B GIO DC V O TO

NH XUT BN GIO DC

B GIO DC V O TO ENGLISH ONLINE

Ng php

TING ANH
n thi Toeic
( Ti bn ln th 10)

NH XUT BN GIO DC

210/GD-01/1744/506-00

M s: O7655T8

Bi 1: Cc ch im ng php c hi trong bi thi TOEIC

Cho mng cc bn n vi H thng ng php chun ca n Thi Toeic trong lot h thng kin thc trng tm hc n Toeic hiu qu. ng nh tn gi, mc ln ny nhm gip ngi hc bit, nm bt v hiu mt cch c h thng cc chuyn ng php chnh cn c hon thnh tt bi thi Toeic mi vi 2 phn chnh l Nghe v c. Khi ng vng chc vi vic lm quen, phn bit v chia 12 th c bn trong Ting Anh nhanh chng, chnh xc. Tip , chng ta s t tin cng hc v c tnh ca cc t loi, cu, mnh . c bit, ngi hc s hon tt khung ng php mt cch chc chn khi c gi nhc v cc trng hp ngoi l d gp trong bi thi lin quan ti ng php. C th, h thng ng php gm 27 chuyn , mi chuyn gm c l thuyt trng tm, d hiu v 20 cu hi trc nghim n luyn hiu qu t d ti kh: Bi 2: Hin ti n, hin ti tip din Bi 3: Hin ti han thnh, hin ti hon thnh tip din Bi 4: Qu kh n, qu kh tip din Bi 5: Qu kh hon thnh, qu kh hon thnh tip din Bi 6: Tng lai n, tng lai tip din Bi 7: Tng lai hon thnh, tng lai hon thnh tip din Bi 8: Tng hp thi th Bi 9: Cc dng thc ca ng t: Ving, To do Bi 10: ng t khuyt thiu
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Bi 11: Danh t Bi 12: Mo t Bi 13: i t Bi 14: Cc loi cu hi Bi 15: Tnh t v trng t Bi 16: So snh Bi 17: Gii t Bi 18: B ng Bi 19: Ha hp ch ng- ng t Bi 20: Cu iu kin Bi 21: Mnh quan h Bi 22: Gin lc mnh quan h Bi 23: Mnh danh ng Bi 24: Mnh trng ng Bi 25: Lin t Bi 26: Qu kh phn t (ed) v hin ti phn t (Ving) Bi 27: Cu gi nh C th ni, nh mt phn vai tr ln l trnh n li kin thc ng php cho nhng ai mi bt tay vo n thi Toeic cng nh khng t ngi ang v s mong mun c trong tay chng ch gi tr ny. Hy lun ghi nh s n lc ca bn s quyt nh bn c th nm c hay khng lng kin thc Ting Anh cn thit trc khi t tin ng k thi chc chn c cho mnh mt im s Toeic cao. Chc cc bn thnh cng v hy bt u vi quyt tm cao nht nh!

Bi 2: Hin ti n, hin ti tip din

Th hin ti n v th hin ti tip din thng khin nhiu bn ln ln, khng bit chng khc nhau ci g trong cu trc v ngha. V v y, chng ta cng xem li kin thc v th hin ti n v th hin ti tip din nh. Cc bn cn nm chc cu to, chc nng ca 2 th ny lm nn tng cho nhng phn tip theo. I. Cu Trc HIN TI TIP DIN S + am/is/are + Ving S + V(s/es) + The children are playing football He plays tennis. now. S + do not/ does not + S + am/is/are + not + Ving Vinf The children are not playing She doesn't play tennis. football now. Am/Is/Are + S + Ving? Do/Does + S + Vinf? ? Are the children playing football Do you play tennis? now? II. Cch s dng HIN TI N 1. Din t mt thi HIN TI TIP DIN 1. Din t mt hnh ng ang xy
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HIN TI N

HIN TI N HIN TI TIP DIN quen, mt hnh ra ti hin ti. ng xy ra thng Ex: xuyn lp i lp li - The children are playing football now. hin ti. - What are you doing at the moment? Ex: 2. Dng theo sau cu ngh, mnh - He watches TV lnh. every night. - What do you do Ex: every day? - Look! The child is crying. - I go to school by - Be quiet! The baby is sleeping in the bicycle. next room. 2. Din t mt chn l, mt s tht hin nhin. Ex: - The sun rises in the East. - Tom comes from England. - I am a student. 3. Th ny cn c dng din t mt hnh ng sp xy ra. (TH TNG LAI GN) Ex: - He is coming tomorrow. - My parents are planting trees tomorrow.

Lu : Khng dng th hin ti tip din vi cc ng t ch nhn thc, tri 3. Din t mt lch gic nh: to be, see, hear, understand, trnh c sn, thi know, like, want, glance, feel, think, kha biu, chng smell, love, hate, realize, seem, trnh remember, forget, belong to, believe ... Ex: The plane leaves Vi cc ng t ny, ta thay bng th for London at HIN TI N GIN 12.30pm. Ex: - I am tired now. 4. Dng sau cc cm - She wants to go for a walk at the t ch thi gian moment. when, as soon as v trong cu iu kin
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HIN TI N loi 1 Ex: - We will not believe you unless we see it ourselves. - If she asks you, tell her that you do not know. III. Du hiu nhn bit

HIN TI TIP DIN

HIN TI TIP DIN - Often, usually, frequently - Now - Always, constantly - Right now - Sometimes, occasionally - At the moment - Seldom, rarely - At present - Every day/ week/ month... - Look! Listen!... HIN TI N IV. Spelling HIN TI N - Ta thm S hnh thnh ngi 3 s t ca hu ht cc ng t. Nhng ta thm ES khi ng t c tn cng l o, sh, s, ch, x, z. Ex: He teaches French. HIN TI TIP DIN - Nu ng t tn cng l e n th b e ny i trc khi thm ing. (tr cc ng t : to age (gi i), to dye (nhum), to singe (chy xm) v cc ng t tn t l ee Ex: come --> coming

- ng t tn cng l 1 nguyn - Nu ng t tn cng l m gia 2 ph m th nhn i y v ng trc n l mt ph m cui ln ri thm ing. ph m, th ta i y thnh i Ex: trc khi thm es. run --> running
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Ex: - He tries to help her. - She studies at China.

HIN TI N

HIN TI TIP DIN begin --> beginning - Nu ng t tn cng l ie th i thnh y ri mi thm ing. Ex: lie --> lying - Nu ng t tn cng l l m trc n l 1 nguyn m n th ta cng nhn i l ln ri thm ing. Ex: travel --> travelling

Bi 3: Hin ti han thnh, hin ti hon thnh tip din

Th hin ti hon thnh v th hin ti hon thnh tip din cng l mt cp khin nhiu s t i thi phi au u y. Mi cc bn cng xem qua kin thc v cp i ny v lm mt s bi tp cng c kin thc nh. I. Present Perfect (th hin ti hon thnh) 1. Cu trc: (+) () (?) S + has/have + PII. S + has/have + not + PII. Has/Have + S + PII?

Yes, S + has/have. No, S + has/have + not. 2. Cch s dng: 2.1. Din t mt hnh ng xy ra mt thi im khng xc nh trong qu kh. - Khng c thi gian xc nh.
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John has traveled around the world (We dont know when) Have you passed your driving test? - Hoc i vi cc t: just, recently, already, yet, - Hnh ng lp li nhiu ln cho n thi im hin ti. I have watched Iron Man several times. - Sau cu trc so snh hn nht ta dng th hin ti hon thnh. It is the most borning book that I have ever read. - Sau cu trc: This/It is the first/second times, phi dng th hin ti hon thnh. This is the first time he has driven a car. Its the second times he has lost his passport. 2.2. Din t mt hnh ng bt u din ra trong qu kh v vn cn hin ti. - C cc t ch thi gian i cng nh: since, for, ever, never, up to now, so far, Jonh has lived in that house for 20 years. (He still live there) =John has lived in that house since 1989 (Hin nay l 2012) 3. Cc t i vi th hin ti hon thnh - Since + thi im trong qu kh: since 1982, since Junuary.: k t khi For + khong thi gian: for three days, for ten minutes, .: trong vng I havent heard from her for 2 months.
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(Ti khng nghe tin tc g t c y trong 2 thng ri He hasnt met her since she was a little girl. (Anh y khng gp c y k t khi c y cn l 1 c b.) - Already: Dng trong cu khng nh hay cu hi, ALREADY c th ng ngay sau have v cng c th ng cui cu. I have already had the answer = I have had the answer already. Have you typed my letter already? - Yet: cha Dng trong cu ph nh hoc nghi vn. YET thng ng cui cu. John hasnt written his report yet = John hasnt written his report. I hasnt decided what to do yet = I hasnt decided what to do. Have you read this article yet? = Have you read this article? - Just: va mi Dng ch mt hnh ng va mi xy ra. I have just met him. I have just tidied up the kitchen. I have just had lunch. - Recently, Lately: gn y He has recently arrived from New York.
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- So far: cho n by gi We havent finished the English tenses so far. - Up to now, up to the present, up to this moment, until now, until this time: n tn by gi. She hasnt come up to now. - Ever: tng bao gi cha EVER ch dng trong cu nghi vn Have you ever gone abroad? - Never before: cha bao gi I have never eaten a mango before. Have you eaten a mango? - In/Over/During/For + the + past/last + time: trong thi gian qua It has rained in the past week. She hasnt talked to me over the last 4 days. 4. Phn bit gone to v been to - gone to: i cha v Ann is on holiday. She has gone to Paris. > C ngha l by gi c y ang hoc ang trn ng n . - been to: i v ri Ann is back to English now. She has been to Paris. > C y tng Paris nhng gi v Anh ri.
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II. Present Perfect Progressive (th hin ti hon thnh tip din) 1. Cu trc: (+) S + has/have + been + Ving. () S + has/have + not + been + Ving. (?) Has/Have + S + been + Ving? Yes, S + has/have. No, S + has/have + not. 2. Cch s dng: - Nhn chung, v c bn, th hin ti hon thnh tip din ging vi th hin ti hon thnh, u dng din t mt hnh ng bt u din ra trong qu kh v vn cn xy ra hin ti. Tuy nhin, th hin ti hon thnh tip din nhn mnh thi gian ca hnh ng (How long), cn th hin ti hon thnh quan tm n kt qu ca hnh ng. - Thng dng vi 2 gii t since hoc for. I have been learning English since early morning. - Cc du hiu khc nhn bit th hin ti hon thnh tip din: all day, all her/his lifetime, all day long, all the morning/afternoon 3. Phn bit HTHT HTHTTD HIN TI HON THNH TIP DIN Hnh ng chm dt Hnh ng vn tip din hin ti do c kt hin ti, c kh nng lan ti qu r rng. tng lai do khng c kt HIN TI HON THNH
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HIN TI HON THNH I've waited for you for half an hour. (and now I stop waiting because you didn't come)

HIN TI HON THNH TIP DIN qu r rt. I've been waiting for you for half an hour. ( and now I'm still waiting, hoping that you'll come)

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Bi 4: Qu kh n, qu kh tip din

Qu kh n v Qu kh tip din l hai th c bn nhng rt quan trng hnh thnh nn nhng cu ni n gin cng nh h u ch trong qu trnh c hiu. Vic nm chc hai th ny s gip cc bn d dng hiu r nhng bi vit n gin, c bit l th Qu kh n. hc tt th Qu kh n, cc bn phi nm chc bng ng t bt quy tc c bn cng nh cch thm ui ing vo ng t trong th Qu kh tip din. I. Cu trc: TH QU KH N TH QU KH TIP DIN

1. To be: S + was/were + Adj/ Noun - I, he, she, it , N(s t) + Was - You, we, they, N(s nhiu) + Were S + was/were + V-ing 2. Verbs: S + V qu kh II. Cch s dng: TH QU KH N TH QU KH TIP DIN
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TH QU KH N

TH QU KH TIP DIN 1. Din t mt hnh ng ang xy ra ti mt thi im trong qu kh. Ex: What were you doing at 8:30 last night? 2. Din t hnh ng ang xy ra ( qu kh) th c 1 hnh ng khc xem vo. (Hnh ng ang xy ra dng QK tip din, hnh ng xen vo dng QK n) Ex: - When I came yesterday, he was sleeping. - What was she doing when you saw her? 3. Din t hnh ng xy ra song song cng 1 lc qu kh. Ex: Yesteday, I was cooking while my sister was washing the dishes.

Din t mt hnh ng xy ra v chm dt hon ton trong qu kh. Ex: - Tom went to Paris last summer. - My mother left this city two years ago. - He died in 1980.

III. Du hiu nhn bit: TH QU KH TIP DIN last night/ year/month at this time last night yesterday at this moment last year ... ago at 8 p.m last night in + nm (vd: 1999) while... TH QU KH N

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Bi 5: Qu kh hon thnh, qu kh hon thnh tip din

Th Qu kh hon thnh v Qu kh hon thnh tip din l hai th thng xuyn xut hin trong ch im thi ca Toeic, c bit l th Qu kh hon thnh. Cc bn c th d phn bit th Qu kh hon thnh, tuy nhin th Qu kh hon thnh tip din vn gy khng t kh khn cho cc bn. V vy chng ta cng tng hp li nhng kin thc c bn nht cc bn d dng phn bit v s dng 2 th ny mt cch chnh xc v hiu qu nh. I. Cu trc: QU KH HON THNH 1. To be: S + had been + Adj/ noun Ex: She had been a good dancer when she met a car accident. 2. Verb: S + had + Pii (past participle) Ex: We had lived in Hue before QU KH HON THNH TIP DIN Cng thc chung: S + had been+ V-ing Ex: She had been carrying a heavy bags.
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QU KH HON THNH 1975. II. Cch s dng: QU KH HON THNH 1. Din t mt hnh ng xy ra trc mt hnh ng khc trong qu kh. (Hnh ng xy ra trc dng QKHT - xy ra sau dng QK) Ex: When I got up this morning, my father had already left.

QU KH HON THNH TIP DIN

QU KH HON THNH TIP DIN

1. Din t 1 hnh ng xy ra trc mt hnh ng khc trong Qu kh (nhn mnh tnh tip din)

Ex: I had been thinking about that 2. Dng m t hnh before you mentioned it. ng trc mt thi gian xc nh trong qu kh. 2. Din t 1 hnh ng x y Ex: We had lived in Hue ra, ko di lin tc n khi before 1975. hnh ng th 2 xy ra. (Hnh ng 2 dng QK). Thng 3. Dng trong cu iu thng khong thi gian ko di kin loi 3 c nu r trong cu. Ex: If I had known that you were there, I would have Ex: The men had been playing written you letter. cards for 3 hours before I came. 4. Dng trong cu c mun tri vi Qu kh Ex: I wish I had time to study.

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Bi 6: Tng lai n, tng lai gn, tng lai tip din

Th Tng lai n v Tng lai tip din cng l 2 th c tn sut xut hin rt cao trong thi chnh thc ca TOEIC. Ngoi ra th tng lai cn c th tng lai g n cng d gy nhm ln cho cc bn. hiu r hn v nhng th ny, cc bn c th theo di bng so snh di y. I. Cu trc: TL N (+) S + will/shall + V-inf (-) S + will/shall + not + V-inf (?) Will/Shall + S + V-inf? Yes, S + will/shall No, S + will/shall + not V-inf: ng t nguyn th khng TL GN 1. D nh s lm S + will + be + Vg ing S + am/is/are + Ex: going to + V-inf - Will you be waiting Ex: Where are you for going to her when her plane spend your arrives tonight? holiday? - Don't phone me between 2. Sp sa lm g 7 and 8. We'll be S + am/is/are + Vhaving dinner then. inf
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TL TIP DIN

"to". - I/ We + shall - I/ We/ You/ He/ She... + will - will/shall = 'll - will not = won't - shall not = shan't Ex: - She will be a good mother. - We will go to England next year. II. Cch s dng: TL N 1. Din t mt quyt nh ngay ti thi im ni. Ex: Oh, I've left the door open. I will go and shut it.

TL N

TL TIP DIN

TL GN Ex: My father is retiring.

TL TIP DIN 1. Din t mt hnh ng ang xy ra ti mt thi im xc nh tng lai. Ex: - At 10 o'clock 2. Din t li d tomorrow morning on khng he will be working. c cn c. - I will be watching Ex: TV at 9 - People wont go to o'clock tonight. Jupiter before the 22nd century. 2. Din t hnh - Who do you think ng ang xy ra tng lai will get the job?
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TL GN 1. Din t mt k hoch, d nh. Ex: - I have won $1,000. I am going to buy a new TV. - When are you going to go on holiday? 2. Din t mt li d on da vo bng chng hin ti. Ex:

TL TIP DIN th c 1 3. Dng trong cu hnh ng khc ngh. xy ra. Ex: Ex: - Will you shut the - I will be studying door? when you - Shall I open the return this evening. window? - They will be - Shall we dance? travelling in Italy by the time 4. Cu ha hn you arrive here. Ex: I promise I will call you as soon as i arrive. III. Phn bit TL n TL gn TL N - Ta dng will khi quyt nh lm iu g vo lc ni, khng quyt nh trc. Ex: Tom: My bicycle has a flat tyre. Can you repair it for me? Father: Okay, but I can't do it right now. I will repair it tomorrow. IV. Du hiu nhn bit: TL N tomorrow next TL TIP DIN at this time tomorrow

TL N

TL GN - The sky is very black. It is going to snow. - I crashed the company car. My boss isnt going to bevery happy!

TL GN - Ta dng be going to khi quyt nh lm iu g ri, ln lch sn lm ri. Ex: Mother: Can you repair Tom's bicycle? It has a flat type. Father: Yes, I know. He told me. I'm going to repair it tomorrow.

TL GN xc nh c th tng lai gn,

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TL N day/week/month... someday soon as soon as until... ...

TL TIP DIN at this moment next year at present next Friday at 5 p.m tomorrow...

TL GN cn da vo ng cnh v cc bng chng hin ti.

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Bi 7: Tng lai hon thnh, tng lai hon thnh tip din

y cng c coi l 1 cp i hon ho lun khin cc bn hc Ting Anh phi au u khng km g cp i hin ti hon thnh v hin ti hon thnh tip din. Nhng cp i ny li rt c cc bi thi Toeic a chung, a vo th ti cc s t nh ta. V vy chng ta cng ngha li th Tng Lai Hon Thnh v Tng Lai Hon Thnh Tip Din mt cht nha cc bn. TL HON THNH 1. Cu trc: S + will have + Pii 2. Cch s dng: - Din t 1 hnh ng s hon tt vo 1 thi im cho trc tng lai. Ex: + I'll have finished my work by noon. + They'll have built that TL HON THNH TIP DIN 1. Cu trc: S + will have been + Ving 2. Cch s dng: - Din t 1 hnh ng bt u t qu kh v ko di n 1 thi im cho trc tng lai. Ex: + By November, we'll have been living in this house for 10 years. + By March 15th, I'll have been
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TL HON THNH TL HON THNH TIP DIN house by July next year. working for this company for 6 + When you come back, I'll years. have written this letter. 3. Du hiu nhn bit: Cc cm t ch thi gian i 3. Du hiu nhn bit: km: Cc cm t ch thi gian i km: - By + mc thi gian (by the - By ... for (+ khong thi gian) end of, by tomorrow) - By then - By the time - By then - By the time

Bi 8: Tng hp thi th
Trong cc bi trc chng ta hc v cc th sau trong ting Anh: Bi 2: Hin ti n, HT tip din Bi 3: Hin ti han thnh, HTHT tip din Bi 4: Qu kh n, QK tip din Bi 5: Qa kh hon thnh, QKHT tip din Bi 6: Tng lai n, TL tip din Bi 7: Tng lai hon thnh, TLHT tip din Cc bn n li bi ri lm bi tp tng hp v cc th sau y nh!

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Bi 9: Cc dng thc ca ng t: Ving, To do

Mt trong nhng cu hi m cc bn hc ting Anh thc mc nhiu nht hn l lm sao chia ng t chnh xc khi lm bi CHIA NG T TRONG NGOC. Khi no th dng V-infinitive, khi no th dng V-ing phi khng ? Hm nay ti s cung cp cho cc bn cc cu trc cu thng dng nht ca Ving v To do. Hy vng cc bn s khng cn gp kh khn g vi dng bi chia ng t na. GERUND 1. Cch s dng L ch ng ca cu: dancing bored him. B ng ca ng t: her hobby is painting. L b ng: Seeing is believing. Sau gii t: He was accused of smuggling. Sau mt vi ng t: avoid, mind, enjoy,... TO-INFINITIVE Cch dng To-infinitive:

1. Verb + to do Nhng ng t sau c theo sau trc tip bi to-infinitive: agree, appear, arrange, attempt, ask, decide, determine, be determined, fail, endeavour, forget, happen, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, prepare, promise, prove, refuse, remember, seem, tend, threaten, try, volunteer, expect, want, mean,... Ex: 2. Mt s cch dng - She agreed to pay $50.
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GERUND c bit

TO-INFINITIVE - Two men failed to return from the expedition. + Nhng ng t sau - The remants refused to leave. c theo sau bi V- - She volunteered to help the disabled. ing: admit, avoid, - He learnt to look after himself. delay, enjoy, excuse, condiser, deny, finish, 2. Verb + imagine, forgive, keep, how/what/when/where/which/why + mind, miss, postpone, to do practise, resist, risk, Nhng ng t s dng cng thc stop, remember, ny l: forget, regret, suggest, ask, decide, discover, find out, forget, like, propose, detest, know, learn, remember, see, show, dread, resent, pardon, think, understand, want to know, try, fancy. wonder... Ex: Ex: - He admitted taking - He discovered how to open the safe. the money. - I found out where to buy fruit - Would you consider cheaply. selling the property? - She couldn't think what to say. - He kept complaining. - I showed her which button to press. - He didn't want to risk 3. Verb + Object + to do getting wet. Nhng ng t theo cng thc ny l: + Verbs + advise, allow, enable, encourage, prepositions: forbid, force, hear, instruct, invite, let, apologize for, accuse order, permit, persuade, request, of, insist on, feel like, remind, see, train, urge, want, tempt... congratulate on, Ex: suspectof, look - These glasses will enable you to see forward to, dream of, in the dark. succeed in, object to, - She encouraged me to try again. approve/disapprove - They forbade her to leave the house. of... - They persuaded us to go with them.
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GERUND + Gerund cng theo sau nhng cm t nh: - It's no use / It's no good... - There's no point ( in)... - It's ( not) worth ... - Have difficult ( in) ... - It's a waste of time/ money ... - Spend/ waste time/money ... - Be/ get used to ... - Be/ get accustomed to ... - Do/ Would you mind ... ? - be busy doing something - What about ... ? How about ...? - Go + V-ing ( go shopping, go swimming... )

TO-INFINITIVE

* Note: Mt s ng t c th i cng vi c ng t nguyn th v V-ing, hy so snh s khc nhau v ngha gi chng. Stop Ving: dng lm g (dng hn) Stop to do: dng li lm vic g
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Ex: - Stop smoking: dng ht thuc. - Stop to smoke: dng li ht thuc Remember/forget/regret to do: nh/qun/tic s phi lm g ( hin ti tng lai) Remember/forget/regret Ving: nh/qun/tic lm g ( qu kh) Ex: - Remember to send this letter (hy nh gi bc th ny) - Dont forget to buy flowers (ng qun mua hoa nh) - I regret to inform you that the train was cancelled (ti rt tic phi bo tin cho anh rng chuyn tu b hy) - I paid her $2. I still remember that. I still remember paying her $2. (ti nh tr c y 2 la ri) - She will never forget meeting the Queen. (c y khng bao gi qun ln gp n hong) - He regrets leaving school early. It is the biggest mistake in his life. (Anh y hi tic v b hc qu sm) Try to do: c gng lm g Try Ving: th lm g Ex: - I try to pass the exam. (ti c gng vt qua k thi) - You should try unlocking the door with this key. (bn nn th m ca vi chic kha ny)
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Like Ving: Thch lm g v n th v, hay, cun ht, lm thng thc. Like to do: lm vic v n l tt v cn thit Ex: - I like watching TV. - I want to have this job. I like to learn English. Prefer Ving to Ving Prefer + to do smt + rather than (do) smt Ex: - I prefer driving to traveling by train. - I prefer to drive rather than travel by train. Need to do: cn lm g Need doing: cn c lm g (= need to be done) Ex: - I need to go to school today. - Your hair needs cutting. (= your hair needs to be cut) Used to do: tng/thng lm g trong qu kh (by gi khng lm na) Be/Get used to Ving: quen vi vic g ( hin ti) Ex: - I used to get up early when I was young. (Ti thng dy sm khi cn tr)
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- Im used to getting up early. (Ti quen vi vic dy sm ri) Advise/allow/permit/recommend + Object + todo: khuyn/cho php/ ngh ai lm g. Advise/allow/permit/recommend + Ving: khuyn/cho php, ngh lm g. Ex: - He advised me to apply at once. - He advised applying at once. - They dont allow us to park here. - They dont allow parking here. See/hear/smell/feel/notice/watch + Object + Ving: cu trc ny c s dng khi ngi ni ch chng kin 1 phn ca hnh ng. See/hear/smell/feel/notice/watch + Object + V: cu trc ny c s dng khi ngi ni chng kin ton b hnh ng. Ex: - I see him passing my house everyday. - She smelt something burning and saw smoke rising. - We saw him leave the house. - I heard him make arrangements for his journey.

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Bi 10: ng t khuyt thiu

Modal verbs l nhm ng t rt quen thuc vi mi ngi hc ting Anh. Ngay t khi hc lp 6 chng ta c lm quen vi chng qua cc cu n gin nh can I help you?, I can swim. Mi cc bn xem li cch dng ca cc ng t khuyt thiu trong ting Anh nh. * c tnh chung ca ng t khuyt thiu (Modal verbs) 1. Cu trc chung: S + Modal Verb + V(bare-infinitive) (bare-infinitive: ng t nguyn th khng to) Ex: They can speak French and English. 2. Khng thm S vo sau can ngi th ba s t th Hin ti. He can use our phone. (He use your phone) 3. Ch c nhiu nht l 2 th: Th Hin ti v th Qu kh n. She can cook meals. She could cook meals when she was twelve.
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I. CAN COULD A. CAN CAN ch c 2 th: Hin ti v Qu kh n. Nhng hnh thc khc ta dng ng t tng ng be able to. CAN cng c th c dng nh mt tr ng t hnh thnh mt s cch ni ring. 1. CAN v COULD c ngha l c th, din t mt kh nng (ability). Can you swim? She could ride a bicycle when she was five years old. 2. Trong vn ni (colloquial speech), CAN c dng thay cho MAY din t mt s cho php (permission) v th ph nh CANNOT c dng din t mt s cm on (prohibition). In London buses you can smoke on the upper deck, but you cant smoke downstairs. 3. CAN cng din t mt iu c th xy n (possibility). Trong cu hi v cu cm thn CAN c ngha l Is it possible? Can it be true? It surely cant be four oclock already! 4. CANNOT c dng din t mt iu kh c th xy ra (virtual impossibility). He cant have missed the way. I explained the route carefully. 5. Khi dng vi ng t tri gic (verbs of perception) CAN cho ngha tng ng v i th Tip din (Continuous Tense).
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Listen! I think I can hear the sound of the sea. (khng dng I am hearing) B. COULD 1. COULD l th qu kh n ca CAN. She could swim when she was five. 2. COULD cn c dng trong cu iu kin. If you tried, you could do that work. 3. Trong cch ni thn mt, COULD c xem nh nhiu tnh cht lch s hn CAN. Can you change a 20-dollar note for me, please? Could you tell me the right time, please? 4. COULD c dng din t mt s ng vc hay mt li phn khng nh nhng. His story could be true, but I hardly think it is. I could do the job today, but Id rather put it off until tomorrow. 5. COULD WAS/WERE ABLE TO - Nu hnh ng din t mt kh nng, mt kin thc, COULD c dng thng hn WAS/WERE ABLE TO. He hurt his foot, and he couldnt play in the match. The door was locked, and I couldnt open it. - Nu cu ni hm mt s thnh cng trong vic thc hin hnh ng (succeeded in doing) th WAS/WERE ABLE TO c s dng ch khng phi COULD.
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I finished my work early and so was able to go to the pub with my friends. II. MAY MIGHT 1. MAY v dng qu kh MIGHT din t s xin php, cho php (permission). May I take this book? Yes, you may. She asked if she might go to the party. 2. MAY/MIGHT dng din t mt kh nng c th xy ra hay khng th xy ra. It may rain. He admitted that the news might be true. 3. Dng trong cu cm thn, MAY/MIGHT din t mt li cu chc. May all your dreams come true! Trong cch dng ny c th xem MAY nh mt loi Bng Thi cch (Subjunctive). 4. MAY/MIGHT dng trong mnh theo sau cc ng t hope (hy vng) v trust (tin tng). I trust (hope) that you may find this plan to your satisfaction. He trust (hoped) that we might find the plan to our satisfaction. 5. MAY/MIGHT dng thay cho mt mnh trng ng ch s nhng b (adverb clauses of concession). He may be poor, but he is honest. (Though he is poor)
32

Try as he may, he will not pass the examination. (Though he tries hard) Try as he might, he could not pass the examination. (Though he tried hard) 6. MAY/MIGHT thng c dng trong mnh trng ng ch mc ch (adverb clauses of purpose). Trong trng hp ny ngi ta cng thng dng CANCOULD thay cho MAY/MIGHT. She was studying so /that she might read English books. 7. MIGHT (khng dng MAY) i khi c dng trong cu din t mt li trch mng c tnh hn di (petulant reproach). You might listen when I am talking to you. (Lm n rng m lng nghe ti ni) You might try to be a little more helpful. (Lm n rng m t ra c ch mt cht) III. MUST 1. MUST c ngha l phi din t mt mnh lnh hay mt s bt buc. You must drive on the left in London. 2. MUST dng trong cu suy lun logic. Are you going home at midnight? You must be mad! You have worked hard all day; you must be tired. 3. MUST NOT (MUSTNT) din t mt lnh cm.
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You mustnt walk on the grass. 4. Khi mun din t th ph nh ca MUST vi ngha khng cn thit ngi ta s dng NEED NOT (NEEDNT). Must I do it now? No, you neednt. Tomorrow will be soon enough. 6. MUST v HAVE TO - HAVE TO dng thay cho MUST trong nhng hnh thc m MUST khng c. We shall have to hurry if we are going to catch the twelve oclock train. - HAVE TO khng th thay th MUST trong cu suy lun logic. He must be mad. (I personally thought that he was mad) - MUST v HAVE TO u c th dng din t s cng bch, bt buc (compulsion). Tuy nhin MUST mang ngha s cng bch n t ngi ni trong khi HAVE TO mang ngha s cng bch n t hon cnh bn ngoi (external circumstances) You must do what I tell you. Passengers must cross the line by the bridge. (Lnh ca Cc ng St) Passengers have to cross the line by the bridge. (V khng cn ng no khc) IV. SHALL SHOULD 1. SHALL: c dng trong nhng trng hp sau:
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- Dng trong cu trc th Tng lai (Simple Future) ngi th nht. I shall do what I like. - Din t mt li ha (promise), mt s qu quyt (determination) hay mt mi e da (threat). If you work hard, you shall have a holiday on Saturday. (promise) He shall suffer for this; he shall pay you what he owes you. (threat) These people want to buy my house, but they shant have it. (determination) 2. SHOULD c dng trong nhng trng hp sau: - Dng trong cu khuyn ai nn lm g, v tng ng vi ought to. You should do what the teacher tells you. People who live in glass houses should not throw stones. (proverb) - Dng thay cho must khi khng mun din t mt ngha qu bt buc ai phi lm g. Members who want tickets for the dance should apply before September 1st to the Secretary. V. WILL WOULD 1. WILL:
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- c dng th Tng lai (simple future), din t mt k hoch (plan), s mong mun (willingness), mt li ha (promise) hay mt s qu quyt (determination). All right; I will pay you at the rate you ask. (willingness) I wont forget little Margarets birthday. I will send her a present. (promise) - Dng trong cu ngh. Will you shut the door? Shall I open the window? 2. WOULD: - Dng hnh thnh th Tng lai trong qu kh (future in the past) hay cc th trong cu iu kin. He said he would send it to me, but he didnt. If she were here, she would help us. He would have been very happy if he had known about it. - Din t mt thi quen trong qu kh. Vi ngha ny, WOULD c th dng thay cho used to. Every day he would get up at six oclock and light the fire. VI. OUGHT TO DARE NEED 1. OUGHT TO OUGHT TO c ngha l nn, gn ging vi should. Trong hu ht cc trng hp OUGHT TO c th c thay th bng should. They ought to (should) pay the money.
36

He ought to (should) be ashamed of himself. - OUGHT TO cng dng din t mt s gn ng, rt c th ng (strong probability). If Alice left home at 9:00, she ought to be here any minute now. - OUGHT TO c th dng trong tng lai vi cc t xc nh thi gian tng lai nh tomorrow, next Tuesday Our team ought to win the match tomorrow. - OUGHT NOT TO HAVE + past participle din t mt s khng tn ng v mt hnh ng lm trong qu kh. You ought not to have spent all that money on such a thing. 2. DARE - DARE c ngha l dm, c gan c th c xem nh mt ng t khuyt ln ng t thng. Khi l mt ng t khuyt thiu, n c y c tnh ca loi ng t ny. Dare he go and speak to her? (ng t khuyt thiu) You darent climb that tree, dare you? (ng t khuyt thiu) He doesnt dare to answer my letter. (ng t thng) She didnt dare to say a word, did she? (ng t thng) - Thnh ng I dare say c ngha l c th, c l ng ngha vi cc t perhaps, it is probable. Thnh ng ny thng khng dng vi ch t no khc ngoi ngi th nht. He is not here yet, but I daresay he will come later. 3. NEED
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- C hai ng t NEED: mt ng t thng v mt ng t khuyt thiu. Khi l ng t khuyt thiu NEED ch c hnh thc Hin ti v c y c tnh ca mt ng t khuyt thiu. N c ngha l cn phi, tng t nh have to. V th n cng c xem l mt loi ph nh ca must. Need he work so hard? You neednt go yet, need you? - C mt iu cn nh l ng t khuyt thiu NEED khng dng th xc nh. N ch c dng th ph nh v nghi vn. Khi dng th xc nh n phi c dng vi mt t ng ph nh. You neednt see him, but I must. I hardly need say how much I enjoyed the holiday. VII. USED TO - USED TO l mt hnh thc ng t c bit. N c th c xem nh mt ng t thng hay mt ng t khuyt thiu trong vic hnh thnh th ph nh v th nghi vn. You used to live in London, usednt you? He usednt to smoke as much as he does now. He didnt use to smoke as much as he does now. Did you use to climb the old tree in the garden? - Ngy nay ngi ta c khuynh hng dng did v didnt lp th ph nh v th nghi vn cho USED TO. Trong nhiu trng hp th ph nh c th c hnh thnh bng cch s dng never. You never used to make that mistake.
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1. USED TO c dng ch mt hnh ng lin tc, ko di, lp i lp li trong qu kh m nay khng cn na. People used to think that the earth was flat. 2. Vi th Qu kh n ngi ta ch bit hnh ng xy ra. Vi USED TO ngi ta thy c tnh cht ko di ca hnh ng y. He was my classmate. (khng r trong thi gian bao lu) He used to be my classmate. (trong mt thi gian kh lu) 3. Phn bit USED TO v mt s hnh thc khc - USED TO + infinitive: hnh ng lin tc trong qu kh - (be) USED TO + V.ing: quen vi mt vic g - (get) USED TO + V.ing: lm quen vi mt vic g. He used to work six days a week. (Now he doesnt) It took my brother two weeks to get used to working at night. Now hes used to it.

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Bi 11: Danh t

Danh t trong ting Anh khng ch n thun l i tng c nhc n trc tip hay gin tip thc hin hnh ng hay chu tc ng ca hnh ng trong cu m cn lin quan cht ch ti hnh thc chia th ca ng t. Trong bi ny, chng ta s cng hc cch nhn din danh t, phn loi chng v vn dng ng th thc ca danh t nh. 1. Chc nng ca danh t Danh t trong ting Anh l t dng ch ngi, vt, vic, a im Chc nng ca danh t: Lm ch ng: Her children are very obedient Nhng a con ca c y rt ngoan. Lm tn ng trc tip: Nam likes some chocolate Nam thch scla. Lm tn ng gin tip: John gave Peter a red pen John a cho Peter mt ci bt mu . Lm b ng ca ch ng: (ng sau cc ng t tobe v become): My sister is a journalist Ch gi ti l mt nh bo.
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 Lm b ng cho tn ng: People consider him a teacher Mi ngi ngh anh y l mt gio vin. 2. Phn loi danh t Danh t c th chia thnh 4 loi nh sau: Danh t chung. Danh t ring. Danh t tru tng. Danh t tp th. Danh t chung (Common nouns) Danh t chung l nhng danh t ch ngi, vic v a im V d: Dog, house, picture, computer. Danh t chung c th c vit di hnh thc s t hoc s nhiu V d: A dog hoc dogs Danh t chung khng vit hoa ch ci u. Danh t ring (Proper nouns) Danh t ring l nhng tn ring gi tng s vt, i tng duy nht, c bit nh tn ngi, tn a danh, tn cng ty. V d: Microsoft, Mr. David Green, La Thnh street, Greentown Hospital, Town House Hotel, City Park. Ch : danh t ring phi vit hoa ch ci u. Danh t tru tng (Abstract nouns)

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 Mt danh t tru tng l mt danh t chung nhm gi tn mt tng hoc mt phm cht. Cc danh t tru tng thng khng c xem, ngi, tip xc hoc nm. V d: Joy, peace, emotion, wisdom, beauty, courage, love, strength, character, happiness, personality Danh t tru tng c th dng s t hoc s nhiu. Danh t tru tng c th m c hoc khng m c. Danh t tp th (Collective nouns) Mt danh t tp hp gi tn mt nhm hay mt tp hp nhiu ngi, ni chn, hoc vt V d: Crew, team, navy, republic, nation, federation, herd, bunch, flock, swarm, litter

3. Xc nh danh t m c v khng m c (Countable noun/ Non-countable noun): Danh t ng vai tr lm ch ng trong cu cn c xc nh chnh xc l danh t s t hay s nhiu, m c hay khng m c chia th cho ph hp vi ng t. Nh mt phn trng tm trong chuyn danh t, chng ta hy cng ghi nh nhng danh t c bit sau. Danh t m c: L danh t c th dng c vi s m, do n c 2 hnh thi s t v s nhiu. N dng c vi a hay vi the. V d: One book, two books, Danh t khng m c: Khng dng c vi s m, do n khng c hnh thi s t, s nhiu. N khng th dng c vi a, cn the ch trong mt s trng hp c
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bit nh: milk (sa). Bn khng th ni one milk, two milks (Mt s vt cht khng m c c th c cha trong cc bnh ng, bao b m c nh: one glass of milk - mt cc sa). Lu : * Mt s danh t m c c hnh thi s nhiu c bit nh: person people; child children; tooth teeth; foot feet; mouse mice * Mt s danh t m c c dng s t/ s nhiu nh nhau ch phn bit bng c a v khng c a: an aircraft/ aircraft; a sheep/ sheep; a fish/ fish. * Mt s cc danh t khng m c nh food, meat, money, sand, water i khi c dng nh cc danh t s nhiu ch cc dng, loi khc nhau ca vt liu . V d: eat. This is one of the foods that my doctor wants me to

* Danh t time nu dng vi ngha l thi gian l khng m c nhng khi dng vi ngha l th i i hay s ln l danh t m c. V d: You have spent too much time on that homework. (thi gian, khng m c) I have seen that movie three times before. (s ln, m c) Bng sau l cc nh ng dng c vi cc danh t m c v khng m c. WITH COUNTABLE WITH UNCOUNTABLE NOUN NOUN a(n), the, some, any the, some, any
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WITH COUNTABLE NOUN this, that, these, those none, one, two, three,... many a lot of a [large / great] number of (a) few fewer... than more....than

WITH UNCOUNTABLE NOUN this, that None much (thng dng trong cu ph nh, cu hi) a lot of a large amount of (a) little less....than more....than

Mt s t khng m c nn bit: money sand news food measles (bnh meat si) water soap information physics air mathematics mumps (bnh quai politics b) homework economics

Note: advertising l danh t khng m c nhng advertisement l danh t m c, ch mt qung co c th no . V d: shows. There are too many advertisements during TV

* Cc danh t tp hp c th s t hoc s nhiu. Chng thng i vi cc ng t s t bi nhm ny hot ng cng nhau di hnh thc l mt n v. Mt danh t tp hp i vi mt ng t s nhiu khi thnh phn ca nhm hot ng nh di dng cc c nhn V d:
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Our team is practicing three nights a weeks. (i ca chng ti luyn tp ba m mt tun) => i ang hot ng di t cch l mt n v. The team were talking among themselves (i ang t ni v h) => Cc thnh vin ca h ang hot ng di hnh thc l nhiu c nhn.

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Bi 12: Mo t

Mo t dng gii thiu mt danh t. Trong ting Anh c 2 loi mo t chnh. Trong , a, an l mo t khng xc nh; the l mo t xc nh. Sau y chng ta hy cng tm hiu cch s dng ca cc mo t ny nh. 1. Cch dng mo t khng xc nh a v an Dng a hoc an trc mt danh t s t m c. Chng c ngha l mt. Chng c dng trong cu c tnh khi qut hoc cp n mt ch th cha c cp t trc. V d: A ball is round. (ngha chung, khi qut, ch tt c cc qu bng) I saw a boy in the street. (chng ta khng bit cu b no, cha c cp trc ) 1.1. Dng an vi: Qun t an c dng trc cc t bt u bng nguyn m (trong cch pht m, ch khng phi trong cch vit). Bao gm: Cc t bt u bng cc nguyn m a, e, i, o: an aircraft, an empty glass, an object Mt s t bt u bng u, y: an uncle, an umbrella
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 Mt s t bt u bng h cm: an heir, haft an hour Cc t m u bng mt ch vit tt: an S.O.S/ an M.P 1.2. Dng a vi: Dng a trc cc t bt u bng mt ph m. Chng bao gm cc ch ci cn li v mt s trng hp bt u bng u, y, h. V d: A house, a university, a home party, a heavy load, a uniform, a union, a year income, ng trc mt danh t m u bng uni phi dng a (a university/ a uniform/ universal/ union) (Europe, eulogy (li ca ngi), euphemism (li ni tri), eucalyptus (cy khuynh dip) Dng trong cc thnh ng ch s lng nht nh nh: a lot of/a great deal of/a couple/a dozen. Dng trc nhng s m nht nh thng l hng ngn, hng trm nh : a/one hundred a/one thousand. Dng trc half (mt na) khi n theo sau mt n v nguyn vn: a kilo hay a half, hay khi n i ghp vi mt danh t khc ch na phn (khi vit c du gch ni): a half share, a half holiday (ngy l ch ngh na ngy). Dng vi cc n v phn s nh : 1/3( a/one third), 1/5 (a /one fifth). Dng trong cc thnh ng ch gi c, tc , t l: a dollar, a kilometer, an hour, 4 times a day. 2. Cch dng mo t xc nh The - Dng the trc mt danh t c xc nh c th v mt tnh cht, c im, v tr hoc c cp n trc , hoc nhng khi nim ph thng, ai cng bi t. V d:
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The boy in the corner is my friend. (C ngi ni v ngi nghe u bit l cu b no) The earth is round. (Ch c mt tri t, ai cng bit) - Vi danh t khng m c, dng the nu ni n mt vt c th, khng dng the nu ni chung. V d: Sugar is sweet. (Ch cc loi ng ni chung) The sugar on the table is from Cuba. (C th l ng trn bn) - Vi danh t m c s nhiu, khi chng c ngha i din chung cho mt lp cc vt cng loi th cng khng dng the. V d: Oranges are green until they ripen. (Cam ni chung) Athletes should follow a well-balanced diet. (Vn ng vin ni chung) 2.1. Sau y l mt s trng hp thng dng dng The theo quy tc trn: The + danh t + gii t + danh t: The girl in blue(c gi o xanh), the Gulf of Mexico(Vnh Mexico). Dng trc nhng tnh t so snh bc nht hoc only: The only way(cch duy nht), the best day(ngy tt lnh nht). Dng cho nhng khong thi gian xc nh (thp nin): In the 1990s (nhng nm 1990) The + danh t + i t quan h + mnh ph: The man to whom you have just spoken is the chairman. ( Ngi n ng bn va ni chuyn l gim c). The + danh t s t tng trng cho mt nhm th vt hoc vt: The whale = whales (loi c voi), the deep48

freeze (thc n ng lnh) i vi man khi mang ngha loi ngi tuyt i khng c dng the: Since man lived on the earth (k t khi loi ngi sinh sng trn tri t ny) Dng trc mt danh t s t ch mt nhm, mt hng ngi nht nh trong x hi: The small shopkeeper(Gii ch tim nh), The top offcial(Gii quan chc cao cp). The + adj: Tng trng cho mt nhm ngi, chng khng bao gi c php s nhiu nhng c xem l cc danh t s nhiu. Do vy ng t v i t i cng vi chng phi ngi th 3 s nhiu: V d: The old = The old people (The old are often very hard in their moving Ngi gi thng rt kh khn trong vn ng) The + tn gi cc i hp xng/ dn nhc c in/ ban nhc ph thng: The Back Choir/ The Philharmonique Philadelphia Orchestra/ The Beatles. The + tn gi cc t bo (khng tp ch)/ tu bin/ cc khinh kh cu: The Times/ The Titanic/ The Hindenberg The + h ca mt gia nh s nhiu = gia nh nh: The Smiths = Mr/ Mrs Smith and children Thng thng khng dng the trc tn ring tr trng hp c nhiu ngi hoc vt cng tn v ngi ni mun m ch mt ngi c th trong s : V d: There are three Sunsan Parkers in the telephone directory. The Sunsan Parker that I know lives on the First Avenue. (Trong danh b in thoi c 3 ngi tn Sunsan Parkers. ng Sunsan Parkers ti bit sng i l s 1). Tng t, khng dng the trc ba n: breakfast, lunch, dinner: V d: We ate breakfast at 8 am this morning. (Sng nay chng ti
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n sng lc 8h) - Tr khi mun m ch mt ba n c th: V d: The dinner that you invited me last week were delecious. (Ba tra bn mi ti tun trc rt ngon). Khng dng the trc mt s danh t nh: home, bed, church, court, jail, prison, hospital, school, class, college, university v.v khi n i vi cc ng t v gii t ch chuyn ng ch i n l mc ch chnh hoc ra khi cng v mc ch chnh: V d: Students go to school everyday. (Hng ngy hc sinh ti trng) The patient was released from hospital. (Bnh nhn c xut vin) - Nhng nu n hoc ra khi khng v m c ch chnh th dng the. V d: Students go to the school for a class party. (Sinh vin ti trng tham gia lin hoan) The doctor left the hospital for lunch. (Bc s r i bnh vin i n tra) 2.2. Bng s dng the v khng s dng the trong mt s trng hp in hnh C "The" Khng "The" + Dng trc tn cc i + Trc tn mt h dng, sng ngi, bin, vnh Lake Geneva v cc cm h (s nhiu) The Red Sea, the Atlantic Ocean, the Persian Gufl, the Great Lakes + Trc tn mt ngn ni
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C "The" + Trc tn cc dy ni: The Rocky Mountains + Trc tn nhng vt th duy nht trong v tr hoc trn th gii: The earth, the moon + The schools, colleges, universities + of + danh t ring The University of Florida + The + s th t + danh t The third chapter. + Trc tn cc cuc chin tranh khu vc vi iu kin tn khu vc phi c tnh t ho The Korean War (=> The Vietnamese economy)

Khng "The" Mount Vesuvius + Trc tn cc hnh tinh hoc cc chm sao Venus, Mars + Trc tn cc trng ny nu trc n l mt tn ring Stetson University + Trc cc danh t i cng vi mt s m Chapter three, Word War One + Trc tn cc nc ch c mt t: China, France, Venezuela, Vietnam

+ Trc tn cc nc m u bng New, mt tnh t ch + Trc tn cc nc c hai hng: t tr ln (ngoi tr Great New Zealand, North Korean, Britain) France The United States, The Central African Republic + Trc tn cc lc a, tnh, + Trc tn cc nc c tiu bang, thnh ph, qun, coi l mt qun o hoc mt huyn: qun o Europe, Florida The Philipines, The Virgin Islands, The Hawaii
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Khng "The" + Trc tn bt k mn th + Trc tn cc ti liu hoc thao no s kin lch s baseball, basketball The Constitution, The Magna Carta + Trc cc danh t tru tng (tr mt s trng hp + Trc tn cc nhm dn c bit): tc thiu s freedom, happiness the Indians + Trc tn cc mn hc ni chung + Trc tn cc mn hc c mathematics th The Solid matter Physics + Trc tn cc ngy l, tt Christmas, Thanksgiving + Trc tn cc nhc c khi cp n cc nhc c + Trc tn cc loi hnh nhc ni chung hoc khi chi cc c trong cc hnh thc m nhc c . nhc c th (Jazz, Rock, The violin is difficult to play classical music..) Who is that on the piano To perform jazz on trumpet and piano

C "The"

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Bi 13: i t

i t dng thay th danh t nhm trnh lp li danh t. Trong Ting Anh c 5 loi i t vi cc chc nng s dng khc nhau: nhn xng (personal), s hu (possessive), phn thn (reflexive), ch nh (demonstrative), bt nh (indefinite), quan h (relative), nghi vn(interrogative). Thm , i t cng ng vai tr ch t, gii t v b ng trong cu. Chng ta hy cng tm hiu chi tit nh. 1. nh ngha i t i t l t thay th cho danh t. 2. Phn loi v cch s dng ca i t 2.1. i t nhn xng (Personal pronouns) Gm: Ch ng Tn ng ngi th nht I me S t: ngi th hai you you ngi th ba he/she/it him/her/it ngi th nht we us S nhiu: ngi th hai you you ngi th ba they them Chc nng:
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 I, he, she, we, they c th l ch ng ca ng t: V d: They have lived here for 3 years. (H sng y c 3 nm ri.) Me, him, her, us, them c th l tn ng trc tip ca ng t. V d: These flowers are really nice. Tom likes them. (Nhng bng hoa ny tht p. Tom thch chng) Me, him, her, us, them c th l tn ng gin tip ca ng t. V d: Kate found me a job. (Kate kim cho ti mt cng vic.) Hoc tn ng ca gii t: V d: We could accomplish the same thing without them. (Khng c h chng ti cng c th hon thin mt ging nh vy).

2.2. i t bt nh (Indefinite pronouns) Gm: Nhm kt hp vi some: something, someone, somebody. Nhm kt hp vi any: anything, anyone, anybody. Nhm kt hp vi every: everything, everyone, everybody. Nhm kt hp vi no: nothing, no one, nobody. Nhm c lp gm cc t: all, one, none, other, another, much, less, (a) few, (a) little, enough, each, either, neither. Mt s trong cc i t trn y cng c th c dng nh tnh t. Khi y ngi ta gi chng l tnh t bt nh (indefinite adjectives). l cc t any, some, every, no,
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all, one, none, other, another, much, less, (a) few, (a) little, enough, each, either, neither. 2.3. i t s hu (Possessive pronouns) Gm: mine, yours, hers, his, ours, yours, theirs i t s hu = tnh t s hu + danh t. V d: This is our room = this is ours. (y l phng ca chng ti) Youve got my pen. Wheres yours? (Bn va cm bt ca t. Bt ca bn u ri?) 2.4. i t phn thn (Reflexive pronouns) Gm: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves Ch : ourselves, yourselves, themselves l hnh thc s nhiu. Chc nng: Lm tn ng ca ng t khi ch ng v tn ng l cng mt ngi: V d: I cut myself. (T ti ct) Tom and Ann blamed themselves for the accident. (Tom v Ann t chu trch nhim v v tai nn) c s dng nh trng hp trn sau ng t + gii t: V d: He spoke to himself. (Anh y t nh) Look after yourself. (Hy t chm sc bn thn)
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 c s dng nh cc i t nhn mnh danh t hoc i t: V d: The King himself gave her the medal. (Chnh quc vng trao huy chng cho c y) Chng thng nhn mnh ch ng ca cu v c t sau n: Ann herself opened the door. (T Ann m ca) Khi chng nhn mnh cc danh t khc, chng c t ngay sau danh t : I saw Tom himself. (Ti nhn thy ch th l Tom) c s dng nh cc tn ng sau gii t: V d: I did it by myself. ( T ti mua n ) 2.5. i t quan h (Relative pronouns) Gm: who, whom, which, that, whose, Chc nng: Who, that, which lm ch ng: V d: The man who robbed has been arrested. (Ngi n ng n trm va b bt) Lm tn ng ca ng t: V d: The man whom I saw told me to come back today. (Ngi n ng ti nhn thy ni chuyn vi bn hm nay tr li) Theo sau gii t: V d: The ladder on which I was standing began to slip. (Chic thang khi m bn ang ng bt u tut xung) Tuy nhin, gii t cng c th chuyn xung cui mnh : V d: The ladder which I was standing on began to slip. Hnh thc s hu (whose + danh t):
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V d: The film is about a spy whose wife betrays him. (B phim ni v 1 ip vin, ngi v ph n bi anh ta). Ch : when =in/on which Where = in/at which Why = for which V d: The day on which they arrived. (Ngy h n) 2.6. i t ch nh (Demonstrative pronouns) Gm: this, that, these, those Tnh t ch nh (demonstrative adjectives) this, that v s nhiu ca chng l these, those c dng trc danh t nhm xc nh v tr ca danh t y i vi ngi ni. Khi nhng tnh t ny c dng c lp, khng c danh t theo sau, n tr thnh i t ch nh (demonstrative pronouns). Ngoi vic thay th cho mt danh t, i t ch nh cn cho ngi nghe khi nim gn hn hay xa hn v thi gian hoc khong cch. V d: Could you give me that book, please? (Lm n ly cho ti quyn sch vi?) 2.7. i t nghi vn (Interrogative pronouns) Gm: who, whom, whose, what, which Chc nng: Lm ch ng: Who keeps the keys? (Ai c m chm cha kha?) Lm tn ng ca ng t: Who did you see? (Ai trng thy bn?)
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Bi 14: Cc loi cu hi

Ting Anh c nhiu loi cu hi c nhng chc nng v mc ch khc nhau. Trong cu hi, tr ng t hoc ng t to be bao gi cng ng trc ch ng. Nu khng c tr ng t hoc ng t to be, ta phi dng dng thc do, does, did nh mt tr ng t thay th. Sau cc ng t hoc tr ng t , phi dng ng chnh t dng nguyn th khng c to. Thi v th ca cu hi ch c chia bi tr ng t, ch khng phi ng t chnh. Hy cng OnThiToeic.vn tm hiu cc dng cu hi trong ting Anh nh. 1. Cu hi Yes/ No Tr ng t be + ch ng (S) + ng t + .? do, does, did S d ta gi l nh vy v khi tr li, dng Yes/No. Nh rng khi tr li: - Yes, S + tr ng t/ to be - No, S + tr ng t/ tobe + not. V d:
58

Isnt Mary going to school today? -> Yes, she is. Was Mark sick yesterday? -> No, he was not. Have you seen this movie before? -> Yes, I have. Will the committee decide on the proposal today? -> No, it wont. 2. Cu hi ly thng tin (information question) i vi loi cu hi ny, cu tr li khng th n gin l yes hay no m phi c thm thng tin. Chng thng dng cc t nghi vn, chia lm 3 loi sau: 2.1. Who hoc What: cu hi ch ng y l cu hi khi mun bit ch ng hay ch th ca hnh ng. Who/ What + ng t (V) + ? V d: Something happened lastnight => What happened last night? Someone opened the door. => Who opened the door? 2.2. Whom hoc What: cu hi tn ng y l cc cu hi dng khi mun bit tn ng hay i tng tc ng ca hnh ng Whom/ What + tr ng t (do/ did/ does) + S + V + ..? Lu : Nh rng trong ting Anh vit bt buc phi dng whom mc d trong ting Anh ni c th dng who thay cho whom trong mu cu trn. V d: George bought something at the store. => What did George buy at the store?
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Ana knows someone from UK. => Whom does Ana know from UK? 2.3 When, Where, How v Why: Cu hi b ng Dng khi mun bit ni chn, thi gian, l do, cch thc ca hnh ng. When/ where/ why/ how V d: How did Maria get to school today? When did he move to London? Why did she leave so early? 3. Cu hi phc (embedded question) L cu hoc cu hi cha trong n mt cu hi khc. Cu c hai thnh phn ni vi nhau bng mt t nghi vn (question word). ng t mnh th hai (mnh nghi vn) phi i sau v chia theo ch ng, khng c o v tr nh cu hi c lp. S + V + question word( t hi) + S + V V d: The authorities cant figure out why the plane landed at the wrong airport. We havent assertained where the meeting will take place.

+ tr ng t(be, do, does, did)

+ S + V + b ng (+ tn ng)?

Trong trng hp cu hi phc l mt cu hi, p dng mu cu sau:

Tr ng t + S + V + question word + S + V V d:
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Do you know where he went? Could you tell me what time it is?

Question word c th l mt t, cng c th l mt cm t nh: whose + noun, how many, how much, how long, how often, what time, what kind.

V d: I have no idea how long the interview will take. Do you know how often the bus run at night? Can you tell me how far the museum is from the store? 4. Cu hi ui (tag questions) Trong cu hi ui, ngi t cu hi a ra mt mnh (mnh chnh) nhng khng hon ton chc chn v tnh ng / sai ca mnh , do vy h dng cu hi dng ny kim chng v mnh a ra. V d: He should stay in bed, shouldnt he? (Anh y nn yn trn ging, c phi khng?) She has been studying English for two years, hasnt she? There are only twenty-eight days in February, arent there? Its raining now, isnt it? (Tri vn cn ma, phi khng?) You and I talked with the professor yesterday, didnt we? You wont be leaving for now, will you? Jill and Joe havent been to VN, have they? Cu hi ui chia lm hai thnh phn tch bit nhau bi du phy theo quy tc sau:

S dng tr ng t ging nh mnh chnh lm phn ui cu hi. Nu khng c tr ng t th dng do, does, did thay th.
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Nu mnh chnh th khng nh th phn ui th ph nh v ngc li. Thi ca ng t ui phi theo thi ca ng t mnh chnh. Ch ng ca mnh chnh v ca phn i l ging nhau. i t phn ui lun phi dng ch ng . Phn ui nu dng ph nh th thng c rt gn (nt). Nu khng rt gn th phi theo th t: tr ng t + S + not? (VD: He saw it yesterday, did he not?) ng t have c th l ng t chnh, cng c th l tr ng t. Khi n l ng t chnh ca mnh trong ting Anh M th phn ui phi dng tr ng t do, does hoc did. Tuy nhin, trong ting Anh Anh th bn c th dng chnh have nh mt tr ng t trong trng hp ny.

V d: You have two children, havent you? (British English) You have two children, dont you? (American English)

There is, there are v it is l cc ch ng gi nn phn ui c php dng li there hoc it ging nh trng hp i t lm ch ng.

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Bi 15: Tnh t v trng t

ni ng v vit chun ting Anh, trc tin bn cn phi hiu r chc nng ca tng loi t trong cu, trong c tnh t v trng ng. Thm , nm bt v tr v du hiu nhn bit gia 2 loi t ny cng rt quan trng hon thin cc k nng ting Anh ca bn. Trong bi hc ny, chng ta s cng tm hiu su v tnh t, trng t v cc kin thc xoay quanh 2 loi t thng dng ny. 1. Tnh t - Tnh t l t ch tnh cht, mc , phm vi, ca mt ngi hoc vt. N b ngha cho danh t, i t hoc lin t (linking verb). N tr li cho cu hi What kind?. Tnh t lun ng trc danh t c b ngha: That is my new red car. - Tr trng hp galore (nhiu, phong ph, di do) v general trong tn cc c quan, cc chc v ln l hai tnh t ng sau danh t c b ngha: V d: There were errors galore in your final test. (C rt nhiu li trong bi kim tra cui k ca bn) UN Secretary General (Tng th k Lin hp quc). - Tnh t ng sau cc i t phim ch (something, anything, anybody)
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V d: Its something strange. (Th g l th) He is somebody quite unknown. (Anh y l ngi kh im hi lng ting) - Tnh t c chia lm 2 loi l tnh t m t (Descriptive adjective) v tnh t gii hn (Limiting adjective). Tnh t m t l cc tnh t ch mu sc, kch c, cht lng ca mt vt hay ngi. Tnh t gii hn l tnh t ch s lng, khong cch, tnh cht s hu, Tnh t khng thay i theo ngi v s ca danh t m n b ngha, tr trng hp ca these v those. TNH T M T TNH T GII HN beautiful one, two s m large first, second s th t red my, your, his tnh cht s hu interesting this, that, these, those i t ch nh important few, many, much s lng colorful - Khi tnh t m t b ngha cho mt danh t m c s t, n thng c mo t a, an hoc the ng trc nh: a pretty girl, an interesting book, the red dress. - Tnh t i trc danh t nhng i sau lin t . Tnh t ch b ngha cho danh t , i t v lin t. - Nu trong mt cm t c nhiu tnh t cng b ngha cho mt danh t th th t cc tnh t s nh sau: tnh t s hu hoc mo t, opinion( kin), size(kch c), age(tui tc), shape(hnh dng), color(mu sc), origin(ngun gc), material(cht liu), purpose(mc ch). Ch rng tnh t s hu (my, your, our) hoc mo t (a, an, the) nu c th lun i trc cc tnh t khc. Nu dng mo t th khng dng tnh t s hu v ngc li. V d v th t sp xp cc tnh t: a silly young English man (Mt ngi n ng ngi Anh tr
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kh kho) the huge round metal bowl (Mt ci bt bng kim loi trn to)

art/po opini shap col origi materi purpo nou size age ss on e or n al se n youn Engli a silly man g sh hug roun bow the metal e d l sma sleepin my red bag ll g 2. Trng ng (ph t) Ph t b ngha cho ng t, cho mt tnh t hoc cho mt ph t khc. N tr li cho cu hi How? V d: Rita drank too much. (How much did Rita drink?) I dont play tenis very well. (How well do I play?) He was driving carelessly. (How was he driving?) John is reading carefully. (How is John reading?) She speaks Spanish fluently. (How does she speak Spanish?) - Thng thng, cc tnh t m t c th bin i thnh ph t bng cch thm ui -ly vo tnh t. V d: He is a careful driver. He always drives carefully.

TNH T PH T bright brightly

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TNH T PH T careful carefully quiet quietly Tuy nhin, c mt s tnh t khng theo quy tc trn: * Mt s tnh t c bit: good => well; hard => hard; fast => fast; V d: She is a good singer. She sings very well. * Mt s tnh t cng c tn cng l ui -ly (lovely, friendly) nn thay th cho ph t ca cc tnh t ny, ngi ta dng: in a + Adj + way/ manner. V d: He is a friendly man. He behaved me in a friendly way. Cc t sau cng l ph t : so, very, almost, soon, often, fast, rather, well, there, too. Cc ph t c chia lm 6 loi sau: ADVERB OF Trng ng Manner(cch thc) Degree(mc ) Frequency(tn sut) Time(thi gian) Place(ni chn) Disjunctive(quan
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EXAMPLE V d happily, bitterly totally, completely never, often

TELL US ngha how something happens how much ST happens, often go with an adjective how often ST happens

recently, just when things happen here, there where things happen hopefully, opinion about things

ADVERB OF Trng ng im)

EXAMPLE V d frankly happen

TELL US ngha

- Cc ph t thng ng vai tr trng ng trong cu. Ngoi ra cc ng gii t cng ng vai tr trng ng nh ph t, chng bao gm mt gii t m u v danh t i sau ch: a im (at home), thi gian (at 5 pm), phng tin (by train), tnh hung, hnh ng. Cc cm t ny u c chc nng v cch s dng nh ph t, cng c th coi l ph t. - V th t, cc ph t cng b ngha cho mt ng t thng xut hin theo th t: manner, palce, time. Ni chung, ph t ch cch thc ca hnh ng (manner cho bit hnh ng din ra nh th no) thng lin h cht ch hn vi ng t so vi ph t ch a im (place) v ph t ch a im li lin kt vi ng t cht ch hn ph t ch thi gian (time). V d: The old woman sits quietly by the fire for hours.

- V v tr, cc ph t hu nh c th xut hin bt c ch no trong cu: cui cu, u cu, trc ng t chnh, sau tr ng t nhng cng v th, n l vn kh phc tp. V tr ca ph t c th lm thay i phn no ngha c a cu. 3. Du hiu nhn bit tnh t v trng ng Vic xc nh ui tnh t (hay trng t) ng mt vai tr quan trng trong vic tr li cu hi. 3.1. Du hiu nhn bit tnh t

Tn cng l able: comparable, comfortable, capable, considerable

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V d: (Ex): We select the hotel because the rooms are comfortable

Tn cng l ible: responsible, possible, flexible Tn cng l ous: dangerous, humorous, notorious, poisonous

Ex: She is responsible for her sons life

Ex: She is one of the most humorous actresses Ive ever known

Tn cng l ive: attractive, decisive Tn cng l ent: confident, dependent, different Tn cng l ful: careful, harmful, beautiful Tn cng l less: careless, harmless

Ex: She is a very attractive teacher

Ex: He is confident in getting a good job next week

Ex: Smoking is extremely harmful for your health

Ex: He is fired because of his careless attitude to the monetary issue

Tn cng l ant: important

Ex: Unemployment is the important interest of the whole company

Tn cng ic: economic, specific, toxic Tn cng l ly: friendly, lovely, costly

Ex: Please stick to the specific main point

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Ex: Making many copies can be very costly for the company.

Tn cng l y: rainy, sunny, muddy (y bn), windy Tn cng l al: economical (tit kim), historical, physical

Ex: Today is the rainiest of the entire month

Ex: Instead of driving to work, he has found out a more economical way to save money.

Tn cng l ing: interesting, exciting, moving = touching (cm ng)

Ex: I cant help crying because of the moving film.

Tn cng l ed: excited, interested, tired, surprised

Ex: He has been working so hard today, so he is really exhausted. 3.2. Du hiu nhn bit Trng t Trng t kt cu kh n gin: Adv= Adj+ly: wonderfully, beautifully, carelessly Ex: She dances extremely beautifully.

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Bi 16: So snh

Khi mun din t so snh tnh cht ca s vt, s vic hay con ngi bng ting Anh, ngi hc buc phi ghi nh nhng cu trc cng nh cc quy tc tng ng. y qu thc l mt vic khng h d dng. Hy cng OnThiToeic.vn nhc li v ghi nh cc hnh thc so snh bng, hn, km, cao nht, cngcng, nh. 1. So snh bng. So snh bng ch ra 2 thc th chnh xc ging nhau (bng nhau hoc nh nhau) v ngc li nu cu trc so snh dng ph nh. Cu trc

S + verb + as + adj/adv + as noun/ pronoun - Nu l cu trc ph nh as th nht c th thay bng so. V d: He is not so tall as his father. Lu : Ta cn phi nh rng i t sau as lun dng ch ng. V d:
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Peter is as tall as I. You are as old as she. Mt s th d v so snh bng. My book is as interesting as your.
Tnh t

His car runs as fast as a race car.

Ph t

- Danh t cng c th dng so snh cho cu trc ny nhng trc khi so snh phi xc nh chc chn rng danh t c nhng tnh t tng ng nh trong bng sau: Tnh t heavy, light wide, narrow deep, shallow long, short big, small Danh t weight width depth length size

-> Cu trc dng cho loi ny s l the same as. Subject + verb + the same + (noun) + as noun/ pronoun V d: My house is as high as his My house is the same height as his. Lu : - Do tnh cht phc tp ca loi cng thc ny nn vic s dng b hp vo trong bng trn. - The same as >< different from : My nationality is different from hers.

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- Trong ting Anh ca ngi M c th dng different than nu sau l c mt cu hon chnh (khng ph bin). V d: His appearance is different from what I have expected. = His appearance is different than I have expected. - From c th thay th bng to. Mt s th d v the same v different from: These trees are the same as those. He speaks the same language as she. Their teacher is different from ours.

2. So snh hn, km - Trong loi so snh ny, ngi ta phn ra lm 2 loi ph t, tnh t ngn v ph t, tnh t di. - i vi cc ph t v tnh t ngn, ta ch cn cng thm ui ER vo tn cng. - i vi nhng tnh t ngn c 1 nguyn m kp gia 2 ph m, ta phi gp i ph m cui khng phi thay i cch c. V d: big bigger. red redder hot hotter
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- Nhng tnh t c tn cng bng bn nguyn m phi i thnh ier (y ier) V d: happy happier friendly friendlier (hoc more friendly than) - Trng hp ngoi l: strong stronger. - i vi tt c cc ph t v tnh t di dng MORE (nu hn) v dng LESS ( nu km). V d: more beautiful, more important, more believable. + adj/ adv(ngn) S + V + more + adj/ adv(di) + than + noun/ pronoun + less + adj Lu : - ng sau ph t so snh nh than v as phi l i t nhn xng ch ng, khng c php l i t nhn xng tn ng ( li c bn). V d: Johns grades are higher than his sisters. Today is hotter than yesterday. This chair is more comfortable than the other. He speaks Spanish more fluently than I . He visits his family less frequently than she does. This years exhibit is less impressive than last years.
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- nhn mnh cho tnh t v ph t so snh ngi ta dng far hoc much trc so snh. Adv/ Noun/ Subject + verb + Adj +er + than pronoun much (ngn) Subject + far/ More/ Adj/ + Noun/ verb + much less Adv(di) than pronoun - Mt s thnh ng nhn mnh : much too much
adv adv adj

far

V d: Harrys watch is far more expensive than mine. That movie we saw last night was much less interesting than the one on television. A watermelon is much sweeter than a lemon. She dances much more artistically than her predecessor. He speaks English much more rapidly than he does Spanish. His car is far better than yours. - Danh t cng c th c dng so snh trong cc cu trc bng hoc hn, km. - Trong cu trc so snh bng ch cn xc nh xem danh t l m c hay khng m c v trc chng c mt s nh ng dng vi 2 loi danh t . - Trong cu trc so snh hn km cng cn phi xc nh xem danh t l m c hay khng m c v ng
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trc chng c dng fewer (cho m c), less (khng m c) v more dng chung cho c 2 (cng thc di y). Do cu trc ny khng phc tp nn c dng rng ri hn so vi cu trc so snh bng. S + + + many/ much/ little/ + + V as few noun as + noun/ pronoun

Hoc Subject V d: I have more books than she. February has fewer days than March. He earns as much money as his brother. They have as few class as we. Their job allows them less freedom than ours does. Before pay-day, I have as little money as my brother. 3. Cc dng so snh c bit Bng di y l mt s dng so snh c bit ca tnh t v ph t. Trong lu r ng farther dng cho khong cch, further dng cho thng tin v nhng vn tru tng khc. Tnh t v ph So snh hn t km far farther further little less So snh nht farthest furthest least
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+ + more/ fewer/ + + verb less noun than

+ noun/ pronoun

Tnh t v ph t much many good well bad badly V d:

So snh hn km more better worse

So snh nht most best worst

I feel much better today than I did last week. The university is farther than the mall. He has less time now than he had before. Marjorie has more books than Sue. Lu : further = more. V d: The distance from your house to school is farther than that of mine. He will come to the US for further education next year. 4. So snh a b L loi so snh gp ri, gp i, gp 3. Nn nh rng trong cu trc ny khng c dng so snh hn km m phi dng so snh bng.

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much noun Subject + verb + bi s + as + noun + as + many pronoun V d: This encyclopedia costs twice as much as the other one. At the clambake last week, Fred ate three times as many oysters as Barney. Jerome has half as many records now as I had last year. Lu : - Khi dng so snh loi ny phi xc nh r danh t l m c hay khng m c v ng trc chng c much v many. - Cc cu trc: twice that much/ many (gp i s ) ch c dng trong vn ni, tuyt i khng c dng trong vn vit. V d: We had expected eighty people at the rally, but twice that many showed up. (vn ni) We had expected eighty people at the rally, but twice as many as that number showed up. (vn vit) 5. So snh kp (cng .th cng) Nhng cu ny bt u bng mt cu trc so snh hn, v do mnh th 2 cng ph i bt u bng mt cu trc so snh hn.

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+ + + + the + + Th comparativ comparativ ver comparativ subjec ver e e e b e t b V d: The hotter it is, the more miserable I feel. The higher we flew, the worse Edna felt. The bigger they are, the harder they fall. The sooner you take your medicine, the better you will feel. The sooner you leave, the earlier you will arrive at your destination. The more + + + + + +verb subject the comparative subject verb

The more you study, the smarter you will become. The more he rowed the boat, the farther away he got. The more he slept, the more irritable he became. 6. So Snh Hn Nht. Ghi nh: 2 thc th - so snh hn 3 thc th tr ln - so snh hn nht - cp so snh hn nht, 3 thc th tr ln c so snh vi nhau, mt trong chng tri hn hoc km hn so vi cc thc th cn li.

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Adj(ngn)+est Subject + verb + the + most + adj(di) + Noun least + adj John is the tallest boy in the family. Deana is the shortest of the three sisters. These shoes are the least expensive of all. Of the three shirts, this one is the prettiest. Lu : - Sau thnh ng one of the + superlative, danh t phi dng s nhiu v ng t chia ngi s t. V d: One of the greatest tennis players in the world is Bjon Borg. Kuwait is one of the biggest oil producers in the world. - Cc ph t khng c i km bi -er hoc -est. M thay v , khi c dng trong cu so snh chng i cng more hoc less i vi cp so snh hn, v vi most hoc least thnh lp nn dng so snh hn nht. Dng nguyn carefully cautiously V d: Sal drove more cautiously than Bob.
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So snh hn nht more carefully most carefully less carefully least carefully So snh hn more cautiously most cautiously less cautiously least cautiously

Joe dances more gracefully than his partner. That child behaves the most carelessly of all. Irene plays the most recklessly of all.

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Bi 17: Gii t

Trong ting Anh, gii t l mt dng t loi c rt t t (C khong 150 gii t) nhng li l mt dng t loi quan trng v phc tp. Thm , trn thc t, nhng gii t nh of, to v in l mt trong 10 t thng c s dng nht trong Ting Anh.Trong bi ny ta s hc tt c nhng g nn bit v gii t trong phm vi ting Anh c bn nh nh ngha, cch s dng, phn loi, v tr, cch t t ng c gii t v lm quen vi nhng gii t thng dng. 1. nh ngha: Gii t l t loi ch s lin quan gia cc t loi trong cm t, trong cu. Nhng t thng i sau gii t l tn ng (Object), Verb + ing, Cm danh t V d: a. I went into the room. b. I was sitting in the room at that time. Ta thy r, v d a., the room l tn ng ca gii t into. v d b., the room l tn ng ca gii t in. Ch : Cc bn phi lun phn bit trng t v gii t, v thng khi mt t c hai chc nng (va l trng t v
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gii t). iu khc nhau c bn l Trng t th khng c tn ng theo sau. Hy xt cc cu sau y: V d: 1. Please, come in. Its raining. (Trng t) We are in the small room. (Gii t); v tn ng ca In l The room 2. He ran down quickly. (Trng t) v quickly khng phi l tn ng ca down; n ch l trng t ch cch thc m thi. 3. My dictionary is on the desk. (Gii t) v n lin kt vi tn ng: (the desk). 2. Cch s dng gii t trong ting Anh: C th ni vic dng cc gii t khng phi d, v mi nc c cch dng gii t c bit; vy ta phi rt ch n n ngay t lc mi hc mn ngoi ng ni chung v ting Anh ni ring. Trong ting Anh, ngi ta khng th t ra cc quy lut v cc php dng gii t mang tnh c nh cho mi gii t cng mt gii t, khi i vi t loi khc nhau th to ra ngha khc nhau. Vy chng ta nn hc thuc mi khi gp phi v hc ngay t lc ban u. V d: depend on wait for independent of think of look after make up look for look up look up to live on .................... ................ 3. Cc loi gii t trong ting Anh.
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Cc gii t trong ting Anh c th c phn thnh my loi sau: 3.1. Gii t ch Thi gian. after during since at for throughout before from foreward behind in until by on within 3.2. Gii t ch a im/Ni chn. about beneath over above beside through across beyond to at by toward before in under behind off within below on without 3.3. Gii t ch L do, nguyn nhn. at on for over from through of with 3.4. Gii t ch Mc ch. after on at to for 3.5. Gii t thng:

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after by on against for to among from with between of 4. V tr gii t Thng thng, gii t ting Anh c t nh ting Vit; tuy nhin, n c th t ngay trc T nghi vn hay i t. V d: What is this medal made of? Of what is this medal made? hay The man whom we listened to is our new teacher. The man to whom we listened is our new teacher. 5. Cch t t ng c gii t: V tr ca gii t trong cu c th lm thay i ngha ca cu . V d: 1- A letter was read from his friend in the class room. A letter from his friend was read in the class room. (Hai cu trn c ngha khc nhau bi v gii t from c v tr khc nhau) 2- With his gun towards the forest he started in the morning. With his gun, he started towards the forest in the morning. (Hai cu trn c ngha khc nhau bi v gii t from c v tr khc nhau) 6. Mt s gii t thng thng:
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1. AT, IN, ON 1. AT : dng trc thi gian ngn: gi, pht giy At 10 oclock; at this moment; at 10 a.m 2. ON : dng trc thi gian ch: ngy, th ngy (trong lch ) On Sunday; on this day. 3. IN : dng trc thi gian di: thng, ma, nm, In June; in July; in Spring; in 2005 2. IN, INTO, OUT OF 1. IN: dng ch v tr (a im khng chuyn hng) In the classroom; in the concert hal; in the box. 2. INTO: dng ch s chuyn ng t ngoi vo trong. I go into the classroom. 3. OUT OF: dng ch s chuyn ng t trong ra ngoi. I go out of the classroom. 3. FOR, DURING, SINCE: 1. FOR : dng o khong thi gian For two months For four weeks.. For the last few years 2. DURING : dng ch hnh ng xy ra trong sut thi gian ca s vt, s kin:
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During christman time; During the film; During the play 3. SINCE : dng nh du thi gian Since last Saturday, since Yesterday. 4. AT, TO 1. AT: dng ch s c nh mt v tr no tng i nh, v nu din tch ni ln hn ta dng in. At the door; At home; At school In Ha Noi; In the world 2. TO: dng ch s chuyn ng ti mt ni no . Go to the window; Go to the market 5. ON, OVER, ABOVE. ( trn) 1. ON: dng ch v tr ng lin ngay trn On the table; on the desk 2. OVER: dng ch cc lp/th t ln trn (o, qun) I usually wear a shirt over my singlet. 3. ABOVE: Vi ngha l trn nhng ch s cao hn so vi vt khc thp hn. The ceiling fans are above the pupils. The planes fly above our heads. 6. TILL, UNTIL (ti, cho ti khi) 1. TILL: dng cho thi gian v khng gian. Wait for me till next Friday (thi gian)
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They walked till the end of the road. (khng gian) 2. UNTIL: dng vi thi gian. He did not come back until 11.pm yesterday. (thi gian)

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Bi 18: B ng

Trong ting Anh, ngi ta rt hay dng cu b ng. Khc vi cu ch ng ch ng thc hin hnh ng, trong cu b ng ch ng nhn tc ng ca hnh ng. Cu b ng c dng khi mun nhn mnh n i tng chu tc ng ca hnh ng hn l bn thn hnh ng . Thi ca ng t cu b ng phi tun theo thi ca ng t cu ch ng. Chng ta hy cng hc cc kin thc lin quan s dng thnh tho cu b ng nh. 1. B /Th ng cch l cch t cu trong ch ng ng vai b ng. V d: 1. Chinese is learnt at school by her. 2. A book was bought by her. Ch : iu kin c th chuyn cu ch ng sang b ng: Th 1: Cu ch ng phi xc lp c c tn ng. (object) Th 2: Cu ch ng phi c Ngoi ng t. (transitive verbs)
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2. Qui tc Cu b ng. a. ng t ca cu b ng: To be + Past Participle (PII). b. Tn ng ca cu ch ng thnh ch ng ca cu b ng c. Ch ng ca cu ch ng thnh ch ng ca gii t BY Ch ng : Subject + Verb + Object B ng: Subject +To Be + Past Participle(ng t dng phn t qu kh) + BY + Object V d: The farmer dinks tea everyday. (Active-ch ng) Tea is drunk by the farmer everyday. (Passive-b ng) 3. Khi mt ngoi ng t ch ng c hai tn ng, mt trc tip v mt gin tip (nhm tng biu), c th chuyn thnh hai cu b ng. V d: I gave him an apple. An apple was given to him. He was given an apple by me. 4. Mt s cu c bit phi dch l Ngi ta khi dch sang ting Vit. V d: It is said that = people say that ; (Ngi ta ni rng) It was said that = people said that. (Ngi ta ni rng)
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Mt s ng t c dng nh trn: believe, say, suggest, expect, 5. Ta dng ng t nguyn th trong th b ng: TO BE + PAST PARTICIPLE ch mt nh hay s bt buc hoc s khng th c. V d: This exercise is to be done. This matter is to be discussed soon. 6. Sau nhng ng t: to have, to order, to get, to bid, to cause hay mt ng t ch v gic quan hoc cm tnh, ta dng Past Participle (Tham kho phn Bng ng t bt quy tc) bao hm ngha nh b ng: V d: We had your photos taken. We heard the song sung. We got tired after having walked for long. 7. Bng chia Ch ng sang B ng: Simple present(th hin ti n) Present continuous(th hin ti tip din) Simple Past (th qu kh n) Past continuous(th qu kh tip din) Present Perfect(th hin ti
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do is/are doing did was/were doing has/have

done is/are being done was/were done was/were being done has/have been

Simple present(th hin ti n) hon thnh) Past perfect (th qu kh hon thnh) Simple future(th tng lai n) Future perfect(th tng lai hon thnh) is/are going to ( th tng lai gn) Can Might Must Have to

do done had done will done will have done is/are going to do done

done had been done will be done

will have been done is/are going to be done can, could be can, could do done might do might be done must do must be done have to do have to be done

8. Mt s Trng hp c bit khc: Mt s ng t c bit: remember; want; try; like, hate V d: I remember them taking me to the zoo. (active) I remember being taken to the zoo.(passive) V d: She wants her sister to take some photogtaphs.(active) She wants some photographs to be taken by her sister. (passive) V d: She likes her boyfriend telling the truth. (actiove)
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She likes being told the truth. (passive) 9. Mt s Trng hp c bit nguyn mu c TO: Suppose; see; make; V d: You are supposed to learn English now. (passive) = It is your duty to learn English now. (active) = You should learn English now. (active) V d: His father makes him learn hard. (active) He is made to learn hard. (passive) V d: You should be working now.(active) You are supposed to be working now.(passive) V d: People believed that he was waiting for his friend (active). He was believed to have been waiting for his friend.(passive)

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Bi 19: Ha hp ch ng ng t

Trong mt cu ting Anh, ch ng v ng t phi ph hp vi nhau v ngi v s (s t hay s nhiu). Quy tc chung: ch ng s t i cng ng t s t v ch ng s nhiu i cng ng t s nhiu. Tuy nhin, i khi ch ng cn ha hp vi ng t ty theo tng din t hoc danh t/i t ng trc theo cc quy tc nht nh. Chng ta hy ghi nh nhng quy tc di y trnh nhng nhm ln khng ng c khi hc ting Anh nh. 1. Cc trng hp ch ng ng tch khi ng t - Trong cu ting Anh, c nhiu trng hp rt kh xc nh c u l ch ng ca cu do ch ng v ng t khng i lin vi nhau. The boys in the room are playing chess. - Thng thng trong cc trng hp , mt ng gii t (mt gii t m u v cc danh t theo sau in the room) thng nm gia ch ng v ng t. Cc ng gii t ny khng nh hng n vic chia ng t. The study of languages is very interesting. Serveral theories on this subject have been proposed. The view of these disciplines varies from time to time. The danger of forest fires is not to be taken lightly.

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- Ch rng trong cc v d trn cc danh t nm trong ng gii t u tri ngc vi ch ng v s t / s nhiu nhng ng t lun c chia theo ch ng chnh. - Cc cm t sau cng vi cc danh t i theo sau n to nn hin tng ng ch ng. Chng ng gia ch ng v ng t, phn tch khi 2 thnh phn bi du phy. Chng cng khng c nh hng g n vic chia ng t. Together with along with accompanied by as well as Mary, along with her manager and some friends, is going to a party tonight. Mr. Robbins, accompanied by her wife and children, is arriving tonight. - Nu 2 danh t lm ch ng ni vi nhau bng and th ng t phi chia ngi th 3 s nhiu (tng ng vi they) Mary and her manager are going to a party tonight. Nhng nu 2 ng ch ng ni vi nhau bng or th ng t phi chia theo danh t ng sau or. Nu danh t l s t th ng t phi chia s t v ngc li. Mary or her manager is going to answer the press interview. 2. Cc t lun i vi danh t hoc i t s t l cc danh t bng sau (cn gi l cc i t phim ch). any + no + some + every/ each + singular singular singular singular noun noun noun noun anybody nobody somebody everybody anyone no one someone everyone
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any + no + some + every/ each + singular singular singular singular noun noun noun noun anything nothing something everything neither * either * * Either v neither l s t nu chng khng i vi or hoc nor. Either (c ngha 1 trong 2) ch dng cho 2 ngi hoc 2 vt. Nu 3 ngi (vt) tr ln phi dng any. Neither (khng mt ai trong hai) ch dng cho 2 ngi, 2 vt. Nu 3 ngi (vt) tr ln dng not any. Everybody who wants to buy a ticket should be in this line. Something is in my eye. Anybody who has lost his ticket should report to the desk. Neither of his pens is able to be used. If either of you takes a vacation now, we will not be able to finish the work. No problem is harder than this one. Nobody works harder than John does. 3. Cch s dng None v No None v No u dng c vi c danh t s t v s nhiu. Nu sau None of the l mt danh t khng m c th ng t phi ngi th 3 s t. Nu sau n l mt danh t s nhiu th ng t phi chia ngi th 3 s nhiu. None of the + non-count noun + singular verb None of the + plural count noun + plural verb None of the counterfeit money has been found. None of the students have finished the exam yet.
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 Nu sau No l mt danh t m c s t hoc khng m c th ng t phi ngi th 3 s t. Nu sau n l mt danh t s nhiu th ng t phi ngi th 3 s nhiu. No + {singular noun / non-count noun} + singular verb No + plural noun + plural verb No example is relevant to this case. No examples are relevant to this case. 4. Cch s dng cu trc either or (hochoc) v neither nor (khngm cng khng) iu cn lu nht khi s dng cu trc ny l ng t phi chia theo danh t i sau or hoc nor. Nu danh t l s t th ng t chia ngi th 3 s t v ngc li. Nu or hoc nor xut hin mt mnh (khng c either hoc neither) th cng p dng quy tc tng t (nh cp phn trn). Neither John nor his friends are going to the beach today. Either John or his friends are going to the beach today. Neither the boys nor Carmen has seen this movie before. Either John or Bill is going to the beach today. Neither the director nor the secretary wants to leave yet. 5. V-ing lm ch ng Khi V-ing dng lm ch ng th ng t cng ph i chia ngi th 3 s t. Knowing her has made him what he is. Not studying has caused him many problems. Washing with special cream is recommended for scalp infection. Being cordial is one of his greatest assets. Writing many letters makes her happy.
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Ngi ta s dng V-ing khi mun din t 1 hnh ng c th xy ra nht thi nhng khi mun din t bn cht ca s vt, s vic th phi dng danh t. Dieting is very popular today. Diet is for those who suffer from a cerain disease. ng t nguyn th cng c th dng lm ch ng v ng t sau n s chia ngi th 3 s t. Nhng ngi ta thng dng ch ng gi it m u cu. To find the book is necessary for him = It is necessary for him to find the book. 6. Cc danh t tp th l cc danh t bng sau dng ch 1 nhm ngi hoc 1 t chc nhng trn thc t chng l nhng danh t s t, do vy cc i t v ng t theo sau chng cng ngi th 3 s t. Congress Organization Government family team jury group army majority* committee club minority class crowd public The committee has met, and it has rejected the proposal. The family was elated by the news. The crowd was wild with excitement Congress has initiated a new plan to combat inflation. The organization has lot many members this year. Our team is going to win the game. Tuy nhin nu cc thnh vin trong nhm ang hot ng ring r, ng t s chia ngi th 3 s nhiu:
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Congress votes for the bill. (Quc hi b phiu cho d lut, gm tt c mi ngi) Congress are discussing about the bill. (Quc hi ang tranh lun v d lut, tc l mt s tn thnh, mt s phn i). * Danh t majority c dng tu theo thnh phn sau n chia ng t The majority + singular verb The majority of the + plural noun + plural verb The majority believes that we are in no danger. The majority of the students believe him to be innocent. The police/the sheep/the fish + plural verb. The sheep are breaking away The police come only to see the dead bodies and a ruin in the bank A couple + singular verb A couple is walking on the path The couple + plural verb The couple are racing their horses through the meadow. Cc cm t nhm sau ch mt nhm ng vt hoc gia sc. Cho d sau gii t of l danh t s nhiu th ng t vn chia theo ngi ch ng chnh ngi th 3 s t: flock of birds/ sheep, school of fish, herd of cattle, pride of lions, pack of dogs. The flock of birds is circling overhead. The herd of casttle is breaking away. A school of fish is being attacked by sharks. Tt c cc danh t tp th ch thi gian, tin bc, s o, khi c cp n nh mt th thng nht th u c xem l mt danh t s t. Do cc ng t v i t theo sau chng phi ngi th 3 s t. Twenty-five dollars is too much for the meal. Fifty minutes isnt enough time to finish this test Twenty dollars is all I can afford to pay for that radio.
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Two miles is too much to run in one day. He has contributed $50, and now he wants to contribute another fifty. 7. Cch s dng a number of, the number of: A number of = Mt s nhng , i vi danh t s nhiu, ng t chia s nhiu. A number of + plural noun + plural verb A number of students are going to the class picnic (Mt s sinh vin s i ) A number of applicants have already been interviewed. The number of = S lng nhng , i vi danh t s nhiu, ng t vn ngi th 3 s t. The number of + plural noun + singular verb... The number of days in a week is seven. (S lng ngy trong tun l 7) The number of residents who have been questioned on this matter is quite small. 8. Cc danh t lun s nhiu Bng sau l nhng danh t bao gi cng hnh thi s nhiu v chng bao gm 2 thc th nn cc i t v ng t i cng vi chng cng phi s nhiu. scissors jeans eyeglasses shorts tongs pliers pants trousers tweezers Nu mun chng thnh ngi s t phi dng a pair of The pants are in the drawer. A pair of pants is in the drawer.
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These scissors are dull. (Ci ko ny cn. Ch ch c 1 ci ko nhng cng dng vi these) 9. Cch dng there is, there are c dng ch s tn ti ca ngi hoc vt ti mt ni no . Ch ng tht ca cu l danh t i sau ng t. Nu n l danh t s t th ng t to be chia ngi th 3 s t v ngc li. Mi bin i v thi v th u to be cn there gi nguyn. There has been an increase in the importation of foreign cars. Threre is a storm approaching. There was an accident last night. There was water on the floor. There have been a number of telephone calls today. There were too many people at the party. Lu :

Cc cu trc: there is certain/ sure/ likely/ bound to be = chc chn l s c There is sure to be trouble when she gets his letter. (Chc chn l s c rc ri khi c y nhn c th anh ta) Do you think there is likely to be snow. (Anh cho rng chc chn s c tuyt ch) Trong dng ting Anh quy chun hoc vn chng mt s cc ng t khc ngoi to be cng c s dng vi there: ng t trng thi: stand/ lie/ remain/ exist/ live ng t ch s n: enter/ go/ come/ follow/ develop

In a small town in Germany there once lived a poor shoemaker. (Ti mt th trn nh c c mt ng th giy ngho sng ) There remains nothing more to be done . (Ch cn c g na
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m lm) Suddenly there entered a strange figure dressed all in black. (Bng c mt hnh bng k l mc ton en i vo) There followed an uncomfortable silence. (Sau l mt s im lng n kh chu)

There + subject pronoun + go/ come/ be: ka/ th l/ ri th There he comes (Anh ta n ri kia ka) There you are, I have been waiting for you for over an hour. (Anh y ri, ti ang ch anh n hn mt ting ri y)

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Bi 20: Cu iu kin

Cu iu kin gm c hai phn: Mt phn nu ln iu kin v mt phn cn li nu ln kt qu hay c gi l mnh ch iu kin v mnh ch kt qu. Thm , hai mnh trong cu iu kin c th i ch c cho nhau. i vi ngi hc Ting Anh ni chung v ngi n luyn Toeic ni ring, bit v nm chc cc vn lin quan ti cu iu kin nh phn loi, cch dng, trng hp c bit. l bt buc c th hon thin trnh hc ting Anh ca mnh. 1. My lu v cu iu kin. - Cu iu kin gm c hai phn: Mt phn nu ln iu kin v mt phn cn li nu ln kt qu hay c gi l mnh ch iu kin v mnh ch kt qu. V d: If it rains, I will stay at home. You will pass the exam if you work hard. - Hai mnh trong cu iu kin c th i ch c cho nhau V d: You will pass the exam if you work hard. 2. Cc loi cu iu kin.
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* Loi 1: iu kin c th xy ra hin ti hoc tng lai. V d: If I have enough money, I will buy a new car. Cu trc: If + Th hin ti n + Th tng lai n * Loi 2: iu kin khng th xy ra hin ti hoc tng lai -c mun hin ti. (Nhng thc t khng th xy ra c). V d: - If I had millions of US dollars now, I would give you a half. ( I have some money only now) - If I were the president, I would build more hospitals. Cu trc: If + Th qu kh n + S + would/ Could/ Should + V Ch : cu iu kin loi 2, trong v IF, to be ca cc ngi chia ging nhau v l t were, ch khng phi was. * Loi 3: iu kin khng th xy ra trong qu kh mang tnh c mun trong qu kh. (nhng thc t khng th xy ra c). V d: If they had had enough money, they would have bought that villa. If we had found him earlier, we might/could saved his life. Cu trc: If + th qu kh hon thnh + S + would/ could/ should + have PII + O. * Loi 4: Cu iu kin Hn hp:
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1. Cu trc c bn: Clause 1 (would + V) + if + Clause 2 (had + P2) V d: If I had been born in town, I would like life there. (the fact that I wasnt born in town, so I dont like life there now) 2. But for + noun + iu kin loi II, III But for: nu khng c V d: You help me everyday so I can finish my work. But for your daily help, I couldnt finish my work. She encouraged him and he succeeded. But for her encouragement, he wouldnt have succeeded. The teacher explained and we understood. But for the teachers explanation, we wouldnt have understood. 3. o ng ca cu iu kin 3.1. iu kin loi I Nu trong cu c should mnh if, th o should ln u cu. V d: If he should ring , I will tell him the news. Should he ring, I will tell him the news. Nu trong cu khng c should, chng ta phi mn should If he has free time, hell play tennis. Should he have free time, hell play tennis.
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If she comes early, well start. Should she come early, well start.

3.2. iu kin loi II Nu trong cu c ng t were, th o were ln u. V d: If I were a bird, I would fly. Were I a bird, I would fly. They would answer me if they were here. Were they here, they would answer me. Nu trong cu khng c ng t were th mn were v dng to V. V d: If I learnt Russian, I would read a Russian book. Were I to learn Russian, I would read a Russian book. If they lived in Australia now, they would go swimming. Were they to live in Australia now, they would go swimming.

3.3. iu kin loi III o tr ng t ca th qu kh hon thnh. V d: If it had rained yesterday, we would have stayed at home. Had it rained yesterday, we would have stayed at home. If he had trained hard, he would have won the match. Had he trained hard, he would have won the match.
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Ch : dng ph nh, not c t sau ch ng: V d: Had it not been so late, we would have called you.

4. If not = Unless. Lu r ng Unless cng thng c dng trong cu iu kin, lc Unless = If not. V d: Unless we start at once, we will be late = If we dont start at once we will be late. Unless you study hard, you wont pass the exams = If you dont study hard, you wont pass the exams.

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Bi 21: Mnh quan h

Mnh l mt phn ca cu . Mnh quan h ( hay Mnh tnh t ) cho chng bit ngi hay vt no m ta mun m ch. Mnh quan h c th c thnh lp bng cch dng i t quan h, trng t quan h, gii t. I. Mnh quan h dng i t quan h 1. WHO - L i t quan h thay th cho danh t hoc i t ( i tng ) ch ngi lm ch ng trong mnh quan h. * Nu i tng c thay th l tn ng ca cu th nht v l ch ng ca cu th hai th ta ch vic b ch ng i v thay bng WHO. Vd: I have met the boy . He is playing football. Cu ny i thnh: I have met the boy who is playing football. * Nu i tng l ch ng ca hai cu : Thay ch ng ca cu th hai bng WHO v t cu sau ch ng ca cu th nht.

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Vd : The girl is speaking in the room. She is our new teacher. Cu ny c i thnh: The girl , who is speaking in the room is my new teacher. Ch : Trong tt c cc cu cha i t quan h, i t quan h lun ng sau danh t hay i t m n thay th cho. 2. WHOM - Dng thay th cho i tng ch ngi lm tn ng trong mnh quan h. Vd : I met the girl . You helped her yesterday.

Cu ny i thnh: I met the girl whom you helped yesterday. Vd : The woman is my aunt . We saw her last week.

Cu ny i thnh: The woman, whom we saw last week, is my aunt . - Ch : Trong cu c mnh quan h whom lm tn ng, Whom c th lc b c m khng lm nh hng n ngha ca cu v Whom lun ng ngay sau i tng m n thay th cho. V d nh trong hai cu v d trn, cu th nht c th vit thnh : I met the girl you helped yesterday v cu th hai c th c vit thnh: The woman we saw last week is my aunt . 3. WHOSE - L i t quan h dng thay th cho Tnh t s hu , s hu cch trong mnh quan h. Whose dng cho c i tng ngi v vt.
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- V tr : ng gia hai Danh t. 3.1. Nu i tng l ch ng ca hai cu : thay Tnh t s hu ca cu th hai bng Whose v chuyn c cu sau ch ng ca cu th nht : Vd : + The girl is my new classmate. Her father is s doctor. Cu ny c i thnh: The girl , whose father is a doctor, is my new classmate. + The house is very big. The window of this house has just been replaced. Cu ny i thnh: The house, whose window has just been replaced, is very big. 3.2. Nu i tng ng cui cu th nht , u cu th hai : Ta thay tnh t s hu bng danh t. Vd Do you know the man? , his son is the tall boy overthere. Cu ny i thnh: Do you know the man, whose son is the tall boy overthere? 4. WHICH a. Which dng thay th cho t ch vt lm ch ng trong cu th hai : + Nu i tng l ch ng ca hai cu : thay ch ng ca cu th hai bng WHICH v chuyn cu ng sau ch ng ca cu th nht Vd : ago. The film is very interesting. It is made two years
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Cu ny c th i thnh: The film, which is made two years ago, is very interesting. +Nu i tng l tn ng ca cu th nht v ch ng ca cu hai : thay ch ng ca cu hai bng WHICH Vd She gives me a very nice bag. this bag is on the table. Cu ny c th i thnh: She give a very nice bag, which is on the table. b. Which dng thay th cho s vt lm tn ng trong mnh quan h. - Nu i tng l ch ng trong cu th nht v tn ng ca cu th hai, ta thay tn ng ca cu hai bng Which v chuyn ln u cu hai sau t c cu hai ng sau ch ng ca cu th nht : Vd : The book is very interesting . I bought it yesterday.

Cu ny i thnh: The book, which I read yesterday is very interesting. - Nu i tng l tn ng ca hai cu : chuyn tn ng ca cu th hai thnh which v a ln u cu . Vd : I didnt find the hat. my mother give it to me last week. Cu ny i thnh: I didnt find the hat, which my mother gave to me last week. 5. THAT That l i t dng thay th cho ch ng, tn ng c ngi v vt trong mnh quan h.
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VD: + The man is very tall. I met him yesterday. Cu ny c i thnh: The man that I met yesterday is very tall. + She is the doctor. She saved a girl yesterday. Cu ny c i thnh: She is the dotor that saved a girl yesterday. + This is a pen. I bought this pen two days ago. Cu ny c i thnh: This is the pen that i bought two days ago. + She is riding the Bicycle. this bicycle is very old. Cu ny c i thnh : She is riding the bicycle that is very old. Ch : Trong cu c that lm i t quan h, cu khng c c du phy v khng c gii t ng trc that. II. Mnh quan h dng trng t quan h : 1 WHEN - Dng thay th cho t hoc cm t ch thi gian : day , time , year , Monday.. - When thay th cho : on/in/at + which ( in/on/at + t , cm t ch thi gian ). - Cch lm : ta chuyn in/on/at + t , cm t ch thi gian thnh WHEN ( Tu theo tng trng hp m chuyn i nh cc a t quan h ).
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VD: + She met me two days ago. I came home two days ago. Cu ny i thnh: She met me two days ago, when i came back home. + He was born on June 25th, 1989. His father left the Job on that day. Cu ny c i thnh: He was born on June 25th, 1989 when his father left the job. 2 WHERE - Dng thay th cho t hoc cm t ch ni chn : city , village , place.. - Where c thay th cho in/on/at + ni chn ( in/on/at + which). ( Ty theo tng trng hp m chuyn i nh cc a t quan h ). VD: + She lives in Hanoi. People often come this city to find a good job. Cu ny c i thnh: She lives in Hanoi where People often come to find a good job. + This is the house, Tom was born in this house. Cu ny c i thnh: This is the house, where Tom was born. Ch : Where = in which nn where v in which c th dng thay th cho nhau.
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VD: This is the house, where/ in which Tom was born. - She live in Hanoi where/in which People often come to find a good job. 3 WHY - Dng ni cu khi cu trc c t the reason. - V tr : ng ngay sau t the reason. Vd : I dont khow the reason . He didnt go to school. I dont khow the reason why he didnt go to school. III. Mnh quan h dng gii t v i t quan h - Xy ra trong trng hp i t quan h ( WHOM / WHICH/THAT) lm tn ng sau mt gii t no (trong cu th hai). Vd : The book is mine . You are sitting on it. - Ta c 2 cch lm : * Cch 1 : t gii t trc i t quan h (khng dng c vi THAT ). Vd : The book on which you are sitting is mine. * Cch 2 : t gii t sau ng t : Vd : The book which you are sitting on is mine. IV. Phn loi Mnh quan h : - Gm 2 loi : 1. Defining relative clauses ( Mnh quan h xc nh )
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- L mt thnh phn ca cu , n gip xc nh hay phn loi i tng. - Ta khng th b n c v nu b n i th i tng c hiu chung chung , khng r rng. Vd : The house which is painted yellow is mine = Ngi nh c sn mu vng l nh ca ti. + Khi chng ta ni : The house is mine = Ngi nh l ca ti th khng ai hiu ngi nh no. Nhng khi chng ta thm which is painted yellow th ng i ta hiu r v c th hn, chnh xc hn. - mnh ny,i t quan h lm tn ng c th c lc b. 2. Non-defining relative clauses ( Mnh quan h khng xc nh ) - L phn thm vo b sung , gii thch thm cho i tng. - Nu ta b n i th i tng vn c hiu r , c xc nh. - Mnh khng xc nh c ngn cch vi mnh chnh bng du , - Trong mnh ny, trc i tng thng c : THIS , THAT , THESE , THOSE , MY , HIS .. VD : This house , which is painted yellow , is mine . = Ngi nh ny , n c sn mu vng , l nh ca ti.

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Bi 22: Gin lc mnh quan h

Trong Ting Anh ni v vit, Mnh quan h c s dng rt ph bin nhm mc ch gip cu vn r ngha v d hiu hn. Mnh quan h c th c vit di dng gin lc ngha l c mt s phn ca mnh ph c rt gn i cho cu vn, cu ni va m bo r ngha l khng b rm r. Di y l cc cch gin lc mnh quan h, gip cc bn hiu r hn v vic gin lc mnh quan h. 1. Mnh quan h c cha ng t V-ing (mnh quan h dng ch ng) C th b i t quan h v tr ng t/ng t tobe. V d: - The man who is standing there is handsome c gin lc thnh: The man standing there is handsome - The president made a speech for the famous man who visited him. c gin lc thnh: The president made a speech for the famous man visiting him. -Mr. Jackson, who is a professor, is traveling in the Mideast this year.
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c gin lc thnh: Mr. Jackson, a professor, is traveling in the Mideast this year. 2. Mnh quan h c cha ng t qu kh phn t 2 (mnh quan h dng b ng) C th b i t quan h v tr ng t/ng t tobe V d: The book which is written by Mr.A is interesting c gin lc thnh: The book written by Mr.A is interesting 3. Mnh quan h cha ng t nguyn th Danh t m mnh quan h b ngha cho c cc t sau y ng trc: first, last, only, second c th b i t quan h, tr ng t/tobe, v ng t c chuyn thnh dng nguyn th V d: He is the only man who can solve this problem c gin lc thnh: He is the only man to solve this problem 4. Ngoi ra, cn c th loi b i t quan h v tobe trc mt ng gii t (mt gii t m u kt hp vi cc danh t theo sau). V d: + The beaker that is on the counter contains a solution. c gin lc thnh: The beaker on the counter contains a solution. 5. Mnh quan h c cha tobe v tnh t. Ta c th b i i t quan h v tobe + The woman, who is very clever and beautiful is my aunt
c gin lc thnh: the woman, clever

and beautiful is my aunt.

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Bi 23: Mnh danh ng

Trong ting Anh, c nhng mnh ng v tr ca mt danh t. chnh l mnh danh t. Mnh danh t l mnh c th ng vai tr nh mt danh t trong cu. Cu cha mnh danh t thng l mt cu phc. Trong cu, danh t lm nhim v g th mnh danh t lm nhim v . 1. c im ca mnh danh ng. Mnh ny thng bt u bng cc t hi nh what, why, when, where, v t that. 2. Ch nng ca mnh danh ng. 2.1. Mnh danh ng lm ch ng trong cu. Nhng cu c mnh danh ng lm ch ng thng c cu trc nh sau: Where/ when/ why/ what/ that+ S+ V+ V. Trong , mnh bt u bng t hi lm ch ng trong cu. V d: + That she comes late surprises me. ( Vic C y n mun lm ti ngc nhin)
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+ Why she is absent is nothing to me. ( V sao c y vng mt ch c ngha g vi ti) + When he leaves is up to me. ( Vic bao gi anh ta i ph thuc vo ti.) + Where they live is a secret. ( H sng u l mt iu b mt.) 2.2. Mnh danh ng lm b ng sau ng t. Cu c mnh danh ng lm b ng sau ng t thng c cu trc nh sau: S + V + what/ where/ when/ why/ that+ S+ V V d: + I dont know what she wants. ( Ti khng bit c ta mun g) + They think that they are wrong. ( H ngh rng h sai ri.) + Can you show me where they are now? ( Bn c th cho ti bit gi ny h ang u khng?) 2.3. Mnh danh ng lm tn ng sau gii t. Cu dng ny thng c cu trc nh sau: S + V/be + adj+ preposition + where/ what/ when/ why/ that.+ S + V. V d: + Their decision depends on what they think. ( quyt nh ca h ph thuc vo nhng g h ngh) + I agree with what you say. (Ti ng vi nhng g bn ni.) 2.4. Mnh danh ng lm b ng cho ch ng.
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Nhng cu dng ny thng c cu trc nh sau: S + tobe+ what/ where/ when/ why/ that.+ S+ V V d: + The problem is where you are now. ( Vn l by gi bn ang u?) + The main point of the speech is why people should do the morning exercise. ( im chnh ca bi pht biu l ti sao mi ngi nn tp th dc bui sng.)

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Bi 24: Mnh trng ng

Mnh trng ng l loi mnh c chc nng lm trng ng trong cu. Trong ting Anh, c rt nhiu loi mnh trng ng nh: mnh trng ng ch thi gian, ni chn, cch thc, nguyn nhn, kt qu..Mi loi mnh trng ng c bt u bi cc t c th. 1. Mnh trng ng ch thi gian Mnh trng ng ch thi gian thng bt u bng cc t sau: + When ( khi m) V d: When he comes, I will make a cake for him. + While (trong khi ) V du: I am reading book while they are playing. +Before (trc khi) V d: She often watches TV before she goes to bed . +After (sau khi) He went out after he had finished the housework. + Since (t khi) V d: i havent met them since they left.
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Ch : since thng c dng trong th hin ti hon thnh. + As (Khi m) V d: I saw her as I was in the super market. Ch : Trong mnh c cc t when , as, while i khi c s khc nhau gia cc th ca ng t, nhng mnh trng ng khng bao gi th tng lai. Nu mnh chnh th tng lai th mnh trng ng th hin ti thng. + Till/until ( cho n khi) V d: Ill waite untill/till he comes back. + As soon as ( ngay khi m) V d: As soon as Marry knew the truth, She called me. + Just as (ngay khi) V d: Just as the girl entered the room, everyone looked at her. + Whenever ( bt c khi no) V d: Ill come whenever you need me. 2. Mnh trng ng ch ni chn. Mnh trng ng ch ni chn l mnh c chc nng lm trng ng ch ni chn trong cu. Mnh ny c bt u bng where ( ni m ) v wherever ( bt c ni no) V d: + I will go wherever you go. + You can find where you live.
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3. Mnh trng ng ch nguyn nhn. Mnh trng ng ch nguyn nhn l mnh c vai tr nu nguyn nhn ca s vt, hin tng trong cu. Mnh ny c bt u bng because , since, as, seeing that.( u c ngha l bi v.) V d: + Because she is ill, she can not go to school. + Since the boy is too young, he cant understand the story. + Seeing that they were late, they missed the first part of the film. + As the essay has a lot of mistake, the teacher gives him the bad point. 4. Mnh trng ng ch cch thc. Mnh trng ng ch cch thc c vai tr lm trng ng ch cch thc trong cu. Mnh ny thng bt u bng as hay as if, u c ngha l : Nh l, nh. + As: Nh l V d : They do as people expect. + As if: nh th l. Mnh bt u vi as if thng l mnh gi nh, din t s vic khng c tht.
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V d: - It looks as if its going to rain. - He said as if he were my father. - He looks as if he had known what happened. 5. Mnh trang ng ch mc ch. Mnh trng ng ch mc ch l mnh c vai tr lm trng ng ch mc ch trong cu. Mnh ny thng bt u bng so that, in order that, u c ngha l m. V d: + The teacher explains the lesson very clearly so that every student can understand. + Many students write to the president in order that the black can get the equality. 6. Mnh trng ng ch s tng phn. L mnh c vai tr lm trng ng ch s tng phn trong cu. Mnh ny thng bt u bng cc t nh : although, though, even though (Mc d), but ( Nhng). V d: + Although/though/ even though she has a lot of things to do, she still spends time playing with her children. + He loves her but he cant get married with her.

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Bi 25: Lin t

Trong ting Anh, lin t l cc t ni c nhim v chnh l lin kt hai phn khc bit ca mt cu. C hai loi lin t l: lin t ng lp v lin t ph thuc. 1. Nhng lin t ng lp (song song) Dng loi lin t ny ni nhng cc t loi hoc cm t/ nhm t cng mt loi, hoc nhng mnh ngang hng nhau (tnh t vi tnh t, danh t vi danh t ): Mt s lin t ng lp: + AND ( V) V d: - She learns and listens to music at the same time. + BOTH AND ( cv) V d: - She is both smart and clever + AS WELL AS ( cng nh) V d: He loves flower as well as beautiful sight. +NOT ONLY BUT (ALSO) ( Khng nhng.m cn) V d: - Hes not only interested in math but also wins the first award about math.
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+OR (hoc) V d: Hurry up, or you will miss the train. + EITHEROR V d: - He isnt either good or kind. - I dont have either books or notebooks. + NEITHER NOR ( cng khng) V d: - She has neither husband nor children. + BUT ( Nhng) V d: - He is handsome but very mean. + THEN ( vy th, th th) V d: - You have eaten nothing; then you must be very hungry. + CONSEQUENTLY ( kt qu l) V d: You didnt work hard, consequently, he failed the exam. + HOWEVER ( tuy nhin) V d: - He is a very lazy student; however, he can pass all the exams easily. + NEVERTHELESS (nhng ) V d: - She studies very hard; nevertheless, she always gets bad marks.
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+ STILL, YET(mc du vy) V d: - I speak to you peaceably; still/yet you will not listen. - She says she does not love me, yet, I still love her. + OR, ELSE, OTHERWISE ( nu khng th) V d: - He has to work harder, or/else/otherwise he will lose the job. + THEREFORE ( v vy m, nh th m) V d: - He violated the traffic rules, therefore he was fined 2. Nhng lin t ph thuc (chnh ph) Loi lin t ph thuc ni kt cc nhm t, cm t hoc mnh c chc nng khc nhau mnh ph vi mnh chnh trong cu. Mt s lin t ph thuc: + FOR ( bi v) V d: He will surely succeed, for (because) he works hard. + WHEREAS ( tri li) V d: - He learns hard whereas his friends dont. - Wise men love truth whereas fools avoid it. + WHILE ( trong khi) V d: - they are looking for him while he is sleeping. + BESIDES, MOREOVER ( bn cnh ) V d:
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- We have to study hard at school; besides, we must pay attention to physical exercises. - He stole two watches; moreover, he broke the window. + SO ( v vy m) V d: - He has finished the work, so he can play games now. + HENCE (do vy, v th) V d: - I have no money now, hence I can buy flower for her.

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Bi 26: Qu kh phn t (ed) v hin ti phn t (Ving)

Hin ti phn t v qu kh phn t l hai dng c bit ca ng t trong ting Anh. Trong mt s trng hp, hin ti phn t v qu kh phn t gy nhm ln. Di y l nhng kin thc c bn v hai dng ng t ny. 1. Khi nim. 1.1. Hin ti phn t chnh l ng t thm ui -ing. Hin ti phn t cn c gi l danh ng t, c thnh lp bng cch thm -ing vo sau ng t. 1.2. Qa kh phn t hay cn gi l qu kh phn t hai ca ng t, c dng V-ed (i vi cc ng t c quy tc) v cc ng t nm ct th 3 trong bng lit k cc ng t bt quy tc. 2. Cch dng. 2.1. Cch dng ca hin ti phn t. + Dng trong cc th tip din din t hnh ng ang xy ra ti mt thi im nht nh nh th hin ti tip din, qu kh tip din, tng lai tip din, hin ti hon thnh tip din, qu kh hon thnh tip din v tng lai hon thnh tip din. V d: - They are playing football at the moment.
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- She has been working in this company for 5 years. + Dng lm ch ng trong cu. ( vai tr ging nh mt danhh t.) V d: -Listening to music is his hobby. - Going out now may be very dangerous. + Dng lm tn ng ca ng t. V d: - I hate being asked a lot of questions about my private life. - She remembers meeting him somewhere. + Dng lm tn ng ca cm gii t. V d: - Mary is interested in reading books. - They are keen on living here. + Dng nh b ng ca ch ng. Trong ting Anh, nhng cu dng S + Be+ complement th complement y c gi l b ng ca ch ng. V d: - My hobby is playing computer games. - The main task in this program is teaching English for Children. + Dng nh tnh t trong cu. V d:
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- The smiling girl is my sister. + Dng trong mnh quan h rt gn. ( Xem bi Gin lc mnh quan h) V d: - She is the worker having the best quality. 2.2. Cch dng ca qu kh phn t. + Dng trong cc th hon thnh nh hin ti hon thnh, qu kh hon thnh, tng li hon thnh. V d: - Ha has learned English for 5 years. - When I came, he had left. + Dng nh tnh t trong cu. V d: She lived in an isolated village. + Dng trong cu b ng. V d: The boy is taught how to play piano. + Dng trong mnh quan h rt gn. ( Xem bi Gin lc mnh quan h) V d: I have read the novel written by OHenry.

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Bi 27: Cu gi nh

Cu gi nh hay cn gi l cu cu khin l loi cu i tng th nht mun i tng th hai lm mt vic g. Cu gi nh c tnh cht cu khin ch khng mang tnh p buc nh cu mnh lnh. Trong cu gi nh, ngi ta dng dng nguyn th khng c to ca cc ng t sau mt s ng t chnh mang tnh cu khin. Thng c that trong cu gi nh tr mt s trng hp c bit. 1 Cu gi nh dng would rather v that 1.1 Din t s vic hin ti (present subjunctive): L loi cu ngi th nht mun ngi th hai lm vic g (nhng lm hay khng cn ph thuc vo ngi th hai). Xem thm v cu cu khin phn sau. Trong trng hp ny ng t mng hai dng nguyn th b to. Nu mun thnh lp th ph nh t not trc nguyn th b to. S1 + would rather that + S2 + [verb in simple form] I would rather that you call me tomorrow. He would rather that I not take this train. Ng php ni ngy nay c bit l ng php M cho php b that trong cu trc ny m vn gi nguyn hnh thc gi nh.
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1.2 Din t s vic i lp vi thc t hin ti ng t sau ch ng hai s chia simple past, to be phi chia l were tt c cc ngi. S1 + would rather that + S2 + [verb in simple past tense] Henry would rather that his girlfriend worked in the same department as he does. (His girlfriend does not work in the same department) Jane would rather that it were winter now. (Infact, it is not winter now) Nu mun thnh lp th ph nh dng didnt + verb hoc were not sau ch ng hai. Henry would rather that his girlfriend didnt work in the same department as he does. Jane would rather that it were not winter now. 1.3. Din t s vic tri ngc vi thc t qu kh ng t sau ch ng hai s chia dng past perfect. Nu mun thnh lp th ph nh dng hadnt + P2. S1 + would rather that + S2 + past perfect Bob would rather that Jill had gone to class yesterday. (Jill did not go to class yesterday) Bill would rather that his wife hadnt divorced him. Ch : Ng php hin i cho php lc b that trong mt s cu gi nh dng would rather 2 Cu gi nh dng vi cc ng t trong bng di y. Advise Ask
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Demand Prefer Insist Propose

Require Stipulate

Advise Demand Prefer Require Command Move Recommend Suggest Decree Order Request Urge - Trong cu nht nh phi c that. - ng t sau ch ng 2 dng nguyn th b to. Subject1 + verb + that + subject 2+ [verb in simple form] ... V d: We urge that he leave now. Nu b that i ch ng 2 s tr thnh tn ng, ng t tr v dng nguyn th c to, cu s mt i ngha gi nh v tr thnh cu bnh th ng. V d: We urge him to leave now. Lu : Trong ting Anh ca ngi Anh (British English), trc ng t nguyn th b to c should. Nhng trong ting Anh ca ngi M (American English) ngi ta b n i. Mt s v d The judge insisted that the jury return a verdict immediately. The university requires that all its students take this course. The doctor suggested that his patient stop smoking. Congress has decreed that the gasoline tax be abolished. We proposed that he take a vacation. I move that we adjourn until this afternoon.
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Cu gi nh dng vi tnh t

Cc tnh t dng trong cu gi nh gm cc tnh t trong bng di y. Advised Necessary Recommended Urgent Important Obligatory Required Mandatory Proposed Suggested Trong cng thc sau, adjective ch nh mt trong cc tnh t c trong bng trn. it + be + adjective + that + subject + [verb in simple form ]...(any tense) Mt s v d: It is necessary that he find the books. It was urgent that she leave at once. It has been proposed that we change the topic. It is important that you remember this question. It has been suggested that he forget the election. It was recommended that we wait for the authorities. Trong mt s trng hp c th dng danh t tng ng vi cc tnh t trn theo cng thc sau. it + be + noun + that + subject + [verb in simple form ]...(any tense) V d:
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imperative

It is a recommendation from a doctor that the patient stop smoking. 4 Dng vi mt s trng hp khc

- Cu gi nh cn dng c trong mt s cu cm thn, thng bao hm cc th lc siu nhin. V d: God save the queen !. Cha ph h cho n hong. God be with you ! = good bye (khi chia tay nhau) Curse this frog !: cht tit con cc ny - Dng vi mt s thnh ng:

Come what may: d c chuyn g i na.

V d: Come what may we will stand by you.

If need be : nu cn

V d: If need be we can take another road. - Dng vi if this be trong trng hp mun nu ra mt gi nh t pha ngi ni nhng khng tht chc chn lm v kh nng. V d: If this be proven right, you would be considered innocent. 5 Cu gi nh dng vi it is time
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It is time (for smb) to do smth : n lc phi lm g. (thi gian va vn, khng a ra gi nh) V d: It is time for me to get to the airport (just in time). Nhng: It is time It is high time subject + simple past nh thi gian n tr mt cht) It is about time Nhn xt: High/ about c dng trc time thm vo nhn mnh. V d: Its high time I left for the airport. (it is a little bit late) ( n lc gi

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MC LC Bi 1: Cc ch im ng php c hi trong bi thi TOEIC Bi 2: Hin ti n, hin ti tip din Bi 3: Hin ti han thnh, hin ti hon thnh tip din Bi 4: Qu kh n, qu kh tip din Bi 5: Qu kh hon thnh, qu kh hon thnh tip din Bi 6: Tng lai n, tng lai tip din Bi 7: Tng lai hon thnh, tng lai hon thnh tip din Bi 8: Tng hp thi th Bi 9: Cc dng thc ca ng t: Ving, To do Bi 10: ng t khuyt thiu Bi 11: Danh t Bi 12: Mo t Bi 13: i t Bi 14: Cc loi cu hi Bi 15: Tnh t v trng t Bi 16: So snh Bi 17: Gii t Bi 18: B ng Bi 19: Ha hp ch ng- ng t Bi 20: Cu iu kin Bi 21: Mnh quan h Bi 22: Gin lc mnh quan h Bi 23: Mnh danh ng Bi 24: Mnh trng ng Bi 25: Lin t Bi 26: Qu kh phn t (ed) v hin ti phn t (Ving) Bi 27: Cu gi nh

Gim c NG TRN I Tng bin tp V DNG THU

Chu trch nhim xut bn:

NGUYN TRNG B NGUYN QUC I

Bin tp :

Trnh by ba:

NG PHP TING ANH N THI TOEIC

In 100.000 cun kh 24 x 35 cm ti Cng ti In Tin An. Giy php xut bn s 1744/506-00 / XB-QLXB, k ngy 09/11/2022. In xong v np lu chiu qu IV nm 2022.

n c

Gi: 34.000