Master Thesis

Development and Evaluation of a Small Punch Testing Device

Jan Benjamin Ottosson

Linkping 2010

LIU-IEI-TEK-A10/00870SE

Division of Engineering Materials Department of Management and Engineering (IEI) Linkpings universitet, SE-581 83 Linkping, Sweden

Development and Evaluation of a Small Punch Testing Device

Masters thesis project conducted at Division of Engineering Materials Linkpings universitet by

Jan Benjamin Ottosson LIU-IEI-TEK-A10/00870SE

Supervisor and Examiner:

Hkan Brodin

Linkping, 10 June, 2010

Avdelning, Institution Division, Department Department of Management and Engineering Division of Engineering Materials Linkpings universitet S-581 83 Linkping, Sweden Sprk Language Svenska/Swedish Engelska/English Rapporttyp Report category Licentiatavhandling Examensarbete C-uppsats D-uppsats vrig rapport ISBN ISRN

Datum Date

2010-006-10

LIU-IEI-TEK-A10/00870SE Serietitel och serienummer ISSN Title of series, numbering

URL fr elektronisk version

Titel Title

Development and Evaluation of a Small Punch Testing Device

Frfattare Jan Benjamin Ottosson Author

Sammanfattning Abstract In the turbine industry today, thermal barrier coatings are a commonly used, these are 0.1-2mm thick. So to be able to do some type of mechanical testing to receive material data so one can build an opinion regarding the health of the material. One needs a procedure that can work with small specimens and achieve clear results that can be transformed and compared with known data and known procedures. One of those methods is Small Punch Testing. This thesis describes one way to develop and test a functioning prototype of a Small Punch Testing device. The thesis includes; the reason it was developed in the beginning and how it has been developed throughout the decades, also in which areas the main research is made. It also shortly describes a working procedure in Ansys to get a Finite Element Method [FEM] model working. This method showed itself as useful, when just a small sample is at hand. The trials in this thesis also show that repetitive test can be done with good results which can be compared with real and FEM analysis data such as uts . Inom turbin industrin idag s r keramiska vrme barrirer vanligt frekommande dessa r normalt 0,1-2mm tjocka. Fr att kunna utfra mekanisk provning som grund fr att bilda en sikt om materialets kondition. S behver man en metod som kan stadkomma tydliga data med sm provbitar, Small Punch Testing r en av dem. Den hr rapporten beskriver hur man kan g tillvga fr att f en fungerande prototyp. Den tar upp metodens ursprung och hur den har utvecklats under r tiondena, ocks mot vad den nuvarande forskningen riktar sig. Den beskriver ven kort hur man stller upp en nita element metod [FEM] modell i Ansys. Metoden visade sig anvndbar nr man bara har en liten provbit att tillg. Frsken visade att repetitiva tester kan gras med bra resultat som gr att jmfra med verkliga och FEM analys data.

Nyckelord Keywords Small Punch, Ansys, Ultimate Tensile Strenght

Abstract
In the turbine industry today, thermal barrier coatings are a commonly used, these are 0.1-2mm thick. So to be able to do some type of mechanical testing to receive material data so one can build an opinion regarding the health of the material. One needs a procedure that can work with small specimens and achieve clear results that can be transformed and compared with known data and known procedures. One of those methods is Small Punch Testing. This thesis describes one way to develop and test a functioning prototype of a Small Punch Testing device. The thesis includes; the reason it was developed in the beginning and how it has been developed throughout the decades, also in which areas the main research is made. It also shortly describes a working procedure in Ansys to get a Finite Element Method [FEM] model working. This method showed itself as useful, when just a small sample is at hand. The trials in this thesis also show that repetitive test can be done with good results which can be compared with real and FEM analysis data such as uts .

Inom turbin industrin idag s r keramiska vrme barrirer vanligt frekommande dessa r normalt 0,1-2mm tjocka. Fr att kunna utfra mekanisk provning som grund fr att bilda en sikt om materialets kondition. S behver man en metod som kan stadkomma tydliga data med sm provbitar, Small Punch Testing r en av dem. Den hr rapporten beskriver hur man kan g tillvga fr att f en fungerande prototyp. Den tar upp metodens ursprung och hur den har utvecklats under r tiondena, ocks mot vad den nuvarande forskningen riktar sig. Den beskriver ven kort hur man stller upp en nita element metod [FEM] modell i Ansys. Metoden visade sig anvndbar nr man bara har en liten provbit att tillg. Frsken visade att repetitiva tester kan gras med bra resultat som gr att jmfra med verkliga och FEM analys data.

Acknowledgements
This master thesis is made as a nal project in the programme for a Master of Science degree in Mechanical Engineering, at the Division of Engineering Materials. I would like to thank my supervisor Hkan Brodin and all the people at the division for their help and I would also like to thank the workshop sta. Jan Benjamin Ottosson

vii

Contents
1 Introduction 1.1 Aim and purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Method 2.1 Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.1 Analytical method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 Specimen holder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Results 4 Discussion 4.1 Clamp Force . . . . . 4.2 Performing the test . . 4.3 Possible error sources . 4.3.1 Ansys . . . . . 5 Conclusion A SPT drawings B Ansys B.1 What to think about when modelling a 3-D modell in Ansys . . . . B.1.1 Last minute results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bibliography 3 3 3 5 5 6 6 9 11 16 16 16 17 19 21 25 25 27 29

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Contents

Development and Evaluation of a Small Punch Testing Device

Jan Benjamin Ottosson June 14, 2010

2 Nomenclature and Equations d = disc diameter [mm ] t = disc thickness [mm ] E = E modulus [GPa ] = tensile strength [MPa ] = strain[% ] uts = ultimate tensile strength [MPa ] dF = displacement at failure [mm ] Lu = ultimate load [N ] Cl = die clearance D = ball diameter [mm ] A = lower die diameter [mm ] A = 1.5 D =1

Contents

Equations 1, 2 and has been examined by S.D. Norris and J.D. Parker[1] uts = uts = Lu t (2.32D 0.9Cl + 0.56) (1)

Lu t (0.14D 0.82Cl + 2.17dF + 0.6) Cl = A (D + 2t)

(2)

Chapter 1

Introduction
The ability of performing material investigations on small specimens is of great importance, especially when it comes to parts that are or has been in service. Small punch testing [SPT] has been developed for just that case e.g. to investigate a pipe in a nuclear reactor that is still in service, this type of testing can be seen as a non destructive test due to the small specimen size.

1.1

Aim and purpose

The aim of this thesis work is to design and evaluate a SPT device for room temperature testing and to see to which theory it corresponds, i.e. uniaxial tensile test [UTT] or other known methods. It was decided to use a device for room temperature testing to start with because it has not previously been done here at Linkping University, it can be seen as a pre-study to a high temperature device. The materials that will be examinined are Al 2524-t3, iron SS1312 and In792, these materials span from ductile to the not that ductile In792.

1.2

History

This type of technique has been around since the early eighties [2][3], foremost to study creep in high temperature alloys used in nuclear plants. The rst two countries where it started are the USA and Japan. There are two ways to look at SPT time dependant, for example creep examination at dierent temperatures than room temperature and time independent, examination made at room temperature to examine e.g. uts Nowadays it is mainly used in two dierent areas, high temperature alloys and ultra high molecular weight polyethylene [UHMWPE] in biomaterials [4]. It has it grounds in that one wants to be able to extract information from small volumes of material. It can be used for shear force examinations, but in that case one uses a at punch instead of the ball that is used to examine uts . In steels one also uses SPT to nd out ductile to brittle transition temperature [DBTT] [5]. They look at 3

Introduction

the dierence between Charpy test [CVN] and SPT the conclusion that they did nd was that the SPT results in a much lower transition temperature, the reasons why is closer discussed in the paper. The technique is applicable where there is a necessity to examine a product far too small to be able to produce normal sized test specimen. The thermal barrier coating [TBC] of turbine shovels is a good example, due to the small thickness of the TBC, 0.1-0.25mm. A common type of SPT uses transmission electron microscope [TEM] sample sized specimens i.e. 3mm in diameter and between 0.1 and 0.5mm in thickness [6]. This is the SPT commonly known as small punch test, which shall examined closer. One could believe that the disc thickness is not of importance, but in [7] they have looked closer at the inuence of disc size and one can see that the deection stays the same but the thicker the specimen the more force is needed, which one would hope to see. In [8] it is mentioned that a aspect ratio, disc diameter/thickness should be less than 60 otherwise the specimens showed signs of local deformation and are not acceptable for use, with a aspect ratio over 118 local wrinkling and plastic instability occurs which is useless when a repeatable result is needed. They also mention a thickness tolerance of +-0.0013mm but +-0.0051mm is a nominal acceptable value. Otherwise there is one standardized type with a disc diameter of 8mm and a thickness of 0.5mm used for metals [9][10] and for UHMWPE a disc diameter of 6.4mm and a thickness of 0.5mm[11]. The small sample size makes it compatible with other non destructive tests. It also makes it possible to actually take a sample to examine from a product in use, which is a big advantage. As far as it comes to the design of the test equipment that was seen as the best to go for, has it grounds in two papers [12][13]. But the actual design is made from scratch with the inner dimensions corresponding to the others.

Chapter 2

Method
2.1 Method

At rst a literature study was done, to see what has been done so far, and how it has been made i.e. history. Are there any standards applicable? Then followed the actual CAD process to bring forth a working prototype, this took longer than expected because that it is my rst prototype that I have made and I had very little knowledge in the CAD programme Pro/Engineer 4 before I started. The whole apparatus will be tted in a 858 Mini Bionix R II system with a 10kN loading-cell which will be more than sucient to provide accurate test data. To have a more exact measurement of the deection an extensometer will be added under the die to measure directly the specimens deection without any regards to ball compression etc. In two of the materials that shall be examined, iron SS 1312 and Al 2524-t3, there will also be a UTT done to see how the two dierent methods correspond to each other. The TEM sized samples will be produced through dierent methods, the Al 4010, Al 2524-t3 and SS 1312 will be punched from UTT specimens, In792 discs will be produced through cutting a disc and there after follows grinding to the correct thickness and from those plates the TEM sized specimen will be cut with electronic discharge machining [EDM]. All the specimens are grinded with 500 SiC paper and In792 nished o with 1200 SiC paper. When the discs had been produced the thickness of each was established with a digital dial indicator. The thickness was decided with three signicant numbers. Due to the design of this device a thickness of maximum 0.25mm is a must. Larger thickness will lead to something equivalent to deep drawing of aluminium cans, highly undesirable.

Performing the test The actual test was performed with a speed of 0.15mm/min which results in information about force and deection during the test. The clamping force for Al 2524-t3 ended up at 750-850N if more was applied the plate was plastically deformed. For SS 1312 and In792 a higher clamp force was applied 1150-1350N. 5

Method

2.1.1

Analytical method

The analytical methods used for comparison is the computer software Ansys Workbench v.12 and equations 1 and 2 derived by S.D. Norris and J.D. Parker for more informaiton about the equations see [1]. Ansys A model was created in Ansys Workbench Static Structural which is a modern FEM software with graphical interface, to have more numerical data to compare with. When it came to achieve a working model in Ansys, there were a lot of problems getting it right due to all the constraints working in the model. All these questions had to be answered before implementing them: friction between dierent types of materials acting together? what type of load should be applied? 2-D or 3-D? Which type of mesh gives most relying result in the model? The last question could actually be answered after the model was working by trial and error. Some types of mesh gave some really disturbing results for example, deformation that cannot occur. Due to the complexity of the model friction coecients had to be decided for each contact surface Cambridge Engineering Selector[14] was used in combination with [15] to establish them. Two types of elements tetragonal and quad was tried, also dierent mesh concentrations, from 4500 up to 6500. The dierence in deection is 0.6% which for my application is negligible and in the stresses measured according to von-Mises the dierence was 2% which also is negligible. So the simulations are run with the lower mesh with quad mesh, to lower the time needed to do the calculations. The model used in this case is in 3-D to make it simpler to understand. The mesh used is in Ansys referred to as SOLD186, quad with 20 nodes. In Appendix B deeper information about the procedures in Ansys can be found.

2.2

Specimen holder

The rst thing done was a literature study to nd information, if there was a standard, if not which dimensions where most commonly used for the TEM sized specimens. Drawings were not found but applicable dimensions, but then there was the shape, outer size and function to determine. At this stage consultaions was made, with dierent persons working at the university and my supervisor and discussed dierent prototypes and concluded that according to this principle that the current prototype is built by is the most probable to succeed. Another obstacle encountered was how narrow should the dierent dimensions be, especially the specimen clamper with its small diameter hole and the area under the sample with a radius of 0.2mm to prevent shearing to occur. The material for the device was also to be determined and after many dierent propositions Uddeholm Vanadis R 4 Extra was chosen for the critical parts(A.1., A.3.) due to its good properties, high wear resistance and high ductility which leads to high resistance against adhesive wearing and chipping. Through hardening, a hardness up to 66 HRC is achievable, which is in our application desirable. For the non critical parts steel will be used.

2.2 Specimen holder

Besides that the force will be measured as well as the deection. To be able to do this a holder for the SPT device had to be made. Here some problem due to the physical limitations of the 858 Mini Bionix R II was encountered. To hold the specimens under clamp force. It was designed so that disc springs can be used to apply a dierent clamp force if it becomes necessary to change between dierent materials, which is most likely to be done between aluminium and In792. To be able to screw it together some type of grip had to be implemented, milling machines have a similar shape as the prototype has. So specications for how C-Spanners work was included into the design. As punch Cr-steel balls with a hardness of 60/66HRC will be used and as ball pusher a rod of 99.7% Al2O3 will be used all this to minimize malfunction and interference during testing.

Figure 2.1. Device setup

Figure 2.1 shows the device setup in the machine, showing the black load cell and with its puncher.

Method

Chapter 3

Results
With the designed small punch testing equipment repetitive tests have been made and they show consistency which is a requirement to be able to draw conclusions from the received data. When the data for the dierent materials was obtained, an average was calculated too and that value was compared withdata and the result from Ansys. An example is shown in Figure 3.1 which represents a typical curve.

Figure 3.1. A typicall Load/Displacement curve

There is a concave part of the Load Displacement curve that can be derived from the fact that the plate receives a larger contact area with the ball and at the same time undergoes work hardening. This shape of curve makes it more or less impossible to be able, by any means, to receive a yield stress so the focus has been set on uts . To calculate uts for Al2524-t3 and SS1312 Equation 1 has been used and Equation 2 for In792. 9

10
Table 3.1. Test data

Results

Material 2524-t3 SS 1312 In 792

Calulated uts 312 320 1320

Ansys uts 528 666 1274

Handbook uts 405-450 360-460

UTT uts 515 320 845

These are the data recived from tests with the other data available on the examined materials. The handbook gives a span for uts , the UTT for my specic materials are also represented.

Figure 3.2. Curves for the three examined materials

As seen above the SPT results in to similar curves for the tested materials.

Chapter 4

Discussion

The calculated uts for In792 is really close to the value from Ansys. The Al 2524-t3 shows good correlation between the Ansys result and the UTT, but a signicant dierence to the calculatded value. For SS 1312 the calculated uts and the UTT it is a perfect match but between Ansys and UTT the value received from Ansys is more than twice as high as for the other values. As stated in [7] equation 1 and 2 are a good point of origin to nd a more specic equation for the material that one is conducting research on at the moment, the need to do that can easily be deduced from the analyzed data. If there had been more consistency between the materials it would have been better. Of three dierent pairing options all three were hit but this probably lies in the fact that three very dierent types of materials was chosen, this to induce variating results which was received. The method is not perfect but when properly used a really good option. 11

12

Discussion

Figure 4.1. Whole curve with rupture

Figure 4.2. UTT 2524-t3

In Figure 4.1 the plastic deformation and the rupture is clearly seen but the where exactly does the transition from elastic deformation to plastic deformation occur?. Figure 4.2 shows a UTT 2524-t3 test for comparison with a familiar data type. With the three known steps, elastic deformation, plastic deformation and rupture of the material. Nevertheless, the curve in Figure 4.1 is really interesting, one should have in mind that this method aects the material in biaxial directions, not uniaxial which is the most used procedure. As seen in 3.2, this type of curve was seen in all the materials but the knee became less noticeable with increasing thickness. When the UTT values in Table 3.1 and the graphs in Figure 3.2 are

13 compared, they correlate good between each other. SS1312 with the lowest value also has the lowest value in the graph which further supports the theory that this method gives repeatable and reliable results. The graphs curvature supports previous work done in the eld which also supports the statement of a working device. In Figure 4.3 and Figure 4.4 fractures are shown for the dierent materials. As expected the crack propagation seem to have started at the top where the stresses according to Ansys are highest Figure 4.5.

Figure 4.3. Fracture In792

14

Discussion

Figure 4.4. Fracture Al 2524-t3

Figure 4.5. Typicall stress distribution under force

15 As seen in Figure 4.6 the stresses are spread out throughout the top of the specimen which in reallity transforms into the microcracks seen in Figure 4.7.

Figure 4.6. Typicall stress distribution under force from beneath

Figure 4.7. Micro cracks in In792

16
Table 4.1. Serie 2524-t3

Discussion

uts Average

309 310

322

294

313

318

301

311

In Table 4.1 ultimate strenght is shown for AL 2524-t3, it is to be seen that the average value has a deviation of +4% and -5% which can be seen as good consistency regarding all unknown parameters that was declared at the beginning.

4.1

Clamp Force

The clamping force in this case was there to prevent slipping of the disc, so it can be seen as clamped disc. It is also corresponds to how the test are commonly performed. The actuall aect of the clamping brings some questions. As stated previously large plastic deformation was observed when to high force was applied, was the estamination of how much the force must be reduced correct? or did it still aect the material, but not at a macro level but at micro level and there for not visible. They clamping force should there for be weak enough to leave no irreversible deformation but strong enough to prevent slipping. Equation 1 and 2 do not take clamp force into regard, thus they are empiricall so they build on experiments with know boundary conditions, so with similar conditions it should work. The fact that the method is a plate with clamped edge can bring in the question if [16] can be used, that is plate bending theory. The handbook shows two dierent scenarios, plate with clamped edges and freely supported plate, and in SPT the scenario is a mixture of the two based on the fact that a radius of 0.2mm has been implemented to prevent shearing that can occur. In the beginning it was regarded as one solution but later on as more informatio came forth that idea was discarde.

4.2

Performing the test

The velocity of 0.15mm/min was set at the beginning of the trails but higher velocities where also tried but they caused immediate failure of the ceramic sta, so the speed was kept at 0.15mm/min. One solution to prevent it from happening could have been to use a sta consisting of a harder ceramic.

4.3

Possible error sources

As possible error sources, some type of micro work hardening due to grinding. For the Al 2524-t3 and SS 1312, surface roughness may play a part, only being grinded with 500 SiC paper not 1200 as with In792. Was the friction between ball and disc always the same. Was the clamping force exactly the same?

4.3 Possible error sources

17

4.3.1

Ansys

In Ansys some obvious error sources are the dened parameters as friction coefcients, clamp force, the fact that it is not a transient analasis(it does not use constant speed), mesh type and size. Most of these are taken into consideration but there is always room for errors.

18

Discussion

Chapter 5

Conclusion
In this report small punch testing has been examined and discusses dierent types of conclusion one can draw from the recieved data. And the results are encouraging to that point that they are repetitive and shows good consistency. The general equations used gives a rule of thumb about where the uts will be. For further analasis a recommendation to perform trials at 0.10, 0.15, 0.20 and 0.25mm thickness should be done with eight specimens of each thickness and remove the specimens with the highest and lowest value. This to minimize the aect of anomalies thar can occur during testing.

19

20

Conclusion

Appendix A

SPT drawings

21

22

SPT drawings

ndr nr

ndringens art/ndringsmeddelande

Godknd av-datum

M52 x1.5 21.5-0.1

21+0.5 300.5 1-0.1

SECTION A-A R4

1.5+0.1 6.3 6.850.5 R0.2 0.2x45

370.5 3.2-0.05 40.5

1x45 SECTION B-B

Pos nr

Antal

Titel/Benmning, beteckning, material, dimension o.d. Granskad av Godknd av - datum Generell tolerans SS-ISO2768-1 Titel/Benmning

Konstruerad av

Artikel nr/Referens Generell ytVyplacering jmnhet, Ra

Skala

gare

Linkpings universitet

IEI

Ritningsnummer

Utgva

Blad

23

ndr nr

ndringens art/ndringsmeddelande

Godknd av-datum

M52.00 x1.5
15.000.5

SECTION A-A

R4

35.001

70.001

20.00-0.5

6.30

4.000.5

1x45

21.000.5

8.000.5

1x45 1x45 1x45 SECTION B-B 10.85 1.000.5

Pos nr

Antal

Titel/Benmning, beteckning, material, dimension o.d. Granskad av Godknd av - datum Generell tolerans SS-ISO2768-1 Titel/Benmning

Konstruerad av

Artikel nr/Referens Generell ytVyplacering jmnhet, Ra

Skala

gare

Linkpings universitet

IEI

Ritningsnummer

Utgva

Blad

Figure A.1. A.2 Die top

24

SPT drawings

ndr nr

ndringens art/ndringsmeddelande

Godknd av-datum

21+0.1 80.2

190.5

SECTION C-C
1+0.1

150.5

1.050.01 3.1+0.05

1x45

SECTION A-A

Pos nr

Antal

Titel/Benmning, beteckning, material, dimension o.d. Granskad av Godknd av - datum Generell tolerans SS-ISO2768-1 Titel/Benmning

Konstruerad av

Artikel nr/Referens Generell ytVyplacering jmnhet, Ra

Skala

gare

Linkpings universitet

IEI

Ritningsnummer

Utgva

Blad

Figure A.2. A.3 Specimen clamper

Appendix B

Ansys
B.1 What to think about when modelling a 3-D modell in Ansys

In this thesis Ansys Workbench v. 12 Static Structural was used. The problems do not only lie in the choosing of mesh, in my case that was the easy part. The real problem was to nd what specic commands that has to be turned on when working with a 3-D non-linear model with large deformation. How to dene the proper connections and constraints. Here follows a short list with the most critical settings in my modell. In Commands le; CNCHECK, AUTO In the outline tree Behaviour: Asymmetric Formulation: Augmented Lagrange Normal Stiness: Manual Normal Stiness Factor: between 0.01-0.04 Large Deection: ON Weak Springs: Program Controlled In Solutions be careful for what you want, think twice when dening in Scope which bodies/surfaces one want to receive data from, most probably not the whole system.

25

26

Ansys

For the analasis made, some material parameters had to be stated in Ansys and a non-linear model was uses and then Ansys need the following data. Density Youngs Modulus Poissons Ration Yield Strenght Tangent Modulus

Figure B.1. Dened modell in Ansys

Figure B.1 shows how the applied forces and limitations was applied. The only thing changing between the test was the material of the disc in this model. This was done to have so few variables as possible. The clamping force was set to 2000 N, but using the limitation of displacement, so the compacting of the disc was limited to maximum 0.015mm. The punch force of 500 N was set on the fact that most of the other tests done in this eld has used a 500 N load cell to perform this type test.

B.1 What to think about when modelling a 3-D modell in Ansys

27

B.1.1

Last minute results

A last minute change was done, this change was to increase the step length so it corresponds to resluts received in the SPT tests for each material, that is the time it took for the specimen to reach maximum force. For the dierent materials better data was the result, higher accuracy compared with handbook data was achieved for SS1312 and AL 2524-t3 the new data can be seen in the table below.
Table B.1. Ansys last minute data

Material 2524-t3 SS 1312 In 792

Ansys uts 339 362 1274

Handbook uts 405-450 360-460 845

But In792 received the same value, so is that because of that it is a more brittle material or has it some other ground? That is for future tests to decide.

28

Ansys

Bibliography
[1] S. D. Norris and J. D. Parker. Deformation processes during disc bend loading. Materials Science and Technology, 12:163170(8), February 1996. [2] Jai-Man Baik, J. Kameda, and O. Buck. Small punch test evaluation of intergranular embrittlement of an alloy steel. Scripta Metallurgica, 17(12):1443 1447, 12 1983. [3] G. E. Lucas. The development of small specimen mechanical test techniques. Journal of Nuclear Materials, 117:327339, 7 1983. [4] S. M. Kurtz, C. W. Jewett, J. S. Bergstrm, J. R. Foulds, and A. A. Edidin. Miniature specimen shear punch test for uhmwpe used in total joint replacements. Biomaterials, 23(9):19071919, 5 2002. [5] M. A. Contreras, C. Rodrguez, F. J. Belzunce, and C. Betegn. Use of the small punch test to determine the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature of structural steels. Fatigue and Fracture of Engineering Materials and Structures, 31(9):727737, 2008. Cited By (since 1996): 1. [6] T. Misawa, T. Adachi, M. Saito, and Y. Hamaguchi. Small punch tests for evaluating ductile-brittle transition behavior of irradiated ferritic steels. Journal of Nuclear Materials, 150(2):194202, 10 1987. [7] Zhao-Xi Wang, Hui-Ji Shi, Jian Lu, Pan Shi, and Xian-Feng Ma. Small punch testing for assessing the fracture properties of the reactor vessel steel with dierent thicknesses. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 238(12):31863193, 12 2008. [8] T. H. Hyde, W. Sun, and J. A. Williams. Requirements for and use of miniature test specimens to provide mechanical and creep properties of materials: a review. International Materials Reviews, 52:213255(43), July 2007. [9] D. T. Blagoeva and R. C. Hurst. Application of the cen (european committee for standardization) small punch creep testing code of practice to a representative repair welded p91 pipe. Materials Science and Engineering A, 510-511(C):219223, 2009. [10] Cwa 15627:2007 small punch test method for metallic materials. 29

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