MN 1790 1 - 1

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Introduction: Contents
Introduction: Contents
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio Network Planning
Planning Objectives & Principle Planning Steps
Specifics influencing Radio Network Planning
Site Survey & Site Investigation
Antenna Types
Antenna Parameters
Antenna Patterns
Antenna Tilt (Mechanical and/or Electrical)
(Effective) Antenna Height
Antenna Diversity
Antenna Cables
Antenna cables and Intermodulation
Antenna Near Products
Exercises
MN 1790 1 - 2

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GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio

Network Planning
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
Network Planning
Implementation of additional hardware to improve QOS
Extension of coverage area
Implementation of new technologies (e.g. HSCSD, GPRS, EDGE)
Network extension
Fine tuning of the existing network without addition of new hardware
Reduction of interference on Air interface
Network optimization
Connecting the links between the different network elements Network integration
Download and activation of network element specific software and databases Commissioning of the network elements
BTS, BSC, TRAU, MSC Installation of the network elements
Number and location of BTSs, BSCs, and MSCs
Number and type of links between the network elements
Type of BTSs and antennas (sectorised, omni-directional)
Number of TRXs per cell
Frequencies of serving and neighbor cells
BSICs
LACs
(GSM) Network planning (design)
Remarks Steps
MN 1790 1 - 3

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Cellular network
partial overlap of cells
only a few frequencies per cell
frequency re-use distance
1
1
2
2
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
3
3
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
Network Planning: Cellular Concept
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
Network Planning: Cellular Concept
MN 1790 1 - 4

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GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio

Network Planning: TDMA Concept
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
Network Planning: TDMA Concept
TDMA frame: 4.615 ms
Time
Time Slot
0.577 ms
TDMA frame No. 0180 TDMA frame No. 0181
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 0
MN 1790 1 - 5

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GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio

network Planning: FDMA Concept
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
network Planning: FDMA Concept
UPLINK
25 MHz
75 MHz
890 MHz
1710 MHz
915 MHz
1785 MHz
DOWNLINK
935 MHz
1805 MHz
960 MHz
1880 MHz
25 MHz
75 MHz
GSM900
GSM1800
1 2
200 kHz
124
374
guard band
1 2
124
374
MN 1790 1 - 6

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GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio

Network Planning: Cell Types
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
Network Planning: Cell Types
360
omni directional cell
180
180 sector cell
120
120 sector cell
MN 1790 1 - 7

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GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning

Radio Network Planning: Cell Types
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning
Radio Network Planning: Cell Types
8 km
35 km
100 km
GSM 900 Extended Cell
Standard Cell: GSM 900
Standard Cell: GSM 1800
MN 1790 1 - 8

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GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning

Radio Network Planning: Cell Types
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning
Radio Network Planning: Cell Types
Concentric cell
Inner area: TRX with low power for
capacity
Complete area: TRX with high
power for coverage
Hierarchical cells
Different layers of cells for
different coverage areas
MN 1790 1 - 9

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GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio

Network Planning: Logical Channels
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
Network Planning: Logical Channels
logical channels
control channels traffic channels
BCH CCCH DCCH
FCCH
BCCH SCH
AGCH PCH FACCH
SACCH SDCCH
TCH/F
RACH
TCH/H
MN 1790 1 - 10

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GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio

Network Planning: BCCH Multiframe
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
Network Planning: BCCH Multiframe
F S F S F S F S F S I B C C C D0 D1 D2 D3 A0 A1
F S F S FS F S FS I B C C C D0 D1 D2 D3 A2 A3
RR RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR RR D3 A2 A3 D0 D1 D2
RR RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR RR D3 A0 A1 D0 D1 D2
F - FCCH - Frequency Correction Ch.
S - SCH - Synchronization Channel
B - BCCH - Broadcast Control Channel
C- CCCH - Common Control Channel
D- SDCCH - Stand alone Dedicated Control Ch.
A - SACCH - Slow Associated Control Ch.
R- RACH - Random Access Channel
I - idle
uplink
downlink
51 TDMA multiframe
MN 1790 1 - 11

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GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio

Network Planning: SDCCH Multiframe
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
Network Planning: SDCCH Multiframe
B0..B7 SDCCH subslots
A0..A7 SACCH subslots
51 TDMA multiframe
downlink
B0 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7
B0 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7
A0 A1 A2 A3
A4 A5 A6 A7
uplink
B0 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7
B0 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7
A0
A1 A2 A3
A5 A6 A7
A4
MN 1790 1 - 12

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GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio

Network Planning: TCH Multiframe
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
Network Planning: TCH Multiframe
T T T T T T T T T T T T A T T T T T T T T T T T T -
T t T t T t T t T t T t A t T t T t T t T t T t T a
26 TDMA frame = 120 ms
uplink / downlink: Traffic Channel (TCH/F)
uplink / downlink: Traffic Channel (TCH/H)
T - TCH - Traffic Channel
t - TCH - Traffic Channel
A - SACCH - Slow Associated Control Channel
a - SACCH - Slow Associated Control Channel
MN 1790 1 - 13

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dummy burst
training sequence
26
encrypted bits
57
S
1
TB
3
encrypted bits
57
S
1
TB
3
fixed bit pattern
142
TB
3
TB
3
GP
8.25
GP
8.25
normal burst
frequency correction burst
fixed bits always 0
TB
3
TB
3
GP
8.25
synchronization burst
training sequence
64
information
39
TB
3
information
39
TB
3
GP
8.25
access burst
training sequence
41
TB
8
information
36
TB
3
GP
68.25
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
Network Planning: Burst Types
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
Network Planning: Burst Types
MN 1790 1 - 14

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GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio

Network Planning: RXQUAL
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
Network Planning: RXQUAL
Assumed value 18.1% 12.8 % < BER RXQUAL = 7
Assumed value 9.05% 6.4 % < BER < 12.8 % RXQUAL = 6
Assumed value 4.53% 3.2 % < BER < 6.4 % RXQUAL = 5
Assumed value 2.26% 1.6 % < BER < 3.2 % RXQUAL = 4
Assumed value 1.13% 0.8 % < BER < 1.6 % RXQUAL = 3
Assumed value 0.57% 0.4 % < BER < 0.8 % RXQUAL = 2
Assumed value 0.28% 0.2 % < BER < 0.4 % RXQUAL = 1
Assumed value 0.14% BER < 0.2 % RXQUAL = 0
RXQUAL (Received signal quality, see GSM 05.08)
MN 1790 1 - 15

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GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio

Network Planning: RXLEV
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
Network Planning: RXLEV
RXLEV (Received signal level, see GSM 05.08)
greater than 48 dBm RXLEV = 63
49 dBm to 48 dBm RXLEV = 62
... ...
109 dBm to 108 dBm RXLEV = 2
110 dBm to 109 dBm RXLEV = 1
Less than 110 dBm RXLEV = 0
MN 1790 1 - 16

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GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio

Network Planning: SQI
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
Network Planning: SQI
SQI (Speech quality index, Ericsson defined (and patented) parameter, see Pat. No. WO-9853630)
Value ranges:
-20 dBQ to 30 dBQ for Enhanced Full Rate (EFR) speech coders
-20 dBQ to 21 dBQ for Full Rate (FR) speech coders
bad SQI 0
good 1 SQI 19
Very good for FR / EFR 20 SQI 21 / 30
Perceived speech quality SQI values
MN 1790 1 - 17

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GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio

Network Planning: BSIC / LAI
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
Network Planning: BSIC / LAI
BSIC (Base Station Identity Code, see GSM 03.03 and GSM 05.08)
BSIC = NCC BCC
NCC = Network colour code (range: 0 7)
BCC = Base station colour code (range: 0 7)
LAI (Location are Identification, see GSM 03.03)
LAI = MCC MNC LAC
MCC = Mobile country code
MNC = Mobile network code
LAC = Location area code (range: 0-65535)
MN 1790 1 - 18

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GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio

Network Planning: ARFCN
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
Network Planning: ARFCN
RFC (Radio frequency carrier, see GSM 05.01 and GSM 05.05)
The carrier frequency is related to the absolute radio frequency channel number (ARFCN) as given in
the following table:
1805-1880 MHz
F(DL) = F(UL) + 95
512 n 885
1710 1785 MHz
F(UL) = 1710.2 + 0.2 x(n-512)
DCS 1800 band
925 - 960 MHz
F(DL) = F(UL) + 45
0 n 124
975 n 1023
880 915 MHz
F(UL) = 890 + 0.2 x n
F(UL) = 890 + 0.2 x (n-1024)
Extended GSM
900 band
(E-GSM band)
935 960 MHz
F(DL) = F(UL) + 45
1 n 124
890 915 MHz
F(UL) = 890 + 0.2 x n
Primary GSM
900 band
(P-GSM band)
DL-frequencies ARFCN value
range
UL-frequencies Frequency band
MN 1790 1 - 19

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438 = n = 511 Fl(n) = 747.2 +

0.2*(n-438)
30 777 - 792 747 - 762 GSM 750
921 - 925
488.8 496
460.4 467.6
869 894
1930-1990
1 805 - 1 880
925 935
935 - 960
Downlink freq.
(MHz)
45
10
10
45
80
95
45
45
Duplex dis-
tance (MHz)
Fl(n) = 890 +
0.2*(n-1024)
Fl(n) = 479 +
0.2*(n-306)
Fl(n) = 450.6 +
0.2*(n-259)
Fl(n) = 824.2 +
0.2*(n-128)
FI(n) = 1850.2 +
0.2*(n-512)
1710.2 +
0.2*(n-512)
Fl(n) = 890 +
0.2*(n-1024)
Fl(n) = 890 +
0.2*n
259 = n = 293 450.4 457.6 GSM 450
955 = n = 973 876 - 880 Railway GSM
306 = n = 340 478.8 486 GSM 480
128 = n = 251 824 849 GSM 850
512 = n = 810 1850-1910 GSM 1900
512 = n = 885 1 710 - 1785 GSM 1800
975 = n = 1023 880 890 GSM 900
Extended band
1 = n = 124 890 915 GSM 900
Primary band
Numbering of ARFC (Uplink freq.) Uplink freq.
(MHz)
Frequency band
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
Network Planning: Frequency Bands
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
Network Planning: Frequency Bands
MN 1790 1 - 20

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GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio

Network Planning: BA
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
Network Planning: BA
Neighbour cell list (BA, BCCH Allocation, see GSM 04.08 and GSM 05.08)
The BA is a list of ARFCN which are used in the neighbour cells.
GSM distinguishes the BA (BCCH) and the BA (SACCH).
The carriers to be monitored by the MS in idle mode (for cell reselection) are given by the BA
(BCCH).
The carriers to be monitored by the MS while being in connected mode (TCH or SDCCH) are given
by the BA (SACCH).
The parameter BA-IND discriminates between measurement results related to different BA (BA
(BCCH) and BA (SACCH)).
The parameter BA-USED shows the value of the BA-IND used for BCCH allocation.
MN 1790 1 - 21

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BTSone BS20, BS21, BS22, BS60, BS61

BTSplus BS40, BS41, BS240, BS241
Special types BS82 E-Micro-BTS
BS242 Pico-BTS
Naming convention:
last digit: 0 = indoor
1 = outdoor
2 = special purpose
first digit(s) number of TRX supported
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
Network Planning:
SIEMENS BASE STATION Types
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
Network Planning:
SIEMENS BASE STATION Types
MN 1790 1 - 22

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BS-60 BS-61
BS-20 BS-21 BS-22
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
Network Planning: BTSone
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
Network Planning: BTSone
MN 1790 1 - 23

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BS241 BS240 BS40 BS41

GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
Network Planning: BTSplus
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
Network Planning: BTSplus
MN 1790 1 - 24

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BS240 XL
More carriers per rack than normal BS240
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
Network Planning: BTSplus
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
Network Planning: BTSplus
MN 1790 1 - 25

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BS82
E-Micro-BTS
4 carriers per cabinet in Dual carrier units
Built-in antenna or external antenna
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
Network Planning: Special BTS Types
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
Network Planning: Special BTS Types
MN 1790 1 - 26

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Server rack
BS242 Pico-BTS
Up to 24 carrier agents at remote locations
Carrier Agent
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
Network Planning: Special BTS Types
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
Network Planning: Special BTS Types
MN 1790 1 - 27

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BS240 XS
Up to 6 carriers with small rack
and BTSplus Hardware
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
Network Planning: BS240 XS
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
Network Planning: BS240 XS
MN 1790 1 - 28

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Base
station
controller
BSC
Transcoding
and Rate
Adaptation
Unit
TRAU
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
Network Planning: BSC and TRAU
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
Network Planning: BSC and TRAU
MN 1790 1 - 29

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3500
3200
1536
> 240
72
32
200
250
500
BR6.0
4000
3200
2880
> 240
120
36
200
400
900
BR7.0
2000 2000 1000 Switch.
Cap. (Erl)
3200 3200 1000 Process.
Cap. (Erl)
128 n. a. n. a. GPRS TS
48-112 112 112 LAPD
46 46 36 PCMx
20 20 12 TRAU
100 100 60 BTSE
150 150 120 Cells
250 250 120 TRX
BR5.5 BR5.0 BR4.0 Capacity
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
Network Planning: Capacity Numbers
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
Network Planning: Capacity Numbers
MN 1790 1 - 30

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Planning Objectives & Principle Planning Steps

Planning Objectives & Principle Planning Steps
General planning objectives:
To realize service(s) with
maximum coverage
maximum capacity
maximum Quality of Service (QoS)
minimal interference
at minimum costs
MN 1790 1 - 31

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Planning Objectives & Principle Planning Steps

Planning Objectives & Principle Planning Steps
Principle planning steps
1) Basic planning data acquisition (data about: expected traffic load and planned service area)
nominal cell plan
2) Terrain data acquisition & installation of a digital terrain database (including topographical and
morphological data) into a planning tool
3) Coarse coverage prediction and initial site determination for a first site selection process using
the digital terrain data and standard propagation models
4) Site survey and site selection
5) Survey measurements (to fine tune the propagation models)
6) Detailed network design (to determine final network structure: Number and configuration of
BTS, BSC, TRAU; needed antennas and transmission lines; frequency plan; future evolution
strategy)
7) Transmission planning
MN 1790 1 - 32

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Planning Objectives & Principle Planning Steps

Planning Objectives & Principle Planning Steps
Nominal Plan
Detailed Plan
Modification &
Optimization
MN 1790 1 - 33

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External factors influencing radio network planning:

Physics (propagation of electromagnetic waves, interaction of electromagnetic waves with
matter, ...)
Government restrictions (concerning coverage, blocking, maximum output power
levels, ...)
Topography
Statistics (population distributions, population development, )
...
Specifics influencing Radio Network Planning
Specifics influencing Radio Network Planning
MN 1790 1 - 34

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Site Survey & Site Investigation

Site Survey & Site Investigation
Site survey and site investigation:
Selection of the sites to be used from alternative locations (if available)
Contract for site leasing exists?
Adaption of the cell plan to the real locations that are used (nominal positions must be replaced
by the real ones)
Antenna installation possible?
Antenna separation possible?
Predicted antenna height realistic?
First Fresnel Zone free of obstacles (for the nearest 50 to 100 meters)?
Enough place for the radio (BTS and microwave) equipment, the battery backups, ...?
Find out from where the primary power can be taken
Find antenna cable path and measure required cable length
Find out how the transport network can be brought into the site
Sketch the earthing and lightning protection system
...
MN 1790 1 - 35

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Antenna Types
Antenna Types
Antenna types used in GSM:
Omni-directional antennas (often used in rural areas)
Directional antennas (preferable used in urban areas)
Multi antenna systems
Leaking cables (used e.g. in tunnels, buildings,)
Parabolic antennas (used for microwave and satellite links)
Antenna locations:
Outdoor
Indoor
MN 1790 1 - 36

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Antenna Patterns
Antenna Patterns
Antenna pattern:
The (real) distribution of the radiated power as function of the direction is usually displayed in
horizontal and/or vertical antenna radiation patterns. For these diagrams, usually polar
coordinates graduated in decibels (dB) are used. Since an antenna is a passive component, due
to the conservation of energy an increase of the radiated power in one direction will reduce the
radiated power in an other direction. For sector antennas, the main lobe in the front direction
should be maximised whereas the back lobe should be minimised.
The sector width (e.g. 120 sector) should not be confused with the half power beam width. For
example, often 60 65 half power beam width antennas are used to realise 120 sectors.
MN 1790 1 - 37

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Antenna Patterns
Antenna Patterns
Antenna patterns display the distribution of radiated energy in the horizontal and vertical direction:
horizontal pattern vertical pattern
electrical
down-tilted
antenna
MN 1790 1 - 38

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Antenna Parameters
Antenna Parameters
Frequency range
Polarization
Gain
Half-power beam width
Electrical tilt
Front to back ratio
Impedance
VSWR and return loss
Maximum power per input
Input connectors
Connector position
Dimensions (height, width, depth)
Weight
Wind load (frontal, lateral, rearward)
Maximum wind velocity
MN 1790 1 - 39

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Antenna Parameters
Antenna Parameters
Example values for a sector antenna:
200 km/h Maximum wind velocity
460 N, 300 N, 1020 N at 150 km/h Wind load (frontal, lateral, rearward)
12 kg Weight
2574 / 258 / 103 mm Dimensions (height, width, depth)
Rearside Connector position
7/16 female Input connectors
500 W (at 50
o
C ambient temperature) Maximum power per input
< 1.3 VSWR and return loss
50 Ohm Impedance
> 23 dB Front to back ratio
6
o
electrical downtilt Electrical tilt
H-plane: 90
o
/ E-plane: 6.5
o
Half-power beam width
17dBi Gain
Vertical Polarization
870 - 960 MHz Frequency range
MN 1790 1 - 40

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Antenna Parameters
Antenna Parameters
Half power beam width:
The opening angle between the points where the radiated power is 50 % (3 dB) lower than the
power transmitted in the main direction is called the half power beam width.
Antenna gain:
The gain of an antenna is given either in dBi (with respect to an ideal, isotropic antenna) or in dBd
(with respect to a dipole antenna):
Gain (dBi) = Gain (dBd) + 2.15 dB
Antenna tilt:
Two different tilt types can be distinguished: electrical tilt and mechanical tilt.
Mechanical tilt is achieved by corresponding mounting of the antennas using special mounting
devices.
Electrical tilt is a built-in function of an antenna. Either an antenna has or does not has this
function. Usually an electrical down-tilted antenna has just one (fixed) electrical (down)-tilt but
there also exist antennas where the electrical (down)-tilt is settable.
In addition to an electrical tilt also a mechanical tilt can be applied. The effective tilt is the sum of
both tilts.
MN 1790 1 - 41

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Antenna Parameters
Antenna Parameters
Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR):
The VSWR-ratio is a measure for the reflected output power. If the impedance of the antenna
does not match to the impedance of the feeder, the output power is reflected to the transmitter. As
a consequence the transmitter performance and the radiated power will be reduced. The closer
the VSWR-ratio is to 1, the lower the reflected output power.
Polarisation:
The polarisation plane is given by the electrical field vector. Usually antennas are vertically or
cross polarised.
MN 1790 1 - 42

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Antenna Tilt (Mechanical and/or Electrical)

Antenna Tilt (Mechanical and/or Electrical)
Mechanical downtilt:
Advantages:
Downtilt adjustable, simple method (requires only some mounting hardware: downtilt kit)
Disadvantages:
Downtilt angle varies for different azimuth directions
Horizontal half-power beam width increases with downtilt angle
Gain reduction depending on azimuth direction
Electrical downtilt:
Advantages:
Downtilt angle is constant for all azimuth directions
Horizontal half-power beam width does not increase with downtilt angle
Disadvantages:
Downtilt angle is fixed
MN 1790 1 - 43

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Antenna Tilt (Mechanical and/or Electrical)

Antenna Tilt (Mechanical and/or Electrical)
Adjustable electrical downtilt:
Advantages:
Downtilt adjustable
Downtilt angle is constant for all azimuth directions
Horizontal half-power beam width does not increase with downtilt angle
Optimum downtilt angle:
Must be calculated
Depends on the surrounding
Field strength reduction in the horizontal direction is maximum if minimum between main
and first upper side lobe is pointing towards horizon
MN 1790 1 - 44

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(Effective) Antenna Height

(Effective) Antenna Height
Several methods to calculate effective antenna height:
Absolute calculation method:
Effective height = Base station antenna height above ground
H
eff
= H
BS
Relative calculation method:
H
eff
= H
BS
+ H
THatBS
H
THatMS
if H
THatBS
> H
THatMS
H
eff
= H
BS
if H
THatBS
H
THatMS
H
BS
= Base station antenna height above ground at base station site
H
THatBS
= Terrain height above sea level at base station site
H
THatMS
= Terrain height above sea level at mobile station site
Averaged calculation method:
Effective height = Base station antenna height above the averaged terrain height of the
prediction area
MN 1790 1 - 45

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Antenna Diversity
Antenna Diversity
Diversity techniques:
Space diversity:
horizontal separation (effective separation depends on azimuth)
vertical separation
Polarization diversity:
+/- 45 polarization
horizontal plus vertical polarization
Combining techniques:
Switched combining
Maximum ratio combining
Diversity gain:
Depends on the combining technique
Increases with the number of receive antennas
Increases with decreasing correlation of the individual received signals

MN 1790 1 - 46

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Antenna Cables
Antenna Cables
The radio planner has to know the exact loss of the system:
Jumper cable / Feeder cable / Connectors
which must be specified in the link budget.
Cables are characterized by:
Cross-section and length
Loss in [dB/m]
Impedance
Frequency range
Reflection factor
3
rd
order inter-modulation product
Minimum bending radius (for repeated bending)
Hints concerning the selection of antenna cables:
The power dissipation increases exponentially with the cable length. Thick cables have lower
losses, but larger bending radii and they are more expensive.
Avoid unnecessary long cables!
MN 1790 1 - 47

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Antenna cables and Intermodulation

Antenna cables and Intermodulation
What is intermodulation (IM)?
Occurrence of frequencies different from the transmitted frequencies in the spectrum
Example: Two frequencies are used: f
1
= 942.6 MHz, f
2
= 945.6 MHz
Additionally frequency f
IM
= 936.6 MHz is measured
Responsible for Intermodulation are non-linearities in the transmission path
Example: non-linear amplifier
dirty surfaces
oxidized contacts
treated surfaces, e.g. antennas on printed circuit boards
MN 1790 1 - 48

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Antenna cables and Intermodulation

Antenna cables and Intermodulation
Order of an Intermodulation Product (IMP)
IM-Frequencies are related to the transmitted frequencies by sums and differences:
f
IM
= | n * f
1
m * f
2
|
Order O of IM-Product is
O = n + m
Examples:
far away from f
1
or f
2
4 2 * f
1
2 * f
2
close to f
1
and f
2
5 3 * f
1
- 2 * f
2
close to f
1
and f
2
3 2 * f
1
- 1 * f
2
far away from f
1
or f
2
2 1 * f
1
- 1 * f
2
remark order n,m
Odd orders of IMP are close to the original frequencies!
MN 1790 1 - 49

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Antenna cables and Intermodulation

Antenna cables and Intermodulation
Why can Intermodulation Products be dangerous?
IMP can be located in a frequency band where they interfere!
Example 1 (Extended GSM, f
1
= 942.6 MHz, f
2
= 945.6 MHz):
948.6 1 * f
1
- 2 * f
2
951.6 2 * f
1
- 3 * f
2
954.6 3 * f
1
- 4 * f
2
957.6 4 * f
1
- 5 * f
2
930.6 5 * f
1
- 4 * f
2
4 * f
1
- 3 * f
2
3 * f
1
- 2 * f
2
2 * f
1
- 1 * f
2
n,m
933.6
936.6
939.6
f
IM
[MHz]
Frequency
960 MHz 925 MHz
MN 1790 1 - 50

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Antenna cables and Intermodulation

Antenna cables and Intermodulation
Why can Intermodulation Products be dangerous?
IMP can be located in a frequency band where they interfere!
Example 2 (Extended GSM, f
1
= 933 MHz, f
2
= 955.6 MHz):
978.2 1 * f
1
- 2 * f
2
4 * f
1
- 3 * f
2
3 * f
1
- 2 * f
2
2 * f
1
- 1 * f
2
n,m
865.2
887.8
910.4
f
IM
[MHz]
915 MHz 880 MHz Freq. 960 MHz 925 MHz
MN 1790 1 - 51

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Antenna Near Products: Overview

Antenna Near Products: Overview
Antenna near products:
Antenna combiners
Receiver modules
Additional equipment
Equipment depends on base station type:
BTSone BS20, BS21, BS22, BS60, BS61
BTSplus BS40, BS41, BS240, BS241, BS240XL
Specific solutions:
BS82
BS242
BS240XS
MN 1790 1 - 52

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BTSone:
BTSplus:
BS82:
BS242:
Antenna Near Products: Output Power
Antenna Near Products: Output Power
40 W 60 W High Power
25 W 25 W Low Power
GSM1800/1900 GSM900 PA version
50 W 63 W EDGE CU GMSK
32 W 40 W EDGE CU 8PSK
40 W 60 W GSM CU
GSM1800/1900 GSM900 CU version
14 W 14 W CU without DUAMCO
8 W 8 W CU with DUAMCO
GSM1800/1900 GSM900 DCU version
200 mW 100 mW CA without Duplexer
GSM1800/1900 GSM900 CA version
MN 1790 1 - 53

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Antenna Near Products: Combiners

Antenna Near Products: Combiners
Tasks of combiners:
reducing amount of antenna for transmitting
combining concepts: combining on air
hybrid couplers
filter combiners
duplex function for using the antenna in RX path
MN 1790 1 - 54

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Antenna Near Products: HYCOM

Antenna Near Products: HYCOM
TX 0
TESTLOOP
ANT
VSWR
Isolator
TX 0
TESTLOOP
ANT
TX 1
3 dB
Hybrid
VSWR
Isolator
Isolator
TX 0
TESTLOOP
ANT
TX 1
TX 2
TX 3
3 dB
Hybrid
3 dB
Hybrid
3 dB
Hybrid
VSWR
Isolator
Isolator
Isolator
Isolator
HYCOM1:1
HYCOM2:1
HYCOM4:1
MN 1790 1 - 55

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Antenna Near Products: DUCOM

Antenna Near Products: DUCOM
DUCOM(DUKIT) 2:1
DUKIT 2*1:1
DUCOM4:1
RX-FIL
TX-FIL
Isolator
VSWR
RX-FIL
TX-FIL
Isolator
VSWR
TESTOUT 0
RX0
TX 0
RX1
TX 1
TESTOUT 1
ANT 0
ANT1
RX-FIL
TX-FIL
VSWR
RX-FIL
TX-FIL
VSWR
TESTOUT 0
RX 0
TX 0
RX 1
TESTOUT 1
ANT 0
ANT1
TX 1
TX 2
TX 3
3 dB
Hybrid
3 dB
Hybrid
Is ol at or
Is ol at or
Is o lato r
Is o lato r
RX-FIL
TX-FIL
Isolator
VSWR
Isolator
VSWR
TESTOUT 0
RX 0
TX 0
RX 1
TX 1
TESTOUT 1
ANT 0
ANT 1
RX-FIL
RX-FIL
RXdiv 0 ANTdiv 0
RXdiv1 ANTdiv 1
RX-FIL
TX-FIL
MN 1790 1 - 56

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Antenna Near Products: FICOM

Antenna Near Products: FICOM
ANT OUT
FICOM Base 2:1
TX 2 TX 3 TX 0 TX 1
VSWR
TX4
FICOM Expansion 2:1 FICOM Expansion 1:1
MN 1790 1 - 57

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Antenna Near Products: Combiner Losses BTS1

Antenna Near Products: Combiner Losses BTS1
1.8 2.0 HYCOM 1:1
3.9 3.7 HYCOM 2:1
7.6 6.5 HYCOM 4:1
2.8 2.8 DUKIT
2.5 2.5 DUCOM 2:1
4.9 3.3 FICOM 6:1
4.2 3.0 FICOM 4:1
3.5 2.4 FICOM 2:1
5.7 5.7 DUCOM 4:1
Loss for DCS/PCS (dB) Loss for GSM (dB) Combiner type
Combiner losses for BTS one:
MN 1790 1 - 58

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Antenna Near Products: DUAMCO 2:2

Antenna Near Products: DUAMCO 2:2
MN 1790 1 - 59

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Antenna Near Products: DUAMCO 4:2

Antenna Near Products: DUAMCO 4:2
MN 1790 1 - 60

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Antenna Near Products: DUAMCO 8:2

Antenna Near Products: DUAMCO 8:2
MN 1790 1 - 61

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Antenna Near Products: DUAMCO 2:1, 4:1

Antenna Near Products: DUAMCO 2:1, 4:1
MN 1790 1 - 62

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Antenna Near Products: FICOM

Antenna Near Products: FICOM
MN 1790 1 - 63

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Antenna Near Products: Combiner Losses BTSplus

Antenna Near Products: Combiner Losses BTSplus
5.3 5.3 DUAMCO 2:1
8.5 8.5 DUAMCO 4:1
2.5 2.5 DUAMCO 2:2
5.8 4.2 FICOM 8:1
4.6 3.7 FICOM 6:1
4.2 3.2 FICOM 4:1
3.7 2.7 FICOM 2:1
8.9 8.9 DUAMCO 8:2
5.7 5.7 DUAMCO 4:2
Loss for DCS/PCS (dB) Loss for GSM (dB) Combiner type
Combiner losses for BTS plus and BS82:
MN 1790 1 - 64

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Antenna Near Products: RX Sensitivity

Antenna Near Products: RX Sensitivity
BTSone: -109 dBm at rack input
BTSplus: - 116 dBm with TMA
BS82: = -110 dBm
BS242:-88 dBm (GSM900), -95 dBm (GSM1800/GSM1900)
MN 1790 1 - 65

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Antenna Near Products: Receiver Modules

Antenna Near Products: Receiver Modules
Tasks of receiver modules:
amplifying received signals
different concepts: receiver module in BTS rack
Tower mounted amplifiers
splitting of received signal for TRX equipment
comparison of different signals (RX diversity)
MN 1790 1 - 66

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Antenna Near Products: RXAMOD/RXMUCO,

RXAMCO
Antenna Near Products: RXAMOD/RXMUCO,
RXAMCO
RXMUCO within BTSE rack
Rx Antenna
R
x
C
A
B
L
E
LNA
TPU
RXAMOD at Rx antenna
LNA
Cascading Output
TPU
Cascading
Output
RXAMCO
DUCOM
TXFIL
RXFIL
LNA
MN 1790 1 - 67

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Antenna Near Products: Values

Antenna Near Products: Values
2.5 2.5 DUKIT
1.7 1.7 RXFIL
2.2 2.2 DUCOM
RX Loss for DCS/PCS (dB) RX Loss for GSM (dB) Equipment type
30 30 RXAMOD
2 2 RXMUCO
22.5 20 RXAMCO
RX Gain for DCS/PCS (dB) RX Gain for GSM (dB) Equipment type
Gain and loss of various BTS1 equipment:
MN 1790 1 - 68

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Antenna Near Products: DIAMCO

Antenna Near Products: DIAMCO
MN 1790 1 - 69

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Antenna
Rx Tx
LNA
TMA
Rx Tx
Triplexer Encoder
DUAMCO/DIAMCO
Antenna Near Products: TMA
Antenna Near Products: TMA
MN 1790 1 - 70

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19.5 (without TMA) 19.5 (without TMA) DIAMCO

19.5 (without TMA) 19.5 (without TMA) DUAMCO
25.5 25.0 TMA
RX Gain for DCS/PCS (dB) RX Gain for GSM (dB) Equipment type
Gain and loss of various BTS plus equipment:
0.6 0.4 TMA
TX Loss for DCS/PCS (dB) TX Loss for GSM (dB) Equipment type
Antenna Near Products: Values
Antenna Near Products: Values
MN 1790 1 - 71

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Antenna Near Products: Additional Equipment

Antenna Near Products: Additional Equipment
Additional equipment: DULAMO
D4EM
HPDU
DUBIAS
DIPLEXER
MN 1790 1 - 72

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Antenna Near Products: DULAMO

Antenna Near Products: DULAMO
DULAMO for BTSone:
Allows to use TMA with BTSone
Works with HYCOM, DUCOM and FICOM
MN 1790 1 - 73

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Antenna Near Products: D4EM

Antenna Near Products: D4EM
D4EM for BTSone:
Allows to use 2 DUCOM 2:1 for one cell
with 4 TRX
Reduced combiner loss
MN 1790 1 - 74

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Antenna Near Products: HPDU

Antenna Near Products: HPDU
High Power Duplexer: HPDU
Duplex filter for combining RX and TX path
HPDU technical data
<= 0.75 dB <= 0.6 dB TXLoss (dB)
<= 2.2 dB <= 2.2 dB RXLoss (dB)
DCS/PCS GSM
MN 1790 1 - 75

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Antenna Near Products: DUBIAS

Antenna Near Products: DUBIAS
FICOM
HPDU
DUBIAS
TMA
TX/RX antenna
DIAMCO
TMA
CU1 CU8 RX1 RX8
BIAS-TEE for HPDU: DUBIAS
Allows use of HPDU with TMA
DUBIAS technical data
<= 0.2 dB <= 0.2 dB TXLoss (dB)
<= 0.7 dB <= 0.7 dB RXLoss (dB)
DCS/PCS GSM
MN 1790 1 - 76

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Antenna Near Products: DIPLEXER

Antenna Near Products: DIPLEXER
DIPLEXER
Allows use of one feeder cable or even
one antenna for GSM900
and GSM 1800/1900
Antenna
Combiner
900
DIPLEXER
Antenna
Combiner
1800
DIPLEXER
TX/RX ant. TX/RX ant.
1700 - 2000 MHz
800 - 1000 MHz
800 - 1000 MHz
1700 - 2000 MHz
Dimensions:
274mm * 126mm * 51mm
Insertion loss:
0,15 dB (800 - 1000 MHz)
0,25 dB (1700 - 2000 MHz)
Base Station
Feeder cable
MN 1790 1 - 77

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Antenna Near Products: Specific Solutions

Antenna Near Products: Specific Solutions
BS82 Enhanced Micro-BTS: Solution without DUAMCO
Output Power: 14 W
MN 1790 1 - 78

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Antenna Near Products: Specific Solutions

Antenna Near Products: Specific Solutions
BS82 Enhanced Micro-BTS: Solution with DUAMCO
Output Power: 8 W
MN 1790 1 - 79

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Antenna Near Products: Specific Solutions

Antenna Near Products: Specific Solutions
BS242 Pico-BTS: Losses of antenna near equipment
3.8 dB 3.8 dB EXTSPLIT
1.7 dB 1.7 dB DUPL
GSM1800/
GSM1900
GSM900 Equipment
type
MN 1790 1 - 80

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Antenna Near Products: Specific Solutions

Antenna Near Products: Specific Solutions
BS240XS antenna near equipment
MN 1790 1 - 81

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Exercises
Exercises
1) What are the units for:
- the power?
- the level?
- the loss?
- the gain?
2) Write down the formula which expresses the level as function of the power.
3) Write down the formula which expresses the power as function of the level.
4) Consider a device with 10 mW output power and 1 W input power.
What is the amplification/attenuation in dB?
5) Consider a device with 100 W output power and 1 W input power.
What is the amplification/attenuation in dB?
MN 1790 1 - 82

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Exercises
Exercises
6) Fill in the following table:
Factor of: +/- 10 dB
60 dBm
50 dBm
40 dBm
30 dBm
20 dBm
10 dBm
0 dBm
-10 dBm
...
-90 dBm
-100 dBm
-110 dBm
P [W] L