Project Report Analog Electronics III

Group Members: Muhammad Saad Zafar Mughees Nawaz 110253 110519

Class BEE-V-B

Submitted to: Sir Mashood Ahmad

Project Name: 14 volt battery voltage indicator on SSDs

Introduction: Our project is a 14 volt battery voltage indicator. We used a 14 volt battery and we displayed the voltage level on the SSD. As we lower the voltage of the battery i.e. 13, 12, 11, the SSD shows the respective voltages thus we can know the voltage levels of the battery.

Working Principle: This project uses the basic principal of an ADC using voltage dividers for getting different required voltages to compare and op-amps as comparators to compare the voltages and produce the analog output. For the digital output on the SSDs we used gating ICs to convert analog outputs to BCD and we used BCD to SSD decoder to get outputs on SSD.

Circuit Diagram:

Components Used: 3 - 680R resistors 1 1.2k 1 - 10k 1 15k 1 10k potentiometer

4 - IC LM741 1 IC7404 1 IC7408 1 IC7432 1 IC74086 1 IC7447

Zener Diode

Multi-color LEDs

Designing of digital part: We had to convert the four analog inputs into 4-bit BCD code to feed into the BCD to SSD decoder. We made the truth table for our inputs and required outputs, solved the equations using K-map and came up with the logic circuit.

Truth Table:

We used AND, OR, NOT and XOR ICs for the implementation.

Circuit testing: We tested the circuit and observed the working of the circuit in the Proteus ISIS 7. We implemented the circuit and ran the simulation. We saw that the circuit runs perfectly and our designing was correct.

Proteus ISIS implementation:

The complete implementation of the circuit is shown:

Working: This is a very useful circuit which when installed on a battery gives the voltage on a seven segment display. The circuit is based on four comparators used from the ICs LM741. This circuit uses two voltage divider networks. One made from R2, R3, R4, R5 and R6 which is used for the reference voltages. A 5.6 volt zener diode

is added to limit voltage at 5.6 volt across R3. The variable resistor is set so that the there are fixed voltages of 5.6V, 5.2V, 4.8V, 4.4V respectively across the resistors. The inverting inputs of IC are kept at these reference voltages. The other voltage divider network is made up of R1 and R7. All the non-inverting pins of the comparators are connected between R1 and R7 to get variable voltage as the voltage of the battery varies. The comparators namely A, B, C and D give the following output at 11, 12, 13 and 14 volts of the battery:

Now comes the digital part. As we mentioned earlier we used AND, OR, NOT and XOR ICs for converting the above mentioned outputs to BCD. We gave these BCD inputs into the IC 7447 which decodes 4-bit BCD to SSD. We connected common anode SSDs with the decoder. Thus we got our desired output at the SSD.

Bread Board implementation:

Problems faced: We faced a few problems in the implementation of the circuit which are: The op-amps did not operate to our needs if we gave +ve and ve of the battery at +Vcc and Vcc. So, we had to give separate +5v and -5v at the +Vcc and Vcc. The op-amps used did not give accurate high and low logics to operate the gate ICs. We had to use resistors to get accurate logic low.

 The IC 7447 gave inverted outputs at the SSD so we had to change the SSD from common cathode to common anode to avoid using inverters.