HARVARD REFERENCING for THE ROBERT GORDON UNIVERSITY

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Chris Brown July 2008

How to use this guide

Background information
Section 1 of the guide provides background information on the principles of referencing.

Creating a reference
1. If the contents list for this document is not showing at the left of your screen please take the following actions: Click on View in the toolbar at the top of the screen; and Click on Document Map.

A list of the contents of this guide will appear in a separate panel at the left of the screen. You can click on any item in this list to be taken directly to the appropriate part of the document. If necessary you can expand the contents list panel by using the mouse to drag the right-hand margin across the screen. 2. Identify the type of item that you wish to reference, ie is it a book, a journal article, a web page, an illustration etc? 3. It is often easier to find the elements you need for your reference by looking up the record for the item in a library catalogue or bibliographic database. 4. Use the contents list at the left of the screen to find the relevant referencing example, eg a book with 2 editors or a journal article with more than 3 authors. 5. Click on the example name in the contents list and you will be taken directly to the appropriate example.

6. Use the example to create your reference. You may find it easier to print the page with the example you want to use. The example consists of: Yellow section: At the left is a list of the elements you need for your reference and at the right an example, including the correct punctuation, of how each of these should be entered into your reference. Green section: An example of how the citation will look in your text. Grey section: An example of a completed reference.

Contents

Page 1. WHY, WHEN AND HOW TO REFERENCE 1.1 Why reference? ................................................... 1.2 When to reference ............................................... 1.3 Plagiarism: what it is and how to avoid it ................ 1.4 How to reference 1.4.1 A summary ............................................. 1.4.2 Citations ................................................. 1.4.3 Examples of citations no direct quotation . 1.4.4 Examples of citations direct quotation ...... 1.4.5 Secondary referencing .............................. 1.4.6 Illustrations ............................................ 1.4.7 Finding the information for your reference 1.4.7.1 An example of a library catalogue record for a book ..................................... 1.4.7.2 An example of a database record for a journal article ....................................... 1.4.7.3 Tips for referencing web pages ...... 2. SAMPLE FORMATS FOR REFERENCE LIST AND BIBLIOGRAPHY 2.1 Authored books 2.1.1 One author ............................................. 28 18 19 20 21 22 22 16 16 17

24 25 26

2.1.2 Two authors ............................................ 2.1.3 Three authors ......................................... 2.1.4 More than three authors ........................... 2.1.5 Authored book which is not the first edition (numerical) ...................................................... 2.1.6 Authored book which is not the first edition (expanded, revised etc) ..................................... 2.1.7 Online book ............................................ 2.1.8 Organisation as author ............................. 2.1.9 Government department as author ............ 2.2 Edited books 2.2.1 One editor .............................................. 2.2.2 Two editors ............................................. 2.2.3 Three editors .......................................... 2.2.4 More than three editors ............................ 2.2.5 Edited book which is not the first edition (numerical) ...................................................... 2.2.6 Edited book which is not the first edition (expanded, revised etc) ..................................... 2.2.7 One chapter in an edited book ................... 2.3 Journal and newspaper articles 2.3.1 One author ............................................. 2.3.2 Two authors ............................................ 2.3.3 Three authors ......................................... 2.3.4 More than three authors ...........................

29 30 31 31 32 33 34 35

36 37 38 39 40 41 42

43 44 45 46

2.3.5 Organisation as the author ........................ 2.3.6 No author given ...................................... 2.3.7 Journal article printed in a supplement to a volume ............................................................ 2.3.8 Journal article printed in a supplement to an issue ............................................................... 2.3.9 Journal article printed in a journal which has issue numbers but no volume numbers ................ 2.3.10 Journal article printed in a journal in which the pagination is in Roman numerals ................... 2.3.11 Electronic journal article ......................... 2.3.12 Newspaper article .................................. 2.3.13 Newspaper article with no author given .... 2.4 Atlases 2.4.1 Atlas with author ..................................... 2.4.2 Atlas with editor ...................................... 2.4.3 Atlas without author or editor .................... 2.5 Dictionaries 2.5.1 Dictionary with author .............................. 2.5.2 Dictionary with editor ............................... 2.5.3 Dictionary without author or editor ............ 2.6 Encyclopaedia entry ............................................. 2.7 Plays (published) ................................................. 2.8 Poem (from an anthology) .................................... 2.9 Unpublished works ..............................................

47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55

56 57 58

59 60 61 62 63 64 65

2.10 Web pages 2.10.1 Web page where you can identify a personal author ................................................. 2.10.2 Web page where you cannot identify a personal author ................................................. 2.11 Theses and dissertations 2.11.1 Thesis or dissertation ............................. 2.11.2 Electronic thesis or dissertation ............... 2.12 Conference papers and proceedings 2.12.1 Set of conference proceedings as a whole . 2.12.2 One conference paper from a set of conference proceedings ...................................... 2.13 Archive material ................................................ 2.14 Performance 2.14.1 Live musical recital/dance etc .................. 2.14.2 Live play .............................................. 2.14.3 Performance on DVD or video .................. 2.15 Audio-visual materials ........................................ 2.15.1 CD-ROM ............................................... 2.15.2 Video or DVD ........................................ 2.15.3 Film ..................................................... 2.15.4 Film on DVD or video ............................. 77 78 78 79 74 75 76 71 72 73 69 70

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2.15.5 Radio or television series ........................ 2.15.6 Individual episode of radio or television series .............................................................. 2.15.7 Individual contribution to radio or television programme ...................................................... 2.15.8 Sound recording (audio CD, cassette, vinyl record) ............................................................ 2.15.9 Online video ......................................... 2.15.10 Blog ................................................... 2.15.11 Computer game or programme .............. 2.15.12 Discussion list ..................................... 2.15.13 Podcast .............................................. 2.15.14 Wiki ................................................... 2.16 Committee reports ............................................. 2.17 Patents ............................................................ 2.18 Standards ......................................................... 2.19 Legal materials 2.19.1 United Kingdom 2.19.1.1 UK cases reported in law reports .. 2.19.1.2 UK cases reported in law reports (quoting a passage from the case report or referring to a point of law which it contains) ............................................................... 2.19.1.3 UK neutral citations ................... 2.19.1.4 UK cases only available in newspapers ............................................. 2.19.1.5 UK unreported cases ..................

80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92

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94 94 95 95

2.19.1.6 UK Parliament acts/statutes pre1963 (referring to the complete act/statute) ............................................................... 2.19.1.7 UK Parliament acts/statutes pre1963 (referring to one section of the act/statute) ............................................. 2.19.1.8 UK Parliament acts/statutes post-1962 (referring to the complete act/statute) ............................................. 2.19.1.9 UK Parliament acts/statutes post-1962 (referring to one section of the act/statute) ............................................. 2.19.1.10 UK Parliament statutory instrument .............................................. 2.19.1.11 Bill UK House of Commons ..... 2.19.1.12 Bill UK House of Lords ........... 2.19.1.13 Command paper UK Parliament ............................................................... 2.19.1.14 UK Law Commission report, discussion paper etc ................................. 2.19.1.15 Hansard House of Commons ... 2.19.1.16 Hansard House of Lords ......... 2.19.2 Scotland 2.19.2.1 Scottish Parliament act/statute (referring to the complete act/statute) ........ 2.19.2.2 Scottish Parliament act/statute (referring to one section of the act/statute) . 2.19.2.3 Scottish Parliament statutory instrument .............................................. 2.19.2.4 Bill Scottish Parliament ............ 2.19.2.5 Scottish Law Commission report, discussion paper etc .................................

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96

97

97 98 98 99 99 100 100 101

101 102 102 103 103

2.19.3 European Community 2.19.3.1 EC cases pre-November 1989 ... 2.19.3.2 EC cases post-October 1989 ..... 2.19.3.3 EC treaty .................................. 2.19.3.4 EC Council directive ................... 2.19.3.5 EC Council regulation ................. 2.20 Exhibition catalogues 2.20.1 Catalogue of an exhibition of work by a single artist ...................................................... 2.20.2 Catalogue of an exhibition of work by more than one artist .................................................. 2.20.3 Exhibition catalogue which has an explicitly credited author or authors .................................. 2.21 Original works of art 2.21.1 Original work of art ................................ 2.21.2 Original work of art where the artist is not normally known by his or her full real name .......... 2.21.3 Original work of art of which the year of first exhibition is uncertain ................................. 2.22 Illustrations referred to but NOT reproduced in your work ......................................................................... 2.23 Illustrations reproduced in your work 2.23.1 Works of art 2.23.1.1 Illustration of a work of art taken from a book and reproduced in your work .... 111 112 113 104 104 105 106 107

108 109 110

114

115

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2.23.1.2 Illustration of a work of art taken from a journal article and reproduced in your work ....................................................... 2.23.1.3 Illustration of a work of art taken from a web page and reproduced in your work ....................................................... 2.23.1.4 Illustration of a work of art taken from a catalogue of an exhibition by a single artist and reproduced in your work ............. 2.23.1.5 Illustration of a work of art taken from a catalogue of an exhibition by several artists and reproduced in your work ............ 2.23.1.6 Illustration of a work of art taken from a catalogue of an exhibition where there is an explicitly credited author and reproduced in your work ........................... 2.23.1.7 Illustration of a work of art taken from a newspaper article and reproduced in your work ............................................... 2.23.2 Other types of illustration, eg figures, graphs, tables, non-artistic photographs etc 2.23.2.1 Where the author of the illustration is also the author of the book from which you have taken it ........................................... 2.23.2.2 Where the author of the illustration is also the author of the journal article from which you have taken it ............................ 2.23.2.3 Where the author of the illustration is also the author of the web page from which you have taken it ..................................... 2.23.2.4 Where the illustration is not the work of the author of the book from which you have taken it ..................................... 2.23.2.5 Where the illustration is not the work of the author of the journal article from which you have taken it ............................

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118

119

120

121

122

123

124

125

126

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2.23.2.6 Where the illustration is not the work of the author of the web page from which you have taken it ............................ 2.23.2.7 Newspaper cartoon .................... 2.24 Maps 2.24.1 Where you refer to, but do not reproduce, the map in your work 2.24.1.1 Map published in its own right ..... 2.24.2 Where you reproduce the map in your work 2.24.2.1 Map published in its own right ..... 2.24.2.2 Map which is the work of the author of the book, journal article, web page etc from which you have taken it ................ 2.24.2.3 Map taken from a book but which is not the work of the author of the book ..... 2.24.2.4 Map taken from a journal article but which is not the work of the author of the article ..................................................... 2.24.2.5 Map taken from a web page but which is not the work of the author of the web page ................................................ 2.25 Personal communications (conversations, letters, emails etc) .................................................................. 2.26 Interviews 2.26.1 Interview which you have conducted ........ 2.26.2 Interview which has been recorded ..........

127 128

129

130

130 131

132

133

134

135 136

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2.27 Lectures 2.27.1 The lecture itself .................................... 2.27.2 Lecture notes ........................................ 2.28 Music scores ..................................................... 3. EXAMPLE REFERENCE LIST/BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................ 137 138 139 141

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1. WHY, WHEN AND HOW TO REFERENCE

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1.1 Why reference?

Referencing is necessary To give credit to other authors whose work you have quoted, or to whose work you have referred, in order to avoid a charge of plagiarism (see section 1.3 below); To allow the reader of your work to find the books, journal articles, web pages etc which you have read and thereby access further information on the subject; and To demonstrate that you understand the conventions of academic writing.

1.2 When to reference

You must provide a reference Every time you quote directly from the work of someone else; Every time you refer indirectly to the work of someone else, eg if you o o o Paraphrase (put into your own words) what they have said; Summarise their arguments or ideas; Quote case studies, statistical data, known phrases, definitions etc; or Use information which you have obtained from their work; or

Where you wish to provide sources of further information, clarification of points you have made in your text, or additional evidence to support your arguments.

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1.3 Plagiarism: what it is and how to avoid it

It is not only acceptable, but expected, that you will refer to the work of others in your academic writing. Plagiarism occurs when you use other peoples work without acknowledging that you have done so by citing your sources and providing references for them. Quoting Quotation is taking the exact words written by someone else and reproducing them in your work. Short quotations should be contained within your paragraph of text but enclosed within quotation marks (double inverted commas). Longer quotations should be indented as a separate paragraph and do not require quotation marks. Examples of how to insert quotations into your text are at section 1.4.4 below. Paraphrasing Even if ideas, theories, opinions etc that you have taken from other peoples work are reproduced in your work in your own words this will still constitute plagiarism unless you provide a reference. Only information which is considered common knowledge in your field of study does not have to be referenced.

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1.4 How to reference

1.4.1 A summary
Element Citation Description Inserted into your text where you have quoted from, or referred to, someone elses work. Consists, in brackets, of the author(s) or editor(s) of the work followed by the year of publication. A page reference should be included where you have quoted directly or are referring to an illustration (photograph, map, table, diagram etc). Reference list At the end of your work giving the full reference details of works from which you have quoted or to which you have referred. The list is arranged alphabetically by author. Bibliography At the end of your work following the reference list. Lists the full reference details for items which you have read but to which you have not referred directly in your text. Therefore there will be no citation in your text. Such items would include background reading. The list is arranged alphabetically by author.

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Your bibliography and reference list can be combined into one.

1.4.2 Citations

Where you have quoted from, or referred to, someone elses work you must insert a citation in your text. This will guide the reader to the reference list at the end of your work. Here they can look up, alphabetically by author, a full reference for the item you have used. The citation is placed in brackets in your text and consists of: the surnames of the author(s) or editor(s) of the item as they appear in the reference list at the end of your work; the year of publication; and where you quote directly from someone elses work or are referring to an illustration, a page reference.

Only the first letter of the authors or editors surnames is capitalised and no initials are give. There is no comma between the surname(s) and the year of publication. Examples of formats for citations are given at sections 1.4.3 1.4.4 below.

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1.4.3 Examples of citations no direct quotation

Where the names of the author(s) or editor(s) occur naturally in your text: Grushkin (1991) claims that ... Payne and Phillips (1985) claim that ... Brewster, Fenton and Morris (2005) claim that ... Roeder et al. (1967) claim that ... Where the names of the author(s) or editor(s) do not occur naturally in your text: It has been claimed (Grushkin 1991) that ... It has been claimed (Payne and Phillips 1985) that ... It has been claimed (Brewster, Fenton and Morris 2005) that ... It has been claimed (Roeder et al. 1967) that ... Where the same author has published more than one work in the same year. In this case the citation should include a letter following the date to differentiate between the references, eg (Brown 2008a) and (Brown 2008b) The letter is also used in the reference list/bibliography at the end of your work. This allows the reader to identify the exact reference which you are citing

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1.4.4 Examples of citations direct quotation

See section 1.4.3 above for the correct style for different numbers of authors(s) or editor(s). Brief quotations Brown (2008 p. 8) has stated most astutely that referencing is a pain I could do without. or One view is that referencing is a pain I could do without (Brown 2008 p. 8). Longer quotations Toye (2007 p. 1) states categorically that: David Lloyd George and Winston Churchill were the two most important figures in twentieth-century British politics. Not only were both renowned wartime Prime Ministers, but they both also established impressive track records in terms of domestic reform. or A not uncommon view is that: David Lloyd George and Winston Churchill were the two most important figures in twentieth-century British politics. Not only were both renowned wartime Prime Ministers, but they both also established impressive track records in terms of domestic reform. (Toye 2007 p.1)

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1.4.5 Secondary referencing

You may read a book or journal article etc in which the author has made reference to or quoted from another work which you have not read but to which you, in your turn, also wish to refer. This is called secondary referencing. You must make the situation clear in your text, eg: Chandler, in a letter quoted by Hiney (1998 p. 19), claimed that most people could do without literature far more easily than they could do without coffee or whisky. You only reference the work which you have read. In this case the reference which would appear in your reference list would be: HINEY, T., 1998. Raymond Chandler: a biography. London: Vintage.

1.4.6 Illustrations

Illustrations referred to but NOT reproduced in your work You may refer in your text to a graph, table, map, photograph etc which is included in a book or journal article. In this case your sentence should make clear the type of item you are referring to and your citation should include a page reference and figure number, table number etc if there is one. For example: ... Donnans graph (2000 p. 371 fig. 30.4) shows that the majority of patients ... The book, journal article etc in which you have seen the illustration is then referenced in the normal manner. The author of the book, journal article etc may or may not be the same person who has authored the illustration.

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Illustrations which you have reproduced in your work Detailed instructions for the referencing of illustrations which you have copied and reproduced in your work are given at section 2.23 below.

1.4.7 Finding the information for your reference

It is usually easier to find the information you need for your reference by looking up a catalogue record (book) or bibliographic database record (journal article). All the elements you need, eg authors, title, publisher, year of publication etc. will normally be laid out there for you.

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1.4.7.1 An example of a library catalogue record for a book

Edition, if not the first edition

Full title and complete list of authors or editors

City of publication

Publisher

Year of publication

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1.4.7.2 An example of a bibliographicdatabase record for a journal article

Title of the article Full list of authors

Volume number

Title of journal in which the article was published

Part/issue number

Year of publication

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1.4.7.3 Tips for referencing web pages

It is often difficult to be sure what is what on a web site. Use your common sense. For example: Author/editor. Very often there will be no identifiable person to use as an author or editor, so both the author and the publisher will be the organisation which owns the web site. This will often be a company, university etc. City of publication. A city of publication is sometimes difficult to find, so try something like the contact us link and look for a postal address. Year of publication. The year of publication can also be tricky. If there is no obvious date, use the last updated year if the site gives one (usually near the bottom of the page). If this is not given, use the current year.

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2. SAMPLE FORMATS FOR REFERENCE LIST AND BIBLIOGRAPHY

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2.1 Authored books

Authored books are written by one or more people who are equally responsible for the whole text. Edited books (see section 2.2 below) contain chapters written by different people. These have then been collected into one volume by an editor or editors.

2.1.1 One author

Element Author (capitals) Year of publication Title of the book (italics) Edition (if not the first edition) City of publication Publisher Example, including punctuation GRUSHKIN, P., 1991. The art of rock: posters from Presley to punk. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Artabras.

1 2 3 4 5 6

Citation in your text: (Grushkin 1991) Reference list/bibliography: GRUSHKIN, P., 1991. The art of rock: posters from Presley to punk. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Artabras.

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2.1.2 Two authors (list them both)

Element Authors (capitals) Year of publication Title of the book (italics) Edition (if not the first edition) City of publication Publisher Example, including punctuation PAYNE, J.R. and PHILLIPS, C.R., 1985. Petroleum spills in the marine environment: the chemistry and formation of water-in-oil emulsions and tar balls.

1 2 3 4 5 6

Chelsea, MI: Lewis Publishers.

Citation in your text: (Payne and Phillips 1985) Reference list/bibliography: PAYNE, J.R. and PHILLIPS, C.R., 1985. Petroleum spills in the marine environment: the chemistry and formation of water-in-oil emulsions and tar balls. Chelsea, MI: Lewis Publishers.

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2.1.3 Three authors (list them all)

Element Authors (capitals) Year of publication Title of the book (italics) Edition (if not the first edition) City of publication Publisher Example, including punctuation BREWSTER, F., FENTON, H. and MORRIS, M., 2005. Shock! Horror!: astounding artwork from the video nasty era.

1 2 3 4 5 6

Guildford: FAB.

Citation in your text: (Brewster, Fenton and Morris 2005) Reference list/bibliography: BREWSTER, F., FENTON, H. and MORRIS, M., 2005. Shock! Horror!: astounding artwork from the video nasty era. Guildford: FAB.

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2.1.4 More than three authors (list the first author et al.)
Element Authors (capitals) Year of publication Title of the book (italics) Edition (if not the first edition) City of publication Publisher Example, including punctuation ROEDER, K. et al., 1967. Nerve cells and insect behavior.

1 2 3 4 5 6

Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Citation in your text: (Roeder et al. 1967) Reference list/bibliography: ROEDER, K. et al., 1967. Nerve cells and insect behavior. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

2.1.5 Authored book which is not the first edition (numerical)

Element Author(s) (capitals) Year of publication Title of the book (italics) Edition (if not the first edition) City of publication Publisher Example, including punctuation FANCHI, J.R., 2006. Principles of applied reservoir simulation. 3rd ed. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Gulf Professional.

1 2 3 4 5 6

Citation in your text: (Fanchi 2006) Reference list/bibliography: FANCHI, J.R., 2006. Principles of applied reservoir simulation. 3rd ed. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Gulf Professional.

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2.1.6 Authored book which is not the first edition (expanded,

revised etc)

1 2 3 4 5 6

Element Author(s) (capitals) Year of publication Title of the book (italics) Edition (if not the first edition) City of publication Publisher

Example, including punctuation GORBACHEV, M., 1987. Perestroika. expanded ed. London: Fontana/Collins.

Citation in your text: (Gorbachev 1987) Reference list/bibliography: GORBACHEV, M., 1987. Perestroika. expanded ed. London: Fontana/Collins.

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2.1.7 Online book (use only if the book is not available in hard
copy)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Element Author(s) (capitals) Year of publication Title of the book (italics) Edition (if not the first edition) City of publication Publisher

Example, including punctuation FRAZER, J.G., 1922. The golden bough.

URL (web page address) 10 Date you looked at the book online Citation in your text: (Frazer 1922)

[online]. New York, NY: Macmillan. Available from: http://www.bartleby.com/196/168.html [Accessed 17 December 2007].

Reference list/bibliography: FRAZER, J.G., 1922. The golden bough. [online]. New York, NY: Macmillan. Available from: http://www.bartleby.com/196/168.html [Accessed 17 December 2007].

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2.1.8 Organisation as author

Element Author (capitals) Year of publication Title of the book (italics) Edition (if not the first edition) City of publication Publisher Example, including punctuation ROYAL PHARMACEUTICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN, 2006. Medicines, ethics & practice: a guide for pharmacists & pharmacy technicians. 30th ed. London: Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain.

1 2 3 4 5 6

Citation in your text: (Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain 2006) Reference list/bibliography: ROYAL PHARMACEUTICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN, 2006. Medicines, ethics & practice: a guide for pharmacists & pharmacy technicians. 30th ed. London: Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain.

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2.1.9 Government department as author (begin with the

country of the government)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Element Country (capitals) Government department (capitals) Year of publication Title of the book (italics) Edition (if not the first edition) City of publication Publisher

Example, including punctuation GREAT BRITAIN. HEALTH AND SAFETY EXECUTIVE, 2001. Health and safety in care homes.

Sudbury: Health and Safety Executive.

Citation in your text: (Great Britain. Health and Safety Executive 2001) Reference list/bibliography: GREAT BRITAIN. HEALTH AND SAFETY EXECUTIVE, 2001. Health and safety in care homes. Sudbury: Health and Safety Executive.

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2.2 Edited books

Edited books contain chapters written by different people. They have then been collected into one volume by an editor or editors. Authored books (see section 2.1 above) are written by one or more people who are equally responsible for the whole text.

2.2.1 One editor

Element Editor (capitals) Year of publication Title of the book (italics) Edition (if not the first edition) City of publication Publisher Example, including punctuation STANGOS, N., ed., 1981. Concepts of modern art. revised ed. London: Thames and Hudson.

1 2 3 4 5 6

Citation in your text: (Stangos 1981) Reference list/bibliography: STANGOS, N., ed., 1981. Concepts of modern art. revised ed. London: Thames and Hudson.

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2.2.2 Two editors (list them both)

Element Editors (capitals) Year of publication Title of the book (italics) Edition (if not the first edition) City of publication Publisher Example, including punctuation SKINNER, D. and DRISCOLL, P., eds., 2007. ABC of major trauma. 4th ed. London: BMJ.

1 2 3 4 5 6

Citation in your text: (Skinner and Driscoll 2007) Reference list/bibliography: SKINNER, D. and DRISCOLL, P., eds., 2007. ABC of major trauma. 4th ed. London: BMJ.

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2.2.3 Three editors (list them all)

Element Editors (capitals) Year of publication Title of the book (italics) Edition (if not the first edition) City of publication Publisher Example, including punctuation PALMER, K.T., COX, R.A.F. and BROWN, I., eds., 2007. Fitness for work: the medical aspects. 4th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

1 2 3 4 5 6

Citation in your text: (Palmer, Cox and Brown 2007) Reference list/bibliography: PALMER, K.T., COX, R.A.F. and BROWN, I., eds., 2007. Fitness for work: the medical aspects. 4th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

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2.2.4 More than three editors (list the first editor et al.)
Element Editors (capitals) Year of publication Title of the book (italics) Edition (if not the first edition) City of publication Publisher Example, including punctuation HEYWOOD, P.M. et al., eds., 2006. Developments in European politics.

1 2 3 4 5 6

Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Citation in your text: (Heywood et al. 2006) Reference list/bibliography: HEYWOOD, P.M. et al., eds., 2006. Developments in European politics. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

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2.2.5 Edited book which is not the first edition (numerical)

Element Editor(s) (capitals) Year of publication Title of the book (italics) Edition (if not the first edition) City of publication Publisher Example, including punctuation BOMBERG, E., PETERSON, J. and STUBB, A., eds., 2008. The European Union: how does it work? 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

1 2 3 4 5 6

Citation in your text: (Bomberg, Peterson and Stubb 2008) Reference list/bibliography: BOMBERG, E., PETERSON, J. and STUBB, A., eds., 2008. The European Union: how does it work? 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

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2.2.6 Edited book which is not the first edition (expanded,

revised etc)

1 2 3 4 5 6

Element Editor(s) (capitals) Year of publication Title of the book (italics) Edition (if not the first edition) City of publication Publisher

Example, including punctuation COATES, D., ed., 2004. Understanding cancer of the large bowel (colon and rectum). revised ed. London: Cancerbackup.

Citation in your text: (Coates 2004) Reference list/bibliography: COATES, D., ed., 2004. Understanding cancer of the large bowel (colon and rectum). revised ed. London: Cancerbackup.

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2.2.7 One chapter in an edited book

Element Author of the chapter (capitals) Year of publication Title of the chapter Example, including punctuation GOLDING, J.,

1 2 3 4 5

1981. Cubism. In: Editor(s) of the book N. STANGOS, ed. (capitals) 6 Title of the book Concepts of modern art. (italics) 7 Edition (if not the revised ed. first edition) 8 City of publication London: 9 Publisher Thames and Hudson. 10 Page reference of pp. 50-78. the chapter Citation in your text: (Golding 1981) Reference list/bibliography: GOLDING, J., 1981. Cubism. In: N. STANGOS, ed. Concepts of modern art. revised ed. London: Thames and Hudson. pp. 50-78.

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2.3 Journal and newspaper articles

2.3.1 One author

Element Author of the article (capitals) Year of publication Title of the article Title of the journal in which the article was published (italics) Volume number Issue number Page reference of the article Example, including punctuation CHRISTIANSEN, K., 2005. Going for baroque: bringing 17th-century masters to the Met. Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin,

1 2 3 4

5 6 7

62 (3), pp. 3-48.

Citation in your text: (Christiansen 2005) Reference list/bibliography: CHRISTIANSEN, K., 2005. Going for baroque: bringing 17th-century masters to the Met. Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, 62(3), pp. 3-48.

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2.3.2 Two authors (list them both)

Element Authors of the article (capitals) Year of publication Title of the article Title of the journal in which the article was published (italics) Volume number Issue number Page reference of the article Example, including punctuation BURNHAM, R. and KAI-KEE, E., 2005. The art of teaching in the museum. Journal of Aesthetic Education,

1 2 3 4

5 6 7

39 (1), pp. 65-76.

Citation in your text: (Burnham and Kai-Kee 2005) Reference list/bibliography: BURNHAM, R. and KAI-KEE, E., 2005. The art of teaching in the museum. Journal of Aesthetic Education, 39(1), pp. 65-76.

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2.3.3 Three authors (list them all)

Element Authors of the article (capitals) Year of publication Title of the article Title of the journal in which the article was published (italics) Volume number Issue number Page reference of the article Example, including punctuation GELFGAT, M., BASOVICH, V. and ADELMAN, A., 2006. Aluminium alloy tubulars for the oil and gas industry. World Oil,

1 2 3 4

5 6 7

227 (7), pp. 45-51.

Citation in your text: (Gelfgat, Basovich and Adelman 2006) Reference list/bibliography: GELFGAT, M., BASOVICH, V. and ADELMAN, A., 2006. Aluminium alloy tubulars for the oil and gas industry. World Oil, 227(7), pp. 45-51.

45

2.3.4 More than three authors (list the first author et al.)
Element Authors of the article (capitals) Year of publication Title of the article Title of the journal in which the article was published (italics) Volume number Issue number Page reference of the article Example, including punctuation WAGNER, M.R. et al., 2006. Horizontal drilling and openhole gravel packing with oil-based fluids: an industry milestone. SPE Drilling and Completion,

1 2 3 4

5 6 7

21 (1), pp. 32-43.

Citation in your text: (Wagner et al. 2006) Reference list/bibliography: WAGNER, M.R. et al., 2006. Horizontal drilling and openhole gravel packing with oil-based fluids: an industry milestone. SPE Drilling and Completion, 21(1), pp. 32-43.

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2.3.5 Organisation as the author

Element Author (capitals) Year of publication Title of the article Title of the journal in which the article was published (italics) Volume number Issue number Page reference of the article Example, including punctuation DIABETES PREVENTION PROGRAM RESEARCH GROUP, 2002. Hypertension, insulin, and proinsulin in participants with impaired glucose tolerance. Hypertension,

1 2 3 4

5 6 7

40 (5), pp. 679-686.

Citation in your text: (Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group 2002) Reference list/bibliography: DIABETES PREVENTION PROGRAM RESEARCH GROUP, 2002. Hypertension, insulin, and proinsulin in participants with impaired glucose tolerance. Hypertension, 40(5), pp. 679-686.

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2.3.6 No author given

Element Title of journal Year of publication Title of the article Title of the journal in which the article was published (italics) Volume number Issue number Page reference of the article Example, including punctuation British Medical Journal. 2002. 21st-century heart solution may have a sting in the tail. British Medical Journal,

1 2 3 4

5 6 7

325 (7357), p. 184.

Citation in your text: (British Medical Journal 2002) Reference list/bibliography: British Medical Journal. 2002. 21st-century heart solution may have a sting in the tail. British Medical Journal, 325(7357), p. 184.

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2.3.7 Journal article printed in a supplement to a volume

Element Author(s) (capitals) Year of publication Title of the article Title of the journal in which the article was published (italics) Volume number Supplement number Page reference of the article Example, including punctuation GERAUD, G., SPIERINGS, E.L. and KEYWOOD, C., 2002. Tolerability and safety of frovatriptan with short- and long-term use for treatment of migraine and in comparison with sumatriptan. Headache,

1 2 3 4

5 6 7

42, supplement 2, pp. S93-99.

Citation in your text: (Geraud, Spierings and Keywood 2002) Reference list/bibliography: GERAUD, G., SPIERINGS, E.L. and KEYWOOD, C., 2002. Tolerability and safety of frovatriptan with short- and long-term use for treatment of migraine and in comparison with sumatriptan. Headache, 42, supplement 2, pp. S93-99.

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2.3.8 Journal article printed in a supplement to an issue

Element Author(s) (capitals) Year of publication Title of the article Title of the journal in which the article was published (italics) Volume number Issue and supplement numbers Page reference of the article Example, including punctuation GLAUSER, T.A., 2002. Integrating clinical trial data into clinical practice. Neurology,

1 2 3 4

5 6 7

58 (12, supplement 7), pp. S6-12.

Citation in your text: (Glauser 2002) Reference list/bibliography: GLAUSER, T.A., 2002. Integrating clinical trial data into clinical practice. Neurology, 58(12, supplement 7), pp. S6-12.

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2.3.9 Journal article printed in a journal which has issue numbers but no volume numbers
Element Author(s) (capitals) Year of publication Title of the article Title of the journal in which the article was published (italics) Issue number Page reference of the article Example, including punctuation BANIT, D.M., KAUFER, H. and HARTFORD, J.M., 2002. Intraoperative frozen section analysis in revision total joint arthroplasty. Clinical Orthopaedics,

1 2 3 4

5 6

(401), pp. 230-238.

Citation in your text: (Banit, Kaufer and Hartford 2002) Reference list/bibliography: BANIT, D.M., KAUFER, H. and HARTFORD, J.M., 2002. Intraoperative frozen section analysis in revision total joint arthroplasty. Clinical Orthopaedics, (401), pp. 230-238.

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2.3.10 Journal article printed in a journal in which the pagination is in Roman numerals
Element Author(s) (capitals) Year of publication Title of the article Title of the journal in which the article was published (italics) Volume number Issue number Page reference of the article Example, including punctuation CHADWICK, R. and SCHUKLENK, U., 2002. The politics of ethical consensus finding. Bioethics,

1 2 3 4

5 6 7

16 (2), pp. iii-v.

Citation in your text: (Chadwick and Schuklenk 2002) Reference list/bibliography: CHADWICK, R. and SCHUKLENK, U., 2002. The politics of ethical consensus finding. Bioethics, 16(2), pp. iii-v.

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2.3.11 Electronic journal article (use only if the journal is not

available in hard copy)

1 2 3 4

Element Author(s) (capitals) Year of publication Title of the article Title of the journal in which the article was published (italics) Volume number Issue number Page reference

Example, including punctuation GSTEU, M., 2003. The tree: a symbol of life. PSA Journal.

5 6 7 8 8 9

URL (web page address) 10 Date that you looked at the article online Citation in your text: (Gsteu 2003)

[online]. 69 (1). pp. 19-25 Available from: http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1306/is _1_69/ai_96621024 [Accessed 3 January 2008].

Reference list/bibliography: GSTEU, M., 2003. The tree: a symbol of life. PSA Journal. [online]. 69(1). pp. 19-25. Available from: http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1306/is_1_69/ai_96621024 [Accessed 3 January 2008].

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2.3.12 Newspaper article

Element Author(s) (capitals) Year of publication Title of the article Title of the newspaper in which the article was published (italics) Date of publication Page reference of the article Example, including punctuation REID, R., 2007. Dons fan threatens legal action: disappointed student claims to have spent three hours on phone trying to buy ticket. Press and Journal,

1 2 3 4

5 6

24 October, p. 6.

Citation in your text: (Reid 2007) Reference list/bibliography: REID, R., 2007. Dons fan threatens legal action: disappointed student claims to have spent three hours on phone trying to buy ticket. Press and Journal, 24 October, p. 6.

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2.3.13 Newspaper article with no author given

Element Title of newspaper Year of publication Title of the article Title of the newspaper in which the article was published (italics) Date of publication Page reference of the article Example, including punctuation Times. 2007. Flu risk to ducks. Times,

1 2 3 4

5 6

24 October, p. 4.

Citation in your text: (Times 2007) Reference list/bibliography: Times. 2007. Flu risk to ducks. Times, 24 October, p. 4.

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2.4 Atlases

2.4.1 Atlas with author(s)

Element Author(s) (capitals) Year of publication Title (italics) Edition (if not the first edition) City of Publication Publisher Example, including punctuation JOHNSON, S., 1997. Atlas & gazetteer of the railways of Ireland.

1 2 3 4 5 6

Leicester: Midland.

Citation in your text: (Johnson 1997) Reference list/bibliography: JOHNSON, S., 1997. Atlas & gazetteer of the railways of Ireland. Leicester: Midland.

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2.4.2 Atlas with editor(s)

Element Editor(s) (capitals) Year of publication Title of the atlas (italics) Edition (if not the first edition) City of publication Publisher Example, including punctuation BOELENS, L. and SANDER, W., eds., 2003. The big kan atlas: 100 maps on the urban network of the Arnhem-Nijmegen conglomeration.

1 2 3 4 5 6

Rotterdam, Netherlands: 010.

Citation in your text: (Boelens and Sander 2003) Reference list/bibliography: BOELENS, L. and SANDER, W., eds., 2003. The big kan atlas: 100 maps on the urban network of the Arnhem-Nijmegen conglomeration. Rotterdam, Netherlands: 010.

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2.4.3 Atlas without author or editor

Element Title of atlas (italics) Year of publication Edition (if not the first edition) City of publication Publisher Example, including punctuation World travel atlas, 2003.

1 2 3 4 5

Swanley: Highbury Columbus Travel.

Citation in your text: (World Travel Atlas 2003) Reference list/bibliography: World travel atlas, 2003. Swanley: Highbury Columbus Travel.

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2.5 Dictionaries

2.5.1 Dictionary with author(s)

Element Author(s) or editor(s) (capitals) Year of publication Title of dictionary (italics) Edition (if not first edition) City of publication Publisher Example, including punctuation SINGLETON, P., 2008. Dictionary of DNA and genome technology.

1 2 3 4 5 6

Malden, MA: Blackwell.

Citation in your text: (Singleton 2008) Reference list/bibliography: SINGLETON, P., 2008. Dictionary of DNA and genome technology. Malden, MA: Blackwell.

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2.5.2 Dictionary with editor(s)

Element Editor(s) (capitals) Year of publication Title of dictionary (italics) Edition (if not first edition) City of publication Publisher Example, including punctuation JUPP, V., ed., 2006. The Sage dictionary of social research methods.

1 2 3 4 5 6

London: Sage.

Citation in your text: (Jupp 2006) Reference list/bibliography: JUPP, V., 2006. The Sage dictionary of social research methods. London: Sage.

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2.5.3 Dictionary without author or editor

Element Title of dictionary (italics) Year of publication Edition (if not the first edition) City of publication Publisher Example, including punctuation Collins Polish dictionary, 2007.

1 2 3 4 5

Glasgow: Collins.

Citation in your text: (Collins Polish Dictionary 2007) Reference list/bibliography: Collins Polish dictionary, 2007. Glasgow: Collins.

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2.6 Encyclopaedia entry

The following example applies only where each entry in an encyclopaedia has an identified author.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Element Author(s) of the individual entry (capitals) Year of publication Title of entry Editor(s) of the encyclopaedia (capitals) Title of the encyclopaedia (italics) Edition (if not the first edition) City of publication Publisher

Example, including punctuation OSBORN, F.J., 1976. Industrial housing estates. In: A. WHITTICK, ed., Encyclopedia of urban planning.

New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

Citation in your text: (Osborn 1976) Reference list/bibliography: OSBORN, F.J., 1976. Industrial housing estates. In: A. WHITTICK, ed., Encyclopedia of urban planning. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

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2.7 Plays (published)

Element Author(s) (capitals) Year of publication of the edition of the play Title of play (italics) City of publication Publisher Example, including punctuation SHAKESPEARE, W., 1975. The merchant of Venice. [play]. London: Folio Society.

1 2 3 4 5 6

Citation in your text: (Shakespeare 1975) Reference list/bibliography: SHAKESPEARE, W., 1975. The merchant of Venice. [play]. London: Folio Society.

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2.8 Poem (from an anthology)

In your text you must refer to the poem in your sentence, and the name of the poem should be in italics, eg: Marguerite Longs poem Behind a Glass Wall (Rodman 2003 p. 38) ... and it is the anthology only which is included in your reference list at the end of your work.

1 2 3

Element Editor(s) of the anthology (capitals) Year of publication of the anthology Title of the anthology (italics) Edition (if not the first edition) City of publication Publisher

Example, including punctuation RODMAN, K.E., ed., 2003. Aspergers syndrome and adults ... is anyone listening?: essays and poems by partners, parents and family members of adults with Aspergers syndrome.

4 5 6

London: Jessica Kingsley.

Citation in your text: (Rodman 2003 p. 38) Reference list/bibliography: RODMAN, K.E., ed., 2003. Aspergers syndrome and adults ... is anyone listening?: essays and poems by partners, parents and family members of adults with Aspergers syndrome. London: Jessica Kingsley.

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2.9 Unpublished works

1 2 3 4 Citation in your text: (Brown 2008) Reference list/bibliography: BROWN, C.M., 2008. Harvard referencing for the Robert Gordon University. Unpublished. Author(s) or editor(s) (capitals) Year of production Title (italics) BROWN, C.M., 2008. Harvard referencing for the Robert Gordon University. Unpublished.

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2.10 Web pages

Tips for finding the elements to create the reference for a web site: It is often difficult to be sure what is what on a web site. Use your common sense. Often there will be no identifiable person to use as an author or editor. In this case use the owner of the web site, which will probably be an organisation, as both author and publisher. See example at section 2.10.2 below. A city of publication is sometimes difficult to find, so try something like the contact us link and look for a postal address. The year of publication can also be difficult to identify. If there is no obvious date use the last updated year. If this is not given, use the current year.

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2.10.1 Web page where you can identify a personal author or authors
Element Author(s) (capitals) Year of publication Title of the web page (italics) City of publication Publisher URL (address of web page) Date you looked at the web page Example, including punctuation MULVEY, S., 2006. Chernobyls continuing hazards. [online]. London: BBC News. Available from: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/ 4942828.stm [Accessed 16 February 2006].

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Citation in your text: (Mulvey 2006) Reference list/bibliography: MULVEY, S., 2006. Chernobyls continuing hazards. [online]. London: BBC News. Available from: http://news/bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4942828.stm [Accessed 16 February 2006].

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2.10.2 Web page where you cannot identify a personal author

Element Owner of the web site (capitals) Year of publication Title of the web page (italics) City of publication Publisher URL (address of web page) Date you looked at the web page Example, including punctuation UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA. COLLEGE OF MEDICINE, 2007. Patient care. [online]. Gainesville, FL: University of Florida. Available from: http://www.med.ufl.edu/patients/index.shtml [Accessed 13 December 2007].

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Citation in your text: (University of Florida. College of Medicine 2007) Reference list/bibliography: UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA. COLLEGE OF MEDICINE, 2007. Patient care. [online]. Gainesville, FL: University of Florida. Available from: http://www.med.ufl/edu/patients/index.shtml. [Accessed 13 December 2007].

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2.11 Theses and dissertations

2.11.1 Thesis or dissertation (print)

A thesis or dissertation available only in print is considered to be unpublished.

1 2 3 4 5

Element Author (capitals) Year of approval of the degree by the awarding institution Title of the thesis or dissertation (italics) Type of thesis or dissertation Name of the degree awarding institution

Example, including punctuation RENCKEN, D.W., 1991. A quantitative model for adaptive task allocation in human-computer interfaces. Unpublished D. Phil thesis, University of Oxford.

Citation in your text: (Rencken 1991) Reference list/bibliography: RENCKEN, D.W., 1991. A quantitative model for adaptive task allocation in human-computer interfaces. Unpublished D. Phil thesis, University of Oxford.

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2.11.2 Electronic thesis or dissertation

A thesis or dissertation made available electronically is considered to be published.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Element Author (capitals) Year of approval of the degree by the awarding institution Title of the thesis or dissertation (italics) Type of thesis or dissertation Name of the degree awarding institution URL (address of the web page) Date that you looked at the thesis or dissertation online

Example, including punctuation SETTERSTEIN, L., 1999. Critical thinking and participation in health behaviors. [online]. PhD thesis, University of Wisconsin. Available from: http://www.library/wisc.edu/databases/ connect/dissertations.html [Accessed 26 October 2004].

Citation in your text: (Setterstein 1999) Reference list/bibliography: SETTERSTEIN, L., 1999. Critical thinking and participation in health behaviors. [online]. PhD thesis, University of Wisconsin. Available from: http://www.library/wisc.edu/databases/connect/dissertations.html [Accessed 26 October 2004].

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2.12 Conference papers and proceedings

2.12.1 Set of conference proceedings as a whole

Element Editor(s) (capitals) Year of publication Theme name of the conference (italics) (italics) Name of conference (italics) Dates on which the conference was held City of publication of the conference proceedings Publisher Example, including punctuation BENNETT, R., ed., 2003. New challenges for corporate and marketing communications. Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Corporate and Marketing Communications. 7-8 April 2003. London: London Metropolitan University.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Citation in your text: (Bennett 2003) Reference list/bibliography: BENNETT, R., ed., 2003. New challenges for corporate and marketing communications. Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Corporate and Marketing Communications. 7-8 April 2003. London: London Metropolitan University.

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2.12.2 One conference paper from a set of conference proceedings

Element Author(s) of the individual paper (capitals) Year of publication of the conference proceedings Title of the individual paper Example, including punctuation DOUKAKIS, I., PROCTOR, T. and PROCTOR, S., 2003. Creativity and advertising. In: R. BENNETT, ed.

1 2 3 4 5

Editor(s) of the conference proceedings (capitals) 6 Theme name of the conference (italics) 7 (italics) 8 Name of conference (italics) 9 Dates on which the conference was held 10 City of publication of the conference proceedings 11 Publisher 12 Page reference of the individual paper Citation in your text:

New challenges for corporate and marketing communications. Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Corporate and Marketing Communications. 7-8 April 2003. London: London Metropolitan University. pp. 54-63.

(Doukakis, Proctor and Proctor 2003) Reference list/bibliography: DOUKAKIS, I., PROCTOR, T. and PROCTOR, S., 2003. Creativity and advertising. In: R. BENNETT, ed. New challenges for corporate and marketing communications. Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Corporate and Marketing Communications. 7-8 April 2003. London: London Metropolitan University. pp. 54-63.

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2.13 Archive material (primary sources eg diaries, manuscipts)

Element Author(s) (capitals) Year of publication of the item Title (italics) Material type Collection in which the item is held Shelf mark Archive or library City in which the archive or library is located Example, including punctuation TURNER, P.S., 1906. Image of an artist. [manuscript]. Holden Collection. 600. Holden Library. London.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Citation in your text: (Turner 1906) Reference list/bibliography: TURNER, P.S., 1906. Image of an artist. [manuscript]. Holden Collection. 600. Holden Library. London.

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2.14 Performance

2.14.1 Live musical recital/dance etc

Element Director, choreographer etc (capitals) Year of premiere Title (italics) Venue, city of performance and date of performance Example, including punctuation JONES, R., 2007. Hungarian folk dance. [Victoria Hall, Stoke on Trent. 16 December 2007].

1 2 3 4

Citation in your text: (Jones 2007) Reference list/bibliography: JONES, R., 2007. Hungarian folk dance. [Victoria Hall, Stoke on Trent. 16 December 2007].

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2.14.2 Live play

Element Title of play (italics) Playwright Year of performance Date of performance Theatre Names of main performer(s) Example, including punctuation One-man Star Wars. By C. Ross. 2008. [play]. 6 July. Aberdeen Music Hall. Performer: or Performers: C. Ross. Director: T.J. Dawe.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

10 11 Name of director Citation in your text: (One-man Star Wars 2001

Reference list/bibliography: One-man Star Wars. By C. Ross. 2008. [play]. 6 July. Aberdeen Music Hall. Performer: C. Ross. Director: T.J. Dawe.

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2.14.3 Performance on DVD or video

Element Director, choreographer etc (capitals) Year of publication Title of the DVD or video (italics) Format Production company or publisher Example, including punctuation JONES, L., 2005. Ballet moves. [DVD]. or [videocassette]. Dance Mat Ltd.

1 2 3 4 5

Citation in your text: (Jones 2005) Reference list/bibliography: JONES, L., 2005. Ballet moves. [DVD]. Dance Mat Ltd.

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2.15 Audio-visual materials

2.15.1 CD-ROM
Element Author(s) (capitals) Year of publication Title (italics) City of publication Publisher Example, including punctuation THE ROBERT GORDON UNIVERSITY, 2007. Aberdeen city and shire. [CD-ROM]. Aberdeen: Cinecosse.

1 2 3 4 5 6

Citation in your text: (The Robert Gordon University 2007) Reference list/bibliography: THE ROBERT GORDON UNIVERSITY, 2007. Aberdeen city and shire. [CDROM]. Aberdeen: Cinecosse.

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2.15.2 Video or DVD

Element Title (italics) Year of publication Format City of publication Publisher Example, including punctuation Stephen Fry: the secret life of the manic depressive, 2006. [videocassette]. or [DVD]. London: British Broadcasting Corporation.

1 2 3 4 5

Citation in your text: (Stephen Fry: the secret life of the manic depressive 2006) Reference list/bibliography: Stephen Fry: the Secret Life of the Manic Depressive, 2006. [videocassette]. London: British Broadcasting Corporation.

2.15.3 Film
Element Title of the film (italics) Year of release Example, including punctuation Macbeth. 1948. [film]. Directed by Orson Welles. USA: Republic Pictures.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Director Country of publication Publisher

Citation in your text: (Macbeth 1948) Reference list/bibliography: Macbeth. 1948. [film]. Directed by Orson Welles. USA: Republic Pictures.

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2.15.4 Film on DVD or video

Element Title of the film (italics) Year of release of the film Example, including punctuation Throne of blood. 1957. [film]. Directed by Akira Kurosawa. Japan: Toho [videocassette]. or [DVD]. London: Argos Films/British Film Institute.

1 2 3 4 5 6

Director of the film Country of publication of the film 7 Publisher of the film 8 Format 9 City in which the video/DVD company is based 10 Video/DVD company Citation in your text: (Throne of Blood 1957)

Reference list/bibliography: Throne of blood. 1957. [film]. Directed by Akira Kurosawa. Japan: Toho [videocassette]. London: Argos Films/British Film Institute.

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2.15.5 Radio or television series

Element Title of the series (italics) City of publication Radio or TV channel Example, including punctuation The Archers. [radio series]. or [television series]. London: BBC Radio 4.

1 2 3 4

Citation in your text: (The Archers) Reference list/bibliography: The Archers. [radio series]. London: BBC Radio 4.

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2.15.6 Individual episode of radio or television series

Element Title of the series (italics) Year of first broadcast of the episode Episode number and/or title Medium City of publication Publisher (radio or TV channel) Date of first broadcast of the episode Example, including punctuation Yes, minister. 1986. Episode 1, The ministerial broadcast. [radio]. or [television]. London: BBC2. 16 January.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Citation in your text: (Yes, Minister 1986) Reference list/bibliography: Yes, minister. 1986. Episode 1, The ministerial broadcast. [television]. London: BBC2. 16 January.

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2.15.7 Individual contribution to radio or television programme

Element Name of contributor (capitals) Year of first broadcast of the individual broadcast Description of contribution Title of the programme of which this is one broadcast (italics) Medium City of publication Publisher (radio or TV channel) Date of first broadcast of the individual broadcast Example, including punctuation BROWN, G., 2002. Interview. In: Newsnight.

1 2 3 4 5

6 7 8 9

[radio]. or [television]. London: BBC2. 28 March.

Citation in your text: (Brown 2002) Reference list/bibliography: BROWN, G., 2002. Interview. In: Newsnight. [television]. London: BBC2. 28 March.

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2.15.8 Sound recording (audio CD, cassette, vinyl record)

Element Name of artist (capitals) Year of publication of the CD etc Title of the work (italics) Format Country of publication Record company/distributor Example, including punctuation THE CLASH, 1978. Give em enough rope. [vinyl record]. UK. CBS/Epic.

1 2 3 4 5 6

Citation in your text: (The Clash 1978) Reference list/bibliography: THE CLASH, 1978. Give em enough rope. [vinyl record]. UK. CBS/Epic.

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2.15.9 Online video

Element Originator of video (individual, organisation, university etc) (capitals) Year of distribution Title of video (italics) Date of the video URL (address of web page) Date you looked at the video Example, including punctuation BROCKIE, I.,

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

2008. Irene on Kumily elephant. [online video]. 6 January. Available from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XvEtKp4ggBE [Accessed 2 July 2008].

Citation in your text: (Brockie 2008) Reference list/bibliography: BROCKIE, I., 2008. Irene on Kumily elephant. [online video]. 6 January. Available from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XvEtKp4ggBE [Accessed 2 July 2008].

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2.15.10 Blog
Element Name of the owner of the blog (capitals) Year of the posting to which you are referring Title of blog entry (italics) Date the blog entry was written URL (address of web page) Date you looked at the blog entry Example, including punctuation ROBINSON, N., 2008. One year on ... [online]. 27 June 2008. Available from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/nickrobinson/ [Accessed 1 July 2008].

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Citation in your text: (Robinson 2008) Reference list/bibliography: ROBINSON, N., 2008. One year on ... [online]. 27 June 2008. Available from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/nickrobinson/ [Accessed 1 July 2008].

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2.15.11 Computer game or programme

Element Originator or author (capitals) Year of publication Title of the game or programme (italics) Medium City of publication Publisher Example, including punctuation ELECTRONIC ARTS INC, 2003. The Sims. [disc]. London: Electronic Arts Inc.

1 2 3 4 5 6

Citation in your text: (Electronic Arts Inc, 2003) Reference list/bibliography: ELECTRONIC ARTS INC, 2003. The Sims. [disc]. London: Electronic Arts Inc.

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2.15.12 Discussion list

Element Sender of discussion posting (capitals) Year of publication Title of the discussion posting (italics) Date the posting was written Name of discussion list URL (address of web page) Date you looked at the discussion list Example, including punctuation MORGAN, K., 2007. Teaching referencing skills. [online]. 24 April 2007. RefZone Discussion List. Available from: http://www.Staffs.ac.uk/RefZoneLISTS [Accessed 1 July 2008]

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Citation in your text: (Morgan 2007) Reference list/bibliography: MORGAN, K., 2007. Teaching referencing skills. [online]. 24 April 2007. RefZone Discussion List. Available from: http://www.Staffs.ac.uk/RefZoneLISTS [Accessed 1 July 2008].

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2.15.13 Podcast
Element 1 Originator of podcast (individual or organisation) (capitals) Year of distribution Title of podcast (italics) Day and date of the podcast URL (address of web page) Date you looked at the podcast Example, including punctuation BBC WORLD SERVICE,

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

2008. Africa today. [online]. Tuesday 1 July 2008. Available from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio/podcasts/africa/ [Accessed 2 July 2008].

Citation in your text: (BBC World Service 2008) Reference list/bibliography: BBC WORLD SERVICE, 2008. Africa today. [online]. Tuesday 1 July 2008. Available from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio/podcasts/africa/ [Accessed 2 July 2008].

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2.15.14 Wiki
Element 1 2 3 4 5 6 Owner of wiki (capitals) Year of publication Title of wiki (italics) URL (address of web page) Date you looked at the wiki Example, including punctuation STAFFORDSHIRE UNIVERSITY, 2007. Subject wiki for geography library resources. [online]. Available from: http://www.crwnwiki1.staffs.ac.uk/subjectwiki/ index.php/Geography [Accessed 3 July 2008].

Citation in your text: (Staffordshire University 2007) Reference list/bibliography: STAFFORDSHIRE UNIVERSITY, 2007. Subject wiki for geography library resources. [online]. Available from: http://www.crwnwiki1.staff.ac.uk/subjectwiki/index.php/Geography [Accessed 3 July 2008].

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2.16 Committee reports

Element Name of the committee (capitals) Year of publication Title of the committee report (italics) Chairman of the committee City of publication Publisher Example, including punctuation NATIONAL COMMITTEE OF INQUIRY INTO HIGHER EDUCATION, 1997. Higher education in the learning society. (Chairman: Sir Ron Dearing). London: The Stationery Office.

1 2 3 4 5 6

Citation in your text: (National Committee of Inquiry into Higher Education 1997) Reference list/bibliography: NATIONAL COMMITTEE OF INQUIRY INTO HIGHER EDUCATION, 1997. Higher education in the learning society. (Chairman: Sir Ron Dearing). London: The Stationery Office.

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2.17 Patents
Element Patent assignee (capitals) Year of approval of the patent Title of the patent (italics) Country or region of patent Patent number (without region abbreviation or date) Date of patent Example, including punctuation UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, 2004. SQUID detected NMR and MRI at ultralow fields. European patent 1474707

1 2 3 4 5

2004-11-10.

Citation in your text: (University of California 2004) Reference list/bibliography: University of California, 2004. SQUID detected NMR and MRI at ultralow fields. European patent 1474707 2004-11-10.

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2.18 Standards
Element Author of standard (capitals) Year of publication Standard number with year Title of the standard (italics) City of publication Publisher Example, including punctuation BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION, 2005. BS EN ISO 534: 2005. Paper and board: determination of thickness, density and specific volume. London: British Standards Institution.

1 2 3 4 5 6

Citation in your text: (British Standards Institution 2005) Reference list/bibliography: BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION, 2005. BS EN ISO 534: 2005. Paper and board: determination of thickness, density and specific volume. London: British Standards Institution.

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2.19 Legal materials

2.19.1 United Kingdom

2.19.1.1 UK cases reported in law reports Element Case name (italics) Year of publication Abbreviation for the series of case reports Number of the first page of the report Example, including punctuation Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company. 1893. 1 Q.B. 256.

1 2 3 4

Citation in your text: (Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company 1893) Reference list/bibliography: Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company. 1893. 1 Q.B. 256.

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2.19.1.2 UK cases reported in law reports (quoting a passage from the case report or referring to a point of law which it contains) Element Case name (italics) Year of publication Abbreviation for the series of case reports Number of the first page of the report Number of the first page of the quotation or point of law Example, including punctuation Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company. 1893. 1 Q.B. 256 at 266.

1 2 3 4 5 6

Citation in your text: (Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company 1893) Reference list/bibliography: Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company. 1893. 1 Q.B. 256 at 266.

2.19.1.3 UK neutral citations Element Case name (italics) Year of publication Code for the court Case number Example, including punctuation Pinto v Brixton Prison Governor. 2004. E.W.H.C. 2986.

1 2 3 4

Citation in your text: (Pinto v Brixton Prison Governor 2004) Reference list/bibliography: Pinto v. Brixton Prison Governor. 2004. E.W.H.C. 2986.

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2.19.1.4 UK cases only available in newspapers Element Case name Year of publication Title of the newspaper (italics) Date of publication Page reference Example, including punctuation Webley v Department for Work and Pensions. 2005. The Independent. 13 January, p. 43.

1 2 3 4 5

Citation in your text: (Webley v Department for Work and Pensions 2005) Reference list/bibliography: Webley v Department for Work and Pensions. 2005. The Independent. 13 January, p. 43.

2.19.1.5 UK unreported cases Element Case name (italics) Court Date of judgement Example, including punctuation Hawley v Luminar Pleasure Plc. Court of Appeal Queens Bench Division. 10 January 2005. (Unreported).

1 2 3 4

Citation in your text: (Hawley v Luminar Pleasure Plc 2005) Reference list/bibliography: Hawley v Luminar Pleasure Plc. Court of Appeal Queens Bench Division. 10 January 2005. (Unreported).

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2.19.1.6 UK Parliament acts/statutes pre-1963 (referring to the complete act/statute) Element Short title including calendar year of publication (italics) Regnal year of publication and chapter number Example, including punctuation Statute of Westminster 1931 (22 and 23 Geo. 5 c. 4)

1 2

Citation in your text: (Statute of Westminster 1931) Reference list/bibliography: Statute of Westminster 1931 (22 and 23 Geo. 5 c. 4)

2.19.1.7 UK Parliament acts/statutes pre-1963 (referring to one section of the act/statute) Element Short title including calendar year of publication (italics) Regnal year of publication and chapter number Section number Example, including punctuation Dangerous Drugs Act 1951 (14 and 15 Geo. 6 c. 48), s. 18.

1 2 3

Citation in your text: (Dangerous Drugs Act 1951) Reference list/bibliography: Dangerous Drugs Act 1951 (14 and 15 Geo. 6 c. 48), s. 18.

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2.10.1.8 UK Parliament acts/statutes post-1962 (referring to the complete act/statute) Element Short title including calendar year of publication (italics) Chapter number Example, including punctuation Copyright (Visually Impaired Persons) Act 2002. c. 33.

1 2

Citation in your text: (Copyright (Visually Impaired Persons) Act 2002) Reference list/bibliography: Copyright (Visually Impaired Persons) Act 2002. c. 33.

2.19.1.9 UK Parliament acts/statutes post-1962 (referring to one section of the act/statute) Element Short title including calendar year of publication (italics) Chapter number Section number Example, including punctuation Excise Duties (Surcharges or Rebates) Act 1979. c. 8, s. 3.

1 2 3

Citation in your text: (Excise Duties (Surcharges or Rebates) Act 1979) Reference list/bibliography: Excise Duties (Surchages or Rebates) Act 1979. c. 8, s. 3.

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2.19.1.10 UK Parliament statutory instrument Element Title including calendar year of publication (italics) Year of enactment and number Example, including punctuation The Milk Marketing Board (Dissolution) Order 2002. S.I. 2002/128.

1 2

Citation in your text: (The Milk Marketing Board (Dissolution) Order 2002) Reference list/bibliography: The Milk Marketing Board (Dissolution) Order 2002. S.I. 2002/128

2.19.1.11 Bill UK House of Commons Element Short title (italics) Parliamentary session Serial number Example, including punctuation Clean Neighbourhoods and Environment Bill. H.C. Bill (2004-05) 11

1 2 3 4

Citation in your text: (Clean Neighbourhoods and Environment Bill) Reference list/bibliography: Clean Neighbourhoods and Environment Bill. H.C. Bill (2004-05) 11.

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2.19.1.12 Bill UK House of Lords Element Short title (italics) Parliamentary session Serial number Example, including punctuation Climate Change Bill. H.L. Bill (2007-08) 9.

1 2 3 4

Citation in your text: (Climate Change Bill) Reference list/bibliography: Climate Change Bill. H.L. Bill (2007-08) 9.

2.19.1.13 Command paper UK Parliament Element Originating committee or ministry (capitals) Year of publication Title (italics) Abbreviation and number of command paper Example, including punctuation HOME OFFICE, 2004. Legislation on identity cards: a consultation. Cm. 6178.

1 2 3 4

Citation in your text: (Home Office 2004) Reference list/bibliography: HOME OFFICE, 2004. Legislation on identity cards: a consultation. Cm. 6178.

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2.19.1.14 UK Law Commission report, discussion paper etc Element (capitals) Year of publication Title, including report etc number (italics) City of publication Publisher Example, including punctuation LAW COMMISSION, 1969. Restitution of conjugal rights (working paper 22). London: The Stationery Office.

1 2 3 4 5

Citation in your text: (Law Commission 1969) Reference list/bibliography: LAW COMMISSION, 1969. Restitution of conjugal rights (working paper 22). London: The Stationery Office.

2.19.1.15 Hansard House of Commons Element (italics) Year Volume number Column number Date of the debate Example, including punctuation Hansard. 2004. H.C. Vol. 421, col. 2695. (27 May).

1 2 3 4 5 6

Citation in your text: (Hansard 2004) Reference list/bibliography: Hansard. 2004. H.C. Vol. 421, col. 2695. (27 May).

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2.19.1.16 Hansard House of Lords Element (italics) Year Volume number Column number Date of the debate Example, including punctuation Hansard. 2005. H.L. Vol. 675, col. 127. (1 November).

1 2 3 4 5 6

Citation in your text: (Hansard 2005) Reference list/bibliography: Hansard. 2005. H.L. Vol. 675, col. 127. (1 November).

2.19.2 Scotland
2.19.2.1 Scottish Parliament act/statute (referring to the complete act/statute) Element Short title including year of publication (italics) Number Example, including punctuation Tenements (Scotland) Act 2004. a.s.p. 11.

1 2

Citation in your text: (Tenements (Scotland) Act 2004) Reference list/bibliography: Tenements (Scotland) Act 2004. a.s.p 11.

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2.19.2.2 Scottish Parliament act/statute (referring to one section of the act/statute) Element Short title including year of publication (italics) Number Section number Example, including punctuation Tenements (Scotland) Act 2004. a.s.p 11, s. 4.

1 2 3

Citation in your text: (Tenements (Scotland) Act 2004) Reference list/bibliography: Tenements (Scotland) Act 2004. a.s.p. 11, s. 4.

2.19.2.3 Scottish Parliament statutory instrument Element Short title including year of publication (italics) Year of enactment and number Example, including punctuation The Fireworks (Scotland) Regulations 2004. S.S.I. 2004/393.

1 2

Citation in your text: (The Fireworks (Scotland) Regulations 2004) Reference list/bibliography: The Fireworks (Scotland) Regulations 2004. S.S.I. 2004/393.

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2.19.2.4 Bill - Scottish Parliament Element Short title (italics) Parliamentary session Serial number Example, including punctuation Fire (Scotland) Bill. S.P. Bill (2004-05) 24.

1 2 3 4

Citation in your text: (Fire (Scotland) Bill) Reference list/bibliography: Fire (Scotland) Bill. S.P. Bill (2004-05) 24.

2.19.2.5 Scottish Law Commission report, discussion paper etc Element (capitals) Year of publication Title, including report etc number (italics) City of publication Publisher Example, including punctuation SCOTTISH LAW COMMISSION, 2004. Report on insanity and diminished responsibility (report 195). Edinburgh: The Stationery Office.

1 2 3 4 5

Citation in your text: (Scottish Law Commission 2004) Reference list/bibliography: SCOTTISH LAW COMMISSION, 2004. Report on insanity and diminished responsibility (report 195). Edinburgh: The Stationery Office.

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2.19.3 European Community

2.19.3.1 EC cases pre-November 1989 Element Case number Case name (italics) Year of publication Report series abbreviation First page of the case Example, including punctuation Case 43/75. Defrenne v SABENA. 1976. E.C.R. 455.

1 2 3 4 5

Citation in your text: (Case 43/75) Reference list/bibliography: Case 43/75. Defrenne v SABENA. 1976. E.C.R. 455.

2.19.3.2 EC cases post-October 1989 Element Case number inclusive of initial designating the court series Case name (italics) Year of publication Report series abbreviation First page of the case Example, including punctuation Case C-97/98.

2 3 4 5

Peter Jagerskiold v Torolf Gustafsson. 1999. E.C.R. I-7319.

Citation in your text: (Case C-97/98) Reference list/bibliography: Case C-97/98. Peter Jagerskiold v Torolf Gustafsson. 1999. E.C.R. I7319.

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2.19.3.3 EC treaty Element Official title (italics) Popular title if applicable (italics) City of signature Date of signature Treaty series number and year Number of the latest command paper in which the treaty was issued Example, including punctuation Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (European Human Rights Convention) (Rome, 4 November 1950; T.S. 71(1953)); Cmd. 8969.

1 2 3 4 5 6

Citation in your text: (Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms) Reference list/bibliography: Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (European Human Rights Convention) (Rome, 4 November 1950; T.S. 71(1953)); Cmd. 8969.

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2.19.3.4 EC Council directive Element Institutional origin (italics) Year and number (italics) (italics) Date the directive was passed (italics) (italics) Title (italics) Example, including punctuation Council Directive 2004/83/EC of 29 April 2004 on Minimum Standards for the Qualification and Status of Third Country Nationals or Stateless Persons as Refugees or as Persons Who Otherwise Need International Protection and the Content of the Protection Granted.

1 2 3 4 5 6

Citation in your text: (Council Directive 2004/83/EC) Reference list/bibliography: Council Directive 2004/83/EC of 29 April 2004 on Minimum Standards for the Qualification and Status of Third Country Nationals or Stateless Persons as Refugees or as Persons Who Otherwise Need International Protection and the Content of the Protection Granted.

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2.19.3.5 EC Council regulation Element Institutional origin (italics) Institutional treaty (italics) Legislation number and year (italics) (italics) Year the regulation was passed (italics) (italics) Title (italics) Example, including punctuation Council Regulation (EC) 1612/68 of 1968 on Freedom of Movement for Workers within the Community.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Citation in your text: (Council Regulation (EC) 1612/68) Reference list/bibliography: Council Regulation (EC) 1612/68 of 1968 on Freedom of Movement for Workers within the Community.

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2.20 Exhibition catalogues

2.20.1 Catalogue of an exhibition of work by a single artist

Element Name of artist (capitals) Year of publication of the catalogue Title of the catalogue including details of gallery where exhibition took place (italics) Exhibition dates City of publication of the catalogue Publisher Example, including punctuation MCFADYEAN, J., 1989. Exhibition of paintings and sculptures. Catalogue of an exhibition at Forum.

1 2 3

4 5 6

13-18 September 1989. London: The Scottish Gallery.

Citation in your text: (McFadyean 1989) Reference list/bibliography: MCFADYEAN, J., 1989. Exhibition of paintings and sculptures. Catalogue of an exhibition at Forum. 13-18 September 1989. London: The Scottish Gallery.

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2.20.2 Catalogue of an exhibition of work by more than one artist

Element Name of gallery or sponsor of the exhibition (capitals) Year of publication of the catalogue Title of the catalogue including details of gallery where exhibition took place (italics) Exhibition dates City of publication of the catalogue Publisher Example, including punctuation TATE GALLERY, 1987. Art from Europe. Catalogue of an exhibition at the Tate Gallery.

1 2 3

4 5 6

15 April 21 June 1987. London: Tate Gallery.

Citation in your text: (Tate Gallery 1987) Reference list/bibliography: TATE GALLERY, 1987. Art from Europe. Catalogue of an exhibition at the Tate Gallery. 15 April 21 June 1987. London: Tate Gallery.

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2.20.3 Exhibition catalogue which has an explicitly credited author or authors

Element Author(s) (capitals) Year of publication of the catalogue Title of the catalogue including details of gallery where exhibition took place (italics) Exhibition dates City of publication of the catalogue Publisher Example, including punctuation HOUSE, J. and HOPKIN, D., 2007. Impressionists by the sea. Catalogue of an exhibition held at the Royal Academy of Arts.

1 2 3

4 5 6

7 July 2007 30 September 2008. London: Royal Academy of Arts.

Citation in your text: (House and Hopkin 2007) Reference list/bibliography: HOUSE, J. and HOPKIN, D., 2007. Impressionists by the sea. Catalogue of an exhibition held at the Royal Academy of Arts. 7 July 2007 30 September 2008. London: Royal Academy of Arts.

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2.21 Original works of art

Use only if you have referred to a work of art but have NOT reproduced its image in your work. If you have reproduced the image of an art work in your work use the examples for illustrations of works of art at section 2.14.1 below.

2.21.1 Original work of art

Element Artist(s) (capitals) Year in which the work of art was first exhibited Title of the work of art (italics) Format of the work of art City where the work of art can be seen Institution in which the work of art can be seen Example, including punctuation SARGENT, J.S., 1907. Lady Agnew of Lochnaw. Oil on canvas. Edinburgh: National Gallery of Scotland.

1 2 3 4 5 6

Citation in your text: (Sargent 1907) Reference list/bibliography: SARGENT, J.S., 1907. Lady Agnew of Lochnaw. Oil on canvas. Edinburgh: National Gallery of Scotland.

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2.21.2 Original work of art where the artist is not normally known by his or her full real name
Element Artist(s) (capitals) Year in which the work of art was first exhibited Title of the work of art (italics) Format of the work of art City where the work of art can be seen Institution in which the work of art can be seen Example, including punctuation REMBRANDT, 1642. The nightwatch. Oil on canvas. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Rijksmuseum.

1 2 3 4 5 6

Citation in your text: (Rembrandt 1642) Reference list/bibliography: REMBRANDT, 1642. The nightwatch. Oil on canvas. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Rijksmuseum.

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2.21.3 Original work of art of which the year of first exhibition is uncertain
Element Artist(s) (capitals) Year in which the work of art was first exhibited Title of the work of art (italics) Format of the work of art City where the work of art can be seen Institution in which the work of art can be seen Example, including punctuation EL GRECO, c. 1596-1600. View of Toledo. Oil on canvas. New York, NY: Metropolitan Museum of Art.

1 2 3 4 5 6

Citation in your text: (El Greco c. 1596-1600) Reference list/bibliography: EL GRECO, c. 1596-1600. View of Toledo. Oil on canvas. New York, NY: Metropolitan Museum of Art.

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2.22 Illustrations referred to but NOT reproduced in your work

Illustrations might include graphs, tables, maps, photographs, newspaper cartoons, reproductions of works of art etc which are included within books, journal articles, web pages etc. Instructions for referencing these where you have not reproduced them in your work are at section 1.4.6 above.

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2.23 Illustrations reproduced in your work

2.23.1 Works of art

2.23.1.1 Illustration of a work of art taken from a book and reproduced in your work Element Name of artist (capitals) Year of first exhibition of the artwork Title of the artwork Format City where the artwork can be seen Gallery etc where the artwork can be seen Author(s) or editor(s) of the book (capitals) Year of publication Title of the book (italics) Edition (if not the first edition) City of publication of the book Publisher of the book Example, including punctuation RENOIR, P-A., 1878. Madame Charpentier and her children. Oil on canvas. New York, NY: Metropolitan Museum of Art. In: M.R. BROWN, ed., 2002. Picturing children.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 12

Aldershot: Ashgate.

Citation in your text: (Renoir 1878) Reference list/bibliography: RENOIR, P-A., 1878. Madame Charpentier and her children. Oil on canvas. New York, NY: Metropolitan Museum of Art. In: M.R. BROWN, ed., 2002. Picturing children. Aldershot: Ashgate.

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2.23.1.2 Illustration of a work of art taken from a journal article and reproduced in your work Element Name of artist (capitals) Year of first exhibition of the artwork Title of the artwork Format City where the artwork can be seen Gallery etc where the artwork can be seen Author(s) or editor(s) of the article (capitals) Year of publication Title of the article Title of the journal in which the article is published (italics) Volume number Issue number Page reference Example, including punctuation WALKER, K., 2001. Darkytown rebellion. Cut paper and projection on wall. New York, NY: Brent Sikkema. In: E. HEARTNEY, 2007. The long shadows of slavery. Art in America, 13 (9), p. 173.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Citation in your text: (Walker 2001) Reference list/bibliography: WALKER, K., 2001. Darkytown rebellion. Cut paper and projection on wall. New York, NY: Brent Sikkema. In: E. HEARTNEY, 2007. The long shadows of slavery. Art in America, 13(9), p. 173.

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2.23.1.3 Illustration of a work of art taken from a web page and reproduced in your work Element Name of artist (capitals) Year of first exhibition of the artwork Title of the artwork Format City where the artwork can be seen Gallery etc where the artwork can be seen Example, including punctuation DALI, S., 1936. Soft construction with boiled beans (premonition of civil war). Oil on canvas. Philadelphia, PA: Philadelphia Museum of Art. In: METROPOLITAN MUSEUM OF ART, 2007. Special exhibitions: current exhibitions. [online]. New York, NY: Metropolitan Museum of Art. Available from: http://www.metmuseum.org/special/index.asp [Accessed 15 January 2008].

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Author(s) of the web page 9 Year of publication of the web page 10 Title of the web page (italics) 11 12 City of publication of the web page 13 Publisher of the web page 14 15 URL (address of the web page) 16 Date you looked at the web page Citation in your text: (Dali 1936)

Reference list/bibliography: DALI, S., 1936. Soft construction with boiled beans (premonition of civil war). Oil on canvas. Philadelphia, PA: Philadelphia Museum of Art. In: METROPOLITAN MUSEUM OF ART, 2007. Special exhibitions: current exhibitions. [online]. New York, NY: Metropolitan Museum of Art. Available from: http://www.metmuseum.org/special/index.asp [Accessed 15 January 2008].

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2.23.1.4 Illustration of a work of art taken from a catalogue of an exhibition by a single artist and reproduced in your work Element Name of artist (capitals) Year of first exhibition of the artwork Title of the artwork Format Example, including punctuation DEACON, R., 2007. Siamese pink. Ceramic sculpture. In: R. DEACON, 2007. Richard Deacon: personals. Catalogue of an exhibition held at the Ikon Gallery.

1 2 3 4 5 6

Name of the artist (capitals) 7 Year of publication of the catalogue 8 Title of the catalogue including details of gallery where exhibition took place (italics) 9 Exhibition dates 10 City of publication of the catalogue 11 Publisher of the catalogue Citation in your text: (Deacon 2007)

31 January 18 March 2007. Birmingham: Ikon Gallery.

Reference list/bibliography: DEACON, R., 2007. Siamese pink. Ceramic sculpture. In: R. DEACON, 2007. Richard Deacon: personals. Catalogue of an exhibition held at the Ikon Gallery. 31 January 18 March 2007. Birmingham: Ikon Gallery.

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2.23.1.5 Illustration of a work of art taken from a catalogue of an exhibition by several artists and reproduced in your work Element Name of artist (capitals) Year of first exhibition of the artwork Title of the artwork Format Example, including punctuation HUNTER, L., 1923. Cornfield, Fife. Oil on canvas. In: SCOTTISH ARTS COUNCIL, 1970. Three Scottish colourists: Cadell, Hunter, Peploe. Catalogue of an exhibition at the Scottish Arts Council Gallery. 9 May 6 June 1970. Edinburgh: Scottish Arts Council.

1 2 3 4 5 6

Name of the gallery or sponsor of the exhibition (capitals) 7 Year of publication of the catalogue 8 Title of the catalogue including details of gallery where exhibition took place (italics) 9 Exhibition dates 10 City of publication of the catalogue 11 Publisher of the catalogue Citation in your text: (Hunter 1923)

Reference list/bibliography: HUNTER, L., 1923. Cornfield, Fife. Oil on canvas. In: SCOTTISH ARTS COUNCIL, 1970. Three Scottish colourists: Cadell, Hunter, Peploe. Catalogue of an exhibition at the Scottish Arts Council Gallery. 9 May 6 June 1970. Edinburgh: Scottish Arts Council.

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2.23.1.6 Illustration of a work of art taken from a catalogue of an exhibition where there is an explicitly credited author and reproduced in your work Element Name of artist (capitals) Year of first exhibition of the artwork Title of the artwork Format Example, including punctuation HOGARTH, W., 1757. Hogarth painting the comic muse. Oil on canvas. In: M. HALLETT and C. RIDING, 2006. Hogarth. Catalogue of an exhibition held at the Musee de Louvre.

1 2 3 4 5 6

Author(s) of the catalogue 7 Year of publication of the catalogue 8 Title of the catalogue including details of gallery where exhibition took place (italics) 9 Exhibition dates 10 City of publication of the catalogue 11 Publisher of the catalogue Citation in your text: (Hogarth 1757)

18 October 2006 7 January 2007. London: Tate.

Reference list/bibliography: HOGARTH, W., 1757. Hogarth painting the comic muse. Oil on canvas. In: M. HALLETT and C. RIDING, 2006. Hogarth. Catalogue of an exhibition held at the Musee de Louvre. 18 October 2006 7 January 2007. London: Tate.

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2.23.1.7 Illustration of a work of art taken from a newspaper article and reproduced in your work Element Name of artist (capitals) Year of first exhibition of the artwork Title of the artwork Format Example, including punctuation MUNCH, E., 1893. The scream. Oil, tempera and pastel on cardboard. In: G. FOUCHE and O. BOWCOTT, 2004. Tourists see Munchs Scream stolen. The Guardian, 23 August, p. 1.

1 2 3 4 5 6

Author(s) of the newspaper article (capitals) 7 Year of publication of the article 8 Title of the article 9 Name of the newspaper (italics) 10 Date of publication of the article 11 Page reference of the article Citation in your text: (Munch 1893)

Reference list/bibliography: MUNCH, E., 1893. The scream. Oil, tempera and pastel on cardboard. In: G. FOUCHE and O. BOWCOTT, 2004. Tourists see Munchs Scream stolen. The Guardian, 23 August, p. 1.

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2.23.2 Other types of illustration, eg figures, graphs, tables, non-artistic photographs etc

2.23.2.1 Where the illustration is the work of the author of the book from which you have taken it Element Name of author(s) (capitals) Year of publication Title of the book (italics) Edition (if not the first edition) City of publication Publisher Example, including punctuation LAWLOR, D.W., 1987. Photosynthesis: metabolism, control and physiology.

1 2 3 4 5 6

New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc.

Citation in your text: (Lawlor 1987 p. 58, table 4.1) Reference list/bibliography: LAWLOR, D.W., 1987. Photosynthesis: metabolism, control and physiology. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc.

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2.23.2.2 Where the illustration is the work of the author of the journal article from which you have taken it Element Name of author(s) (capitals) Year of publication Title of the article Title of the journal in which the article was published (italics) Volume number Issue number Page reference for the article Example, including punctuation MCSHERRY, D., 2005. Retrieval failure and recovery in recommender systems. Artificial Intelligence Review,

1 2 3 4

5 6 7

24 (3-4), pp. 319-338.

Citation in your text: (McSherry 2005 p. 325 fig. 2) Reference list/bibliography: MCSHERRY, D., 2005. Retrieval failure and recovery in recommender systems. Artificial Intelligence Review, 24(3-4), pp. 319-338.

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2.23.2.3 Where the illustration is the work of the author of the web page from which you have taken it Element Name of author(s) (capitals) Year of publication Title of the web page (italics) City of publication Publisher URL (address of the web page) Date you looked at the web page Example, including punctuation THE ROBERT GORDON UNIVERSITY, 2008. The university. [online]. Aberdeen: The Robert Gordon University. Available from: http://www.rgu.ac.uk/governance/who/ [Accessed 15 January 2008].

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Citation in your text: (The Robert Gordon University 2008) Reference list/bibliography: THE ROBERT GORDON UNIVERSITY, 2008. The university. [online]. Aberdeen: The Robert Gordon University. Available from: http://www.rgu.ac.uk/governance/who/ [Accessed 15 January 2008].

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2.23.2.4 Where the illustration is not the work of the author of the book from which you have taken it Element Name(s) of author(s) of the illustration (capitals) Year of publication of the illustration Title of the illustration Example, including punctuation FIDDES, J., 2002. Garthdee House, the mansion purchased by Tom Scott Sutherland in 1953. In: H. ELLINGTON, 2002. The Robert Gordon University: a history.

1 2 3 4 5

Author(s) or editor(s) of the book (capitals) 6 Date of publication of the book 7 Title of the book (italics) 8 Edition (if not the first edition) 9 City of publication of the book 10 Publisher Citation in you text: (Fiddes 2001 p. 94)

Aberdeen: The Robert Gordon University.

Reference list/bibliography FIDDES, J., 2001. Garthdee House, the mansion purchased by Tom Scott Sutherland in 1953. In: H. ELLINGTON, 2002. The Robert Gordon University: a history. Aberdeen: The Robert Gordon University.

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2.23.2.5 Where the illustration is not the work of the author of the journal article from which you have taken it Element Name(s) of author(s) of the illustration (capitals) Year of publication of the illustration Title of the illustration Example, including punctuation COX, S.,

2 3 4 5

2008. Keys and locks fixed to the shutters of Dragon by the National Trust. In: J. HOWARD, 2008. Snowshill Manor: the spirit of place and visitor. Journal of Architectural Conservation,

Author(s) of the journal article (capitals) 6 Date of publication of the journal article 7 Title of the journal article 8 Title of the journal in which the article was published (italics) 9 Volume number 10 Part/issue number 11 Page reference of the article Citation in you text: (Cox 2008 p. 23)

14 (1), pp. 7-32.

Reference list/bibliography COX, S., 2008. Keys and locks fixed to the shutters of Dragon by the National Trust. In: J. HOWARD, 2008. Snowshill Manor: the spirit of place and visitor. Journal of Architectural Conservation, 14(1), pp. 7-32.

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2.23.2.6 Where the illustration is not the work of the author of the web page from which you have taken it Element Name(s) of author(s) of the illustration (capitals) Year of publication of the illustration Title of the illustration Author(s) or editor(s) of the web page (capitals) Year of publication of the web page Title of the web page (italics) Example, including punctuation PIKE, T.,

2 3 4 5

2008. Marsquake sensor. In: BBC NEWS,

6 7 8 9

2008. Phoenix diary: mission to Mars. [online]. London: BBC News. Available from: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7408033.stm [Accessed 24 June 2008].

City of publication of the web page 10 Publisher of the web page 11 12 URL (address of web page) 13 Date you looked at the web page Citation in your text: (Pike 2008)

Reference list/bibliography PIKE, T., 2008. Marsquake sensor. In: BBC NEWS, 2008. Phoenix diary: mission to Mars. [online]. London: BBC News. Available from: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7408033.stm [Accessed 24 June 2008]

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2.23.2.7 Newspaper cartoon Element Name of cartoonist (capitals) Year of publication Title of the cartoon Title of the newspaper (italics) Day and month of publication Page reference Example, including punctuation WILLIAMS, K., 2008. Underlaying trend. [cartoon]. Guardian. 2 July. p. 28.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Citation in your text: (Williams 2008) Reference list/bibliography WILLIAMS, K., 2008. Underlaying trend. [Cartoon]. Guardian. 2 July. p. 28.

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2.24 Maps

2.24.1 Where you refer to, but do not reproduce, the map in your work

Instructions for referencing maps which you have seen in books, journal articles etc, but which you have NOT reproduced in your work are at section 1.4.6 above. The exception to this is where you have referred to a map which is published in its own right rather than as a part of a larger work. Instructions for this case are given below.

2.24.1.1 Map published in its own right Element Name of cartographer (usually a company or corporate body) (capitals) Year of publication Title of the map (italics) Scale Series, if the map is part of one City of publication Publisher Example, including punctuation ORDNANCE SURVEY,

2 3 4 5 6 7

1990. Ballater, Glen Clova and surrounding area. 1:50 000. Landranger. Southampton: Ordnance Survey.

Citation in your text: (Ordnance Survey 1990) Reference list/bibliography: ORDNANCE SURVEY, 1990. Ballater, Glen Clova and surrounding area. 1:50 000. Landranger. Southampton: Ordnance Survey.

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2.24.2 Where you reproduce the map in your work

2.24.2.1 Map published in its own right Element Name of cartographer (usually a company or corporate body) (capitals) Year of publication Title of the map (italics) Scale Series, if the map is part of one City of publication Publisher Example, including punctuation ORDNANCE SURVEY,

2 3 4 5 6 7

1990. Ballater, Glen Clova and surrounding area. 1:50 000. Landranger. Southampton: Ordnance Survey.

Citation in your text: (Ordnance Survey 1990) Reference list/bibliography: ORDNANCE SURVEY, 1990. Ballater, Glen Clova and surrounding area. 1:50 000. Landranger. Southampton: Ordnance Survey.

2.24.2.2 Map which is the work of the author of a book, journal article, web site etc in which you have seen it Give the page reference and figure etc number in the citation in your text, eg: (Smith 1956 p. 87) and then simply provide a reference to the complete book, journal article, web page etc in your reference list/bibliography at the end of your work.

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2.24.2.3 Map taken from a book but which is not the work of the author of the book Element Name of the author of the map (capitals) Year of publication of the map Title of the map Example, including punctuation PEARSON, C., 1869. Saxon England. In: J. BLACK, 1997. Maps and history: constructing images of the past.

1 2 3 4 5

Author(s) or editor(s) of the book (capitals) 6 Year of publication of the book 7 Title of the book (italics) 8 Edition (if not the first edition) 9 City of publication of the book 10 Publisher of the book 11 Page number and figure etc number for the map Citation in your text: (Pearson 1869)

New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. p. 84, Fig 19.

Reference list/bibliography: PEARSON, C., 1869. Saxon England. In: J. BLACK, 1997. Maps and history: constructing images of the past. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. p. 84, fig. 19.

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2.24.2.4 Map taken from a journal article but which is not the work of the author of the article Element Name of the author of the map (capitals) Year of publication of the map Title of the map Author(s) of the journal article (capitals) Year of publication of the journal article Title of the article Example, including punctuation DE WIT, F., 1680. The map of De Wit. In: G. TIMAR et al., 2008. Combination of historical maps and satellite images of the Banat region: re-appearance of an old wetland area. Global and Planetary Change,

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Title of the journal in which the article was published (italics) 9 Volume number 10 Issue number 11 Page reference of the article 12 Page reference and Fig etc number for the map Citation in your text: (De Wit 1680)

62, (1). pp. 29-38. p. 33, fig. 4.

Reference list/bibliography: DE WIT, F., 1680. The map of De Wit. In: G. TIMAR et al., 2008. Combination of historical maps and satellite images of the Banat region: re-appearance of an old wetland area. Global and Planetary Change, 62(1), pp. 29-38. p. 33, fig. 4.

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2.24.2.5 Map taken from a web page but which is not the work of the author of the web page Element Name of the author of the map (capitals) Year of publication of the map Title of the map Author(s) of web page (capitals) Year of publication of the web page Title of the web page (italics) Example, including punctuation HOMEN, D., 1558. The British Isles In: THE BRITISH LIBRARY 2008. Learning: mapping history Elizabeth Is map of the British Isles, 1558. [online]. London: British Library. Available from: http://www.bl.uk/learning/artimages/ mapping minds/war/british1558extract/ britishisles.html [Accessed 4 June 2008].

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

City of publication of the web page 10 Publisher of the web page 11 12 URL (address of the web page) 13 Date you looked at the web site Citation in your text: (Homen 1558)

Reference list/bibliography: HOMEN, D., 1558. The British Isles. In: THE BRITISH LIBRARY, 2008. Learning: mapping history Elizabeth Is map of the British Isles, 1558. [online]. London: British Library. Available from: http://www.bl.uk/learning/artimages/mappingminds/war/ british1558extract/britishisles.html [Accessed 4 June 2008].

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2.25 Personal communications (conversations, letters, e-mails etc)

A citation for a personal communication is inserted into your text giving: In capitals the name of the person from whom you received the communication (if this does not occur naturally in your text); In the case of letters or e-mails this can be indicated as by letter or by e-mail; The words personal communication; The date the communication took place.

For example: (BROWN, C., personal communication. 27 June 2008) or (BROWN, C., personal communication by letter. 27 June 2008) or, if the name occurs naturally in your text, Chris Brown (personal communication by e-mail. 27 June 2008) has decided he hates referencing. NB. Personal communications are NOT included in your reference list/bibliography at the end of your work.

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2.26 Interviews

2.26.1 Interview which you have conducted

1 2 3 4 5 Name of person interviewed (capitals) Year of interview Title of the interview (italics) Date on which the interview was conducted MATHIESON, A., 2004. The provision of information to prisoners in Scotland. [interview]. 25 June.

Citation in your text: (Mathieson 2004) Reference list/bibliography: MATHIESON, A., 2004. The provision of information to prisoners in Scotland. [interview]. 25 June.

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2.26.2 Interview which has been recorded

1 2 3 4 5 6 Name of person interviewed (capitals) Year of interview (italics) Name of interviewer the date of the interview (italics) City where the interview was conducted (if applicable) TEMPLETON, E., 2008. Interview with C. Brown on 10 July. Aberdeen. [recording in possession of author].

Citation in your text: (Templeton 2008) Reference list/bibliography: TEMPLETON, E., 2008. Interview with C. Brown on 10 July. Aberdeen. [Recording in possession of author].

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2.27 Lectures

2.27.1 The lecture itself

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Name of lecturer (capitals) Year of lecture Title of lecture (italics) Title of module Name of teaching institution Department of the teaching institution Room in which the lecture was delivered Date on which the lecture was delivered REID, P.H., 2008. Local studies. [lecture]. Reference and Inquiry Services module. The Robert Gordon University, Department of Information Management, Aberdeen Business School, room FOM 225, 25 January.

Citation in your text: (Reid 2008) Reference list/bibliography: REID, P.H., 2008. Local studies. [lecture]. Reference and Inquiry Services module. The Robert Gordon University, Department of Information Management, Aberdeen Business School, room FOM 225, 25 January.

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2.27.2 Lecture notes

1 2 3 4 5 Name of lecturer (capitals) Year of lecture Title of lecture and module code REID, P.H., 2008. Local studies, BSM061. [lecture notes]. Local studies.

Title which appears on the lecture notes themselves (may by the same as the title of the lecture) (italics) 6 Title of module 7 Name of teaching institution 8 Department of the teaching institution 9 Room in which the lecture was delivered 10 Date on which the lecture was delivered Citation in your text: (Reid 2008)

Reference and Inquiry Services module. The Robert Gordon University, Department of Information Management, Aberdeen Business School, room FOM 225, 25 January.

Reference list/bibliography: REID, P.H., 2008. Local studies, BSM061. [Lecture notes]. Local studies. Reference and Inquiry Services module, The Robert Gordon University, Department of Information Management, Aberdeen Business School, room FOM 225, 25 January.

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2.28 Music scores

1 2 3 4 5 6 Composer (capitals) Year of publication Title of the score (italics) Series title and volume/number City of publication Publisher ELGAR, E., 1985. Variations on an original theme:enigma: for orchestra: op. 36 (Edition Eulenberg; no. 884). London: E. Eulenberg.

Citation in your text: (Elgar 1985) Reference list/bibliography: ELGAR, E., 1985. Variations on an original theme: enigma: for orchestra: op. 36 (Edition Eulenberg; no. 884). London: E. Eulenberg.

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140

3. EXAMPLE REFERENCE LIST/BIBLIOGRAPHY

You can provide at the end of your work a separate: Reference list containing all the items from which you have quoted, or to which you have referred, in your text. Therefore each item will have a citation in the text; and Bibliography containing items, such as background reading, which you have read but to which you have not directly referred in your work. There will be no citation in the text for these items.

Alternatively, the reference list and bibliography can be combined into one Reference list/bibliography.

141

REFERENCE LIST/BIBLIOGRPAHY
The Archers. [radio series]. London: BBC Radio 4. BANIT, D.M., KAUFER, H. and HARTFORD, J.M., 2002. Intraoperative frozen section analysis in revision total joint arthroplasty. Clinical Orthopaedics, (401), pp. 230-238. BBC WORLD SERVICE, 2008. Africa today. [online]. Tuesday 1 July 2008. Available from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio/podcasts/africa/ [Accessed 2 July 2008]. BENNETT, R., ed., 2003. New challenges for corporate and marketing communications. Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Corporate and Marketing Communications. 7-8 April 2003. London: London Metropolitan University. BOELENS, L. and SANDER, W., eds., 2003. The big kan atlas: 100 maps on the urban network of the Arnhem-Nijmegen conglomeration. Rotterdam, Netherlands: 010. BOMBERG, E., PETERSON, J. and STUBB, A., eds., 2008. The European Union: how does it work? 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. BREWSTER, F., FENTON, H. and MORRIS, M., 2005. Shock! Horror!: astounding artwork from the video nasty era. Guildford: FAB. British Medical Journal. 2002. 21st-century heart solution may have a sting in the tail. British Medical Journal, 325(7357), p. 184. BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION, 2005. BS EN ISO 534: 2005. Paper and board: determination of thickness, density and specific volume. London: British Standards Institution. BROCKIE, I., 2008. Irene on Kumily elephant. [online video]. 6 January. Available from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XvEtKp4ggBE [Accessed 2 July 2008]. BROWN, C.M., 2008. Harvard referencing for the Robert Gordon University. Unpublished. BROWN, G., 2002. Interview. In: Newsnight. [television]. London: BBC2. 28 March. BURNHAM, R. and KAI-KEE, E., 2005. The art of teaching in the museum. Journal of Aesthetic Education, 39(1), pp. 65.76. Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company. 1893. 1 Q.B. 256. Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company. 1893. 1 Q.B. 256 at 266.

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Case 43/75. Defrenne v SABENA. 1976. E.C.R. 455. Case C-97/98. Peter Jagerskiold v Torolf Gustafsson. 1999. E.C.R. I7319. CHADWICK, R. and SCHUKLENK, U., 2002. The politics of ethical consensus finding. Bioethics, 16(2), pp. iii-v. CHRISTIANSEN, K., 2005. Going for baroque: bringing 17th-century masters to the Met. Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, 62(3), pp. 3-48. THE CLASH, 1978. Give em enough rope. [vinyl record]. UK. CBS/Epic. Clean Neighbourhoods and Environment Bill. H.C. Bill (2004-05) 11. Climate Change Bill. H.L. Bill (2007-08) 9. COATES, D., ed., 2004. Understanding cancer of the large bowel (colon and rectum). revised ed. London: Cancerbackup. Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (European Human Rights Convention) (Rome, 4 November 1950; T.S. 71(1953)); Cmd. 8969. Collins Polish dictionary, 2007. Glasgow: Collins. Copyright (Visually Impaired Persons) Act 2002. c. 33. Council Directive 2004/83/EC of 29 April 2004 on Minimum Standards for the Qualification and Status of Third Country Nationals or Stateless Persons as Refugees or as Persons Who Otherwise Need International Protection and the Content of the Protection Granted. Council Regulation (EC) 1612/68 of 1968 on Freedom of Movement for Workers within the Community. COX, S., 2008. Keys and locks fixed to the shutters of Dragon by the National Trust. In: J. HOWARD, 2008. Snowshill Manor: the spirit of place and visitor. Journal of Architectural Conservation, 14(1), PP. 7-32. DALI, S., 1936. Soft construction with boiled beans (premonition of civil war). Oil on canvas. Philadelphia, PA: Philadelphia Museum of Art. In: METROPOLITAN MUSEUM OF ART, 2007. Special exhibitions: current exhibitions. [online]. New York, NY: Metropolitan Museum of Art. Available from: http://www.metmuseum.org/special/index.asp [Accessed 15 January 2008]. Dangerous Drugs Act 1951. (14 and 15 Geo. 6 c. 48), s. 18. DE WIT, F., 1680. The map of De Wit. In: G. TIMAR et al., 2008. Combination of historical maps and satellite images of the Banat region:

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re-appearance of on old wetland area. Global and Planetary Change, 62(1). pp. 29-38. p. 33, fig. 4. DEACON, R., 2007. Siamese pink. Ceramic sculpture. In: R. DEACON, 2007. Richard Deacon: personals. Catalogue of an exhibition held at the Ikon Gallery. 31 January 18 March 2007. Birmingham: Ikon Gallery. DIABETES PREVENTION PROGRAM RESEARCH GROUP, 2002. Hypertension, insulin, and proinsulin in participants with impaired glucose tolerance. Hypertension, 40(5), pp. 679-686. DOUKAKIS, I., PROCTOR, T. and PROCTOR, S., 2003. Creativity and advertising. In: R. BENNETT, ed. New challenges for corporate and marketing communications. Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Corporate and Marketing Communications. 7-8 April 2003. London: London Metropolitan University. pp. 54-63. EL GRECO, c. 1596-1600. View of Toledo. Oil on canvas. New York, NY: Metropolitan Museum of Art. ELECTRONIC ARTS INC, 2003. The Sims. [disc]. London: Electronic Arts Inc. ELGAR, E., 1985. Variations on an original theme: enigma: for orchestra: op. 36 (Edition Eulenberg; no. 8840. London: E. Eulenberg. Excise Duties (Surcharges or Rebates) Act 1979. c. 8, s. 3. FANCHI, J.R., 2006. Principles of applied reservoir simulation. 3rd ed. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Gulf Professional. FIDDES, J., 2002. Garthdee House, the mansion purchased by Tom Scott Sutherland in 1953. In: H. ELLINGTON, 2002. The Robert Gordon University: a history. Aberdeen: The Robert Gordon University. Fire (Scotland) Bill. S.P. Bill (2004-05) 24. The Fireworks (Scotland) Regulations 2004. S.S.I. 2004/393. FRAZER, J.G., 1922. The golden bough. [online]. New York, NY: Macmillan. Available from: http://www.bartleby.com/196/168.html [Accessed 17 December 2007]. GELFGAT, M., BASOVICH, V. and ADELMAN, A., 2006. Aluminium alloy tubulars for the oil and gas industry. World Oil, 227(7), pp. 45-51. GERAUD, G., SPIERINGS, E.L. and KEYWOOD, C., Tolerability and safety for frovatriptan with short- and long-term use for treatment of migraine and in comparison with sumatriptan. Headache, 42, supplement 2, pp. S93-99. GLAUSER, T.A., 2002. Integrating clinical trail data into clinical practice. Neurology, 58(12, supplement 7), pp. S6-12. 144

GOLDING, J., 1981. Cubism. In: N. STANGOS, ed. Concepts of modern art. revised ed. London: Thames and Hudson. pp. 50-78. GORBACHEV, M., 1987. Perestroika. expanded ed. London: Fontana/Collins. GREAT BRITAIN. HEALTH AND SAFETY EXECUTIVE (HSE), 2001. Health and safety in care homes. Sudbury: HSE. GRUSHKIN, P., 1991. The art of rock: posters from Presley to punk. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Artabras. GSTEAU, M., 2003. The tree: a symbol of life. PSA Journal. [online]. 69(1). Available from: http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1306/is_1_69/ai_96621024 [Accessed 3 January 2008]. Hansard. 2004. H.C. Vol. 421, col. 2695. (27 May). Hansard. 2005. H.L. Vol. 675, col. 127. (1 November). Hawley v Luminar Pleasure Plc. Court of Appeal Queens Bench Division. 10 January 2005. (Unreported). HEYWOOD, P.M. et al., eds., 2006. Developments in European politics. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. HOGARTH, W., 1757. Hogarth painting the comic muse. Oil on canvas. In: M. HALLETT and C. RIDING, 2006. Hogarth. Catalogue of an exhibition held at the Musee de Louvre. 18 October 2006 7 January 2007. London: Tate. HOME OFFICE, 2004. Legislation on identity cards: a consultation. Cm. 6178. HOMEN, D., 1558. The British Isles. In: THE BRITISH LIBRARY, 2008. Learning: mapping history Elizabeth Is map of the British Isles, 1558. [online]. London: The British Library. Available from: http://www.bl.uk/learning/artimages/mapping_minds/war/british1558extr act/britishisles.html [Accessed 4 June 2008]. HOUSE, J. and HOPKIN, D., 2007. Impressionists by the sea. Catalogue of an exhibition held at the Royal Academy of Arts. 7 July 2007 30 September 2008. London: Royal Academy of Arts. HUNTER, L., 1923. Cornfield, Fife. Oil on canvas. In: SCOTTISH ARTS COUNCIL, 1970. Three Scottish colourists: Cadell, Hunter, Peploe. Catalogue of an exhibition at the Scottish Arts Council Gallery. 9 May 6 June 1970. Edinburgh: Scottish Arts Council. JOHNSON, S., 1997. Atlas & gazetteer of the railways of Ireland. Leicester: Midland. 145

JONES, L., 2005. Ballet moves. [DVD]. Dance Mat Ltd. JONES, R., 2007. Hungarian folk dance. [Victoria Hall, Stoke on Trent. 16 December 2007]. JUPP, V., ed., 2006. The Sage dictionary of social research methods. London: Sage. LAW COMMISSION, 1969. Restitution of conjugal rights (working paper 22). London: The Stationery Office. LAWLOR, D.W., 1987. Photosynthesis: metabolism, control and physiology. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc. Macbeth. 1948. [film]. Directed by Orson Welles. USA: Republic Pictures. MATHIESON, A., 2004. The provision of information to prisoners in Scotland. [interview]. 25 June. MCFADYEAN, J., 1989. Exhibition of paintings and sculptures. Catalogue of an exhibition at Forum. 13-18 September 1989. London: The Scottish Gallery. MCSHERRY, D., 2005. Retrieval failure and recovery in recommender systems. Artificial Intelligence Review, 24(3-4), pp. 319-338. The Milk Marketing Board (Dissolution) Order 2002. S.I. 2002/128. MORGAN, K., 2007. Teaching referencing skills. [online]. 24 April 2007. RefZone Discussion List. Available from: http://www.Staffs.ac.uk/RefZoneLISTS [Accessed 1 July 2008]. MULVEY, S., 2006. Chernobyls continuing hazards. [online]. London: BBC News. Available from: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4942828.stm [Accessed 16 February 2006]. MUNCH, E., 1893. The scream. Oil, tempera and pastel on cardboard. In: G. FOUCHE and O. BOWCOTT, 2004. Tourists see Munchs Scream stolen. The Guardian, 23 August, p. 1. NATIONAL COMMITTEE OF INQUIRY INTO HIGHER EDUCATION, 1997. Higher education in the learning society. (Chairman: Sir Ron Dearing0. London: The Stationery Office. One-man Star Wars. By C. Ross. 2008. [play]. 6 July. Aberdeen Music Hall. Performer: C. Ross. Director: T.J. Dawe. ORDNANCE SURVEY, 1990. Ballater, Glen Clova and surrounding area. 1:50 000. Landranger. Southampton: Ordnance Survey. 146

OSBORN, F.J., 1976. Industrial housing estates. In: A. WHITTICK, ed., Encyclopedia of urban planning. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. PALMER, K.T., COX, R.A.F. and BROWN, I., eds., 2007. Fitness for work: the medical aspects. 4th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. PAYNE, J.R. and PHILLIPS, C.R., 1985. Petroleum spills in the marine environment: the chemistry and formation of water-in-oil emulsions and tar balls. Chelsea, MI: Lewis Publishers. PEARSON, C., 1869. Saxon England. In: J. BLACK, 1997. Maps and history: constructing images of the past. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. p. 84, fig. 19. PIKE, T., 2008. Marsquake sensor. In: BBC NEWS, 2008. Phoenix diary: mission to Mars. [online]. London: BBC News. Available from: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7408033.stm [Accessed 24 June 2008]. Pinto v Brixton Prison Governor. 2004. E.W.H.C. 2986. REID, P.H., 2008a. Local studies. [lecture]. Reference and Inquiry Services module. The Robert Gordon University, Department of Information Management, Aberdeen Business School, room FOM 225, 25 January. REID, P.H., 2008b. Local studies, BSM061. [lecture notes]. Local studies. Reference and Inquiry Services module. The Robert Gordon University, Department of Information Management, Aberdeen Business School, room FOM 225, 25 January. REID, R., 2007. Dons fan threatens legal action: disappointed student claims to have spent three hours on phone trying to buy ticket. Press and Journal, 24 October, p. 6. REMBRANDT, 1642. The nightwatch. Oil on canvas. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Rijksmuseum. RENCKEN, D.W., 1991. A quantitative model for adaptive task allocation in human-computer interfaces. Unpublished DPhil thesis, University of Oxford. RENOIR, P-A., 1878. Madame Charpentier and her children. Oil on canvas. New York, NY: Metropolitan Museum of Art. In: M.R. BROWN, ed., 2002. Picturing children. Aldershot: Ashgate. THE ROBERT GORDON UNIVERSITY, 2007. Aberdeen city and shire. [CDROM]. Aberdeen: Cinecosse.

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THE ROBERT GORDON UNIVERSITY, 2008. The university. [online]. Aberdeen: The Robert Gordon University. Available from: http://www.rgu.ac.uk/governance/who [Accessed 15 January 2008]. ROBINSON, N., 2008. One year on ... [online]. 17 June 2008. Available from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/nickrobinson [Accessed 1 July 2008]. RODMAN, K.E., ed., 2003. Aspergers syndrome and adults ... is anyone listening?: essays and poems by partners, parents and family members of adults with Aspergers syndrome. London: Jessica Kingsley. ROEDER, K. et al., 1967. Nerve cells and insect behavior. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ROYAL PHARMACEUTICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN, 2006. Medicines, ethics & practice: a guide for pharmacists & pharmacy technicians. 30th ed. London: Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. SARGENT, J.S., 1907. Lady Agnew of Lochnaw. Oil on canvas. Edinburgh: National Gallery of Scotland. SCOTTISH LAW COMMISSION, 2004. Report on insanity and diminished responsibility (report 195). Edinburgh: The Stationery Office. SETTERSTEIN, L., 1999. Critical thinking and participation in health behaviors. [online]. PhD thesis, University of Wisconsin. Available from: http://www.library/wisc.edu/databases/connect/dissertations.html [Accessed 26 October 2004]. SHAKESPEARE, W., 1975. The merchant of Venice. [play]. London: Folio Society. SINGLETON, P., 2008. Dictionary of DNA and genome technology. Malden, MA: Blackwell. SKINNER, D. and DRISCOLL, P., eds., 2007. ABC of major trauma. 4th ed. London: British Medical Journal. STAFFORDSHIRE UNIVERSITY, 2007. Subject wiki for geography library resources. [online]. Available from: http://www.crwnwiki1.staffs.ac.uk/subjectwiki/index.php/Geography [Accessed 3 July 2008]. STANGOS, N., ed., 1981. Concepts of modern art. revised ed. London: Thames and Hudson. Statute of Westminster 1931 (22 and 23 Geo. 5 c. 4) Stephen Fry: the secret life of the manic depressive, 2006. [videocassette]. London: British Broadcasting Corporation. TATE GALLERY, 1987. Art from Europe. Catalogue of an exhibition at the Tate Gallery. 15 April 21 June 1987. London: Tate Gallery. 148

TEMPLETON, E., 2008. Interview with C. Brown on 10 July. Aberdeen. [recording in possession of author]. Tenements (Scotland) Act 2004. a.s.p. 11. Tenements (Scotland) Act 2004. a.s.p. 11, s. 4. Throne of blood. 1957. [film]. Directed by Akira Kurosawa. Japan: Toho [videocassette]. London: Argos Films/British Film Institute. Times. 2007. Flu risk to ducks. Times, 24 October, p. 4.

TURNER, P.S., 1906. Image of an artist. [manuscript]. Holden Collection. 600. Holden Library. London. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, 2004. SQUID detected NMR and MRI at ultralow fields. European patent 1474707 2004-11-10. UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA. COLLEGE OF MEDICINE, 2007. Patient care. [online]. Gainesville, FL: University of Florida. Available from: http://www.med.ufl.edu/patients/index.shtml [Accessed 13 December 2007]. WAGNER, M.R. et al., 2006. Horizontal drilling and openhole gravel packing with oil-based fluids: an industry milestone. SPE Drilling and Completion, 21(1), pp. 32-43. WALKER, K., 2001. Darkytown rebellion. Cut paper and projection on wall. New York, NY: Brent Sikkema. In: E. HEARTNEY, 2007. The long shadows of slavery. Art in America, 13(9), p. 173. Webley v Department for Work and Pensions. 2005. The Independent. 13 January, p. 43. World travel atlas, 2003. Swanley: Highbury Columbus Travel. Yes, minister. 1986. Episode 1, The ministerial broadcast. [television]. London: BBC2. 16 January.

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