Chapter #28: Progressivism and the Republican Roosevelt Big Picture Themes 1.

. The Progressives grew out of the Populist (or Peoples) Party and sought to correct injustices. 2. Progressives and muckraker writers attacked city corruption, corporate greed, poor living and working conditions, alcohol, and womens right to vote. Each of these ills saw laws and/or Amendments passed to attempt to better the condition. 3. Teddy Roosevelt made a name for himself as a trust-buster. That is, he broke up a few high-profile companies that he said were monopolies (or trusts). Busting trusts and thus creating competition was to benefit the average person. 4. He also obtained huge tracts of land, usually out West, for parks and conservation. 5. Roosevelt picked Taft to follow him, but Taft began to stray from Roosevelts ways and the two split. Chapter# 28: Identifications Jacob Riis Jacob Riis is a Muckraker who used photography to document the incredibly poor conditions of many impoverished communities in the early 20th century. He also wrote How the Other Half Lives. Ida Tarbell Ida Tarbell is a famous Muckraker who published a factual expose about the Standard Oil Company and led to the destruction of its monopoly. Robert M. LaFollete Robert M. LaFollette is a Progressive Republican Governor of Wisconsin who wrested control from the corporations and returned it to the people. Charles Evans Hughes Charles Evans Hughes is a reformist Republican governor of New York who had earlier gained national fame as an investigator of malpractices by gas and insurance companies and by the coal trust. Upton Sinclair Upton Sinclair is the author of The Jungle, who exposed the grotesque meat production and inspired pro-consumer federal laws regulating meat, food, and drugs. Initiative Initiative is the progressive proposal to allow voters to bypass state legislatures and propose legislation themselves. Referendum Referendum is the proposed system of placing to-be-passed laws on ballots, allowing the people to vote on them and cast ballots against laws. Recall Recall is a form of impeachment, it is the name for giving voters the ability to remove from office disloyal or incompetent officials.

Muckrakers Muckrakers are sensationalist journalists in the 20th century who used their public influence to reveal corporate corruption. They tried to improve certain conditions by shedding light on them. Elkins Act Elkins Act is an act made in 1903, which strengthened the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 by imposing heavy fines on railroads offering rebates and on the shippers accepting them. Hepburn Act Hepburn Act restricted railroad free passes and expanded the Interstate Commerce Commission to include in its powers the prosecution of express companies. Northern Securities Case Northern Securities Case is also known as U.S. v. Northern Security Company. It was a legal case in 1904 that resulted in the dissolution of the trust between the Union Pacific and Northern Pacific Railroads. It also led to the dissolution of the company from which the case gets its name. Meat Inspection Act Meat Inspection Act is an act passed in 1906 that allowed the Federal Government to inspect and ensure the quality of meat products in the United States. Pure Food and Drug Act Pure Food and Drug Act is the inspection act in 1906 that called for regulation of consumer products to prevent false advertising. Newlands Act Newlands Act, or the Newlands Reclamation Act of 1902, took federal funds that were collected from national land sales and put them to use funding large-scale irrigation projects. Dollar diplomacy Dollar diplomacy is President Tafts policy of using economic interests as an inconspicuous way to bind other nations to the United States. Payne-Aldrich Act Payne-Aldrich Act is a tariff passed in 1913 by the Taft Administrations whose purpose was to lower tariffs, a goal that it miserably failed to achieve. Ballinger-Pinchot Affair Ballinger-Pinchot Affair occurred in 1910. It involved the Secretary of the interior Ballinger who opened public lands to corporate development and was criticized by Pinchot, Chief of the Agriculture Departments Division of Forestry. Taft dismissed Pinchot on the grounds of insubordination, and protests arose from conservationists and Roosevelt supporters.

Chapter #28: Guided Reading Questions Progressive Roots Know: Progressives, Laissez-faire, Henry Demarest Lloyd, Jacob Riis, Theodore Dreiser, Jane Addams, Lillian Weld 1. What were the goals of the Progressives? The Progressive s wanted to use government as an agency of human welfare and wanted to fight against many evils, notably monopoly, corruption inefficiency, and social injustice.

Raking Muck with the Muckrakers Know: McClure's, Lincoln Steffens, Ida M. Tarbell, Thomas W. Lawson, David G. Phillips, Ray Stannard Baker, John Spargo 2. What issues were addressed by the major muckrakers? Corrupt alliance between big business and municipal government was unmasked by a New York reporter Lincoln Steffens. Ida M Tarbell published a factual expose of the Standard Oil Company. Muckrakers, meaning the reporters, assailed the malpractices of lie insurance companies and tariff lobbies. Thomas W. Lawson laid bare the practices of his accomplices in Frenzied Finance. David G. Phillips wrote The Treason of the Senate, charging that 75 of the 90 senators did not represent the people, but the railroads and trusts. Political Progressivism Know: Direct Primary Elections, Initiative, Referendum, Recall, Australian Ballot, Millionaires' Club, Seventeenth Amendment, Suffragists 3. Define each of the major political reforms that progressives desired. Progressives wanted the initiative so that voters could directly propose legislation, the referendum so that the people could vote on laws that affected them and the recall to remove bad officials from office. They also wanted the secret Australian ballot to counteract boss rule and make bribery less feasible. Progressives also wanted direct election of U.S. senators. Progressivism in the Cities and States Know: Robert M. La Follette, The Wisconsin Idea, Hiram W. Johnson, Charles Evans Hughes 4. What changes did progressives make at the city and state level? Urban reformers tackled slumlords, juvenile delinquency, and wide open prostitution. In Wisconsin, Governor Robert M. La Follette wrestled control from the trusts and returned power to the people. Hiram W. Johnson led states, such as Oregon and California, to regulate railroads and trusts. Charles Even Hughes, governors of New York, investigated the malpractices of gas and insurance companies. Progressive Women Know: Triangle Shirtwaist Company, Muller v. Oregon, Lochner v. New York, Woman's Christian Temperance Union, Frances E. Willard, "Wet" and "Dry" 5. How successful were Progressives in combating social ills? Progressives made major improvements in the fight against child labor, especially after 1911 fire at the Triangle Shirtwaist Company in NYC which killed 146 workers, mostly young women. Alcohol also came under the attack of Progressives, as prohibitionist organizations like the Woman Christian Temperance Union, founded by Frances E. Willard was formed. TR's Square Deal for Labor Know: Square Deal, Department of Commerce and Labor 6. What were the three C's of the Square Deal? The Progressivism spirit touched President Roosevelt, and his Square Deal embraced the three Cs: control of the corporations, consumer protection, and conservation of natural resources.

TR Corrals the Corporations Know: Elkins Act, Hepburn Act, Trustbusting, Northern Securities Company 7. Assess the following statement, "Teddy Roosevelt's reputation as a trustbuster is undeserved." TR decided that there were good trusts and bad trusts, and set out to control the bad trusts, such as the Northern Securities Company, which was organized by J.P. Morgan and James J. Hill. In 1904, the Supreme Court upheld TRs antitrust suit and ordered Northern Securities to dissolve, a decision that angered big businesses but helped TRs image. However, TRs successor, William Taft actually crushed more trusts than TR. Caring for the Consumer Know: The Jungle, Meat Inspection Act 8. What was the effect of Upton Sinclair's book, The Jungle? The Jungle made significant improvements in the meat industry, and the Meat Inspection Act was passed in 1906, which decreed that the preparation of meat shipped over state lines would be subject to federal inspection from corral to can. The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 also tried to prevent the adulteration and mislabeling of foods and pharmaceuticals. Earth Control Know: Forest Reserve Act, Gifford Pinchot, Newlands Act, Conservation, Call of the Wild, Boy Scouts, Sierra Club 9. What factors led Americans to take an active interest in conservation? Americans were vainly wasting their natural resources, and the first conservation act, the Desert Land Act of 1877, provided little help. More successful was the Forest Reserve Act of 1891, which authorized the president to set aside land to be protected as national parks. By 1900, only a quarter of the nations natural timber lands remained, so he set federal reserves, establishing perhaps his most enduring achievement as president. The "Roosevelt Panic" of 1907 10. What were the results of the Roosevelt Panic of 1907? In 1908, Congress passed the Aldrich-Vreeland Act, which authorized national banks to issue emergency currency backed by various kinds of collateral. This would lead to the momentous Federal Reserve Act of 1913. The Rough Rider Thunders Out Know: William Howard Taft, Eugene V. Debs 11. What was the legacy of Teddy Roosevelt's presidency? Roosevelts reputation as an eater of errant industrialists now seems inflated. He fought many a sham battle, and a number of laws he inspired was certainly not in proportion to the amount of noise he emitted. He greatly enlarged the power and prestige of the presidential office and helped shape the progressive movement and beyond it the liberal reform campaigns later in the century.

Taft: A Round Peg in a Square Hole 12. "William Howard Taft was less suited for the presidency than he appeared to be." Explain Taft had none of the arts of a dashing political leader. Recoiling from the clam or of controversy, he generally adopted an attitude of passivity toward Congress. He was a poor judge of public opinion, and his candor made him a chronic victim of foot-in-mouth disease. He was no doubt a mild progressive, but at heart he was more wedded to the status quo than to change. The Dollar Goes Abroad as a Diplomat Know: Dollar Diplomacy 13. What was dollar diplomacy and how was it practiced? It was to use the lever of American investments to boost American political interests abroad, an approach to foreign policy. It warmly encouraged Wall Street bankers to sluice their surplus dollars into foreign areas of strategic concern to the U.S. especially in the Far East and in the regions crucial to the security of the Panama Canal. Taft the Trustbuster Know: Rule of Reason 14. Who deserves the nickname "Trustbuster," Roosevelt or Taft? Taft deserves the nickname Trustbuster because Taft bought 90 suits against the trusts during his 4 years in office, as compared with some 44 for Roosevelt in 7.5 years. In 1911 Taft also decided to press an antitrust suit against the U.S. Steel Corporation. This initiative infuriated Roosevelt, who had personally been involved in on the mergers that prompted the suit. Taft Splits the Republican Party Know: Payne-Aldrich Tariff, Richard Ballinger, Gifford Pinchot, Joe Cannon 15. Why did the Progressive wing of the Republican Party turn against Taft? After much hand-wringing, Taft singed the Payne-Aldrich Bill, betraying his campaign promises and outraging the progressive wing of his party. Also the Ballinger-Pinchot quarrel also further enraged Roosevelt. The Taft-Roosevelt Rupture 16. How did the Republican Party split at the party's 1912 convention? In 1912, Roosevelt formally wrote to 7 state governors that he was willing to accept the Republican nomination. Taft retorted by branding Roosevelt supporters emotionalists and neurotics.