometry. He stated that Radiographic Imaging, an important adjunct in the assessment of skeletal and dental relationships, should be accurate and reliable. The study showed that the linear measurements of the cephalometric records are greater than the corresponding CT images. It also confirmed that the cephalometric measurements were more correlating with the direct skull measurements in both sagittal and transverse planes.

Paranjay Prajapati et al(Apr- June 2013) through a clinical study of the variation in Horizantal condylar guidance obtained by three anterior points of reference and two different articulator systems proved that the accurate condylar guidance is dependant on the third point of reference(Orbitale, Superior annular groove, Inferior annular groove) than the articulators(Arcon, Non-Arcon) used.

Sharanya Sabrish et al(May 2013) conducted a Cephalometric study of the Mandibular Morphology as compared to the Golden Proportion. The study tried to validate the Golden Proportion in Mandibles of Patients with Different growth patterns and different sagittal base. It concluded that the ratio of condylar axis to Corpus axis matched the golden ratio except in the vertical growth patients.

Bhuvana Krishnamoorthy et al(Jan-June 2013) reviewed the Current Scenario of TMJ imaging by CBCT. She stated that even though CBCT as a medical imaging technique is superior to other modalities that are currently used, more systematic clinical studies, adequate training of the personnel and complete understanding of the anatomical and functional dynamics of the TMJ is required to harness the true potential of this technology.

Abhishek Singh Roy et al (July-Sep 2012) evaluated the maxillary and mandibular morphology in different vertical facial types and to implicate the results into diagnosis and treatment planning. 120 subjects in the range of 18 to 25 years were used as the subjects and the study concluded the correlation between vertical facial type and the morphological, dentoalveolar pattern of both maxilla and mandible.( J of Orofacial research;vol 2-is 3;131-138)

Vijai.P.Sinha et al(Jan-June 2012) compared the Efficacy of four TMJ imaging modalities Plain Radiographs,CT scan,MRI and Ultrasound. The study found that MRI was the most specific and Sensitive technique for Soft tissue and Inflammatory response interpretation. And plain X-rays were useful for destructive bony changes and economical. But CT examination produces excellent image for Osseous Morphology and Pathology.(National J of Maxillofacial Surgery;vol 3;is 1)

Cheng- Kuan Wu et al(2012) aimed to assess the inclinations of mandibular fossa by computed tomography in Asian population. 198 asian subjects aged between 11 to 98 years were selected. Anterior and posterior inclinations on sagittal view with medial and lateral inclinations on the coronal view on the left and right sides were taken. The study found that anterior inclination of the mandibular fossa was affected by Aging and Gender. (Clinical Oral Invest;vol 16;443-450)

Larry Wangai et al(2012) studied the Horizantal angle of Inclination of the mandibular condyle in a Kenyan Population. 63 mandibles of African origin were used to study the normal range of horizontal angle of inclinations as inter-population variations amongst the Kenyans in their mandibular morphometry. The study concluded that the difference between the right and left angles were larger in females than in males. (Anatomy J of Africa;vol 1;Is 1;47-50)

Pragya Shreshta et al(2012) did a comparative study to measure the condylar guidance by Radiographic and Clinical methods. Radiographs using CT scan and Clinical Methods using Wax protrusive records, Lucia jig record, Intra oral central bearing device were done in 12 patients aged between 20 to 40 years. The study concluded that right and left horizontal condylar guidance values were almost similar in an individual and also the radiographic methods showed higher values compared to clinical methods.(J Adv Prosthodont;vol 4;153-157)

Matten Saccucci et al(2012) studied the correlation of skeletal cephalometrics characteristics with Condylar Volume, Surface and Shape using CBCT. The study showed that the condylar volume and surface could be measured accurately and also condylar size seems to correlate with mandibular morphology, which influences facial divergence and the skeletal class of a subject and their occlusal plane. (Head and Face Medicine;vol 8;Is 15).

Michele DAttilio et al(2012) studied the condylar volume and shape in class I, class II and class III young adult subjects. This study concluded that the relevant data of skeletal class to condylar volume and area by CBCT can be clinically used for the future studies of Cranio- facial development and its relation to condyles. (Head and Face Medicine;vol 8; Is 34)

Pavan kumar Tannamala et al (2012) compared the sagittal condylar angles recorded between protrusive interocclusal records and Panoramic Radiographic image. 10 patients were studied and within the limitations of this study, it was concluded that panoramic radiographic condylar angles can be used in programming the Semi-adjustable articulators to obtain clinically acceptable restorations (J of Prosthodontics;vol 21;181-184)

Krishna Prasad et al(Oct-Dec 2012) conducted a Clinico Radiographic analysis of sagittal condylar guidance determined by protrusive interocclusal registration and panoramic radiograph. This study found a strong positive correlation between the right and left condylar guidance in both methods. Thus the panoramic radiographic tracings of sagittal condylar guidance can be made relative to Frankfurts Horizantal plane and the resultant angle used to set the condylar guide settings in articulator. (Contemporary Clinical Dentistry;vol 3;383-388)

Noreen Von Cramon (2011) studied the Global Human Mandibular variations which reflects its differences in agricultural and hunter gatherer population. This study gave valuable insights such as the masticatory behavior as a major factor influencing the form of human mandible. It also has implications in the understanding of modern clinical phenomena.(PNAS Anthropology, UK; vol 108;Is 49)

Matthew Reynolds et al (2011) explored a technique for quantifying the 3 Dimensional growth of human mandible using CBCT. This study showed that the condyle grew outwards laterally due to the pressure induced by the lateral growth of maxilla. (The Open Biomedical Engineering J;vol 5;83-89)

Claudia Reichender et al (2009) studied the variations in the inclination of condylar path in Children and Adults. He concluded that even the final condylar inclination path inclination angle undergoes a morphologic alteration process. (Angle Orthodontist;vol 79;Is 5;957-963)

Heather.F.Smith (2009) studied to correlate the variations in Cranio Dental morphology to degrees of genetic divergence among the populations. This study also suggested to preferably use the morphology of Basicranium, Temporal bone and Upper Face than the Cranial Vault as reliable molecular relationship indicators. (American J of Human Biology;vol 29;36-47)

Yassir A Yassir(2008) did a study to find the relation between anterior and lateral cranial base lengths with mandibular morphology and facial heights. This retrospective study found that the Gender has greater influence. While Anterior facial heights positively correlated with anterior cranial base, lateral and posterior cranial base might have analogous effect on craniofacial morphology.(J Bagh College Dentistry;vol 20;Is 2;88-92)

Ilan Gilboa et al(2008) studied to determine the correlation between the anatomic shape of the articular eminence and corresponding panoramic radiographic image in dry skulls. This study concluded that the panoramic image of the sagittal inclination of articular eminence consistently replicated the eminence inclinations in the 25 human skulls evaluated. (JPD;vol 99;477-482)

Yassir A Yassir (2008) used cephalometrics to find the correlation between Cranio Base lengths and Mandibular morphology with facial heights in his retrospective study. He found positive correlation between the three factors considered for this study. (J Bagh College Dentistry;vol 20;Is 2)

Elias G Katsavrias(2002) studied the articular eminence morphology and its relation to specific Facial types. It also studied the behavior of articular eminence during the Craniofacial growth period. He suggested that it could help establish more biological treatment modalities. (Angle Orthodontist;vol 72;Is 3;258-265)

Schwartz Dabney et al(2002) studied to identify the alterations in the mandible in relation to tooth loss and edentulism. He studied the differences between the dentulous and edentulous mandibles stiffness and its clinical relevance in the restorations and oral functions in the edentulous mandible. ( J Dent Rest;vol 81;Is 9;613-617)

T.Fukui et al(2002) studied the correlation between Facial morphology, Mouth opening ability and Condylar movement during opening closing jaw movements in female adults. 21 females aged 20 24 years were used as subjects and the condylar movements were recorded using an Opto- electric jaw movement recording system. The results suggested that Facial morphology has a limited effect on condylar movements. (European J of Orthodontics;vol 24;327-336)

A.Woda et al (2001) reviewed the mechanical and clinical implications of habitual mandibular postures, which cannot be considered as Craniomandibular reference point as it is constantly variable. It discussed that mandibular posture greatly depends on head posture. (International and American Associations of Dental Research;vol 12;166-178)

Toyohiko Masumoto et al(2001) studied the relationships among Facial type, Buccolingual molar inclination and Cortical bone thickness of mandible. Using 31 dry skulls of modern Japanese males, this study gave evidence that a significant but complex relationship exists between mandibular body structure and facial types and also to the masticatory functions. (European J of Orthodontics;vol 23;15-23)

Gail .M. Burke(1997) in his thesis study studied the correlation of condylar characteristics to Facial morphology and their implications in treatment outcomes. This study proved that significant correlation exists between the condylar head inclination and the Facial morphology. (Canada University;1-119)

J.M.Zamacona et al(Aug 1992) studied the sagittal condylar path in 56 edentulous patients aged between 51 to 84 years. The study concluded that the condylar path inclination varied between 10 to 62 degrees on the left and 22 to 55 degrees on the right but no correlation was found among Sex, Age and Type of edentulism. (JPD;vol 68;Is 4; 314-317)

Bengt Ingervall(Jan 1974) in his investigation revealed a clear correlation between the functional anatomy of the tubercle and the form of face and suggested an interplay between the form and function during ontogenic development of the mandible. (Dept of Orthodontics, Sweden University)

Norman.E.Corbett et al (Oct 1971) reported the correlation between the form of the articular eminence with condylar movements in protrusion. He compared cephalometric values with gnathologic recordings in 9 patients aged between 22 to 37. The report concluded that in protrusion the condylar head of mandible follows the anatomical form of articular eminence closely. (Dept of Orthodontics,California)