Electromagnetic Wave Propagation Lecture 12: Oblique incidence I

Daniel Sj oberg
Department of Electrical and Information Technology

October 10, 2013

Outline
1 Introduction 2 Snels law 3 Transverse impedance and propagation 4 Critical angle, Brewster angle 5 Evanescent and complex waves 6 Zenneck surface wave 7 Conclusions

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Outline
1 Introduction 2 Snels law 3 Transverse impedance and propagation 4 Critical angle, Brewster angle 5 Evanescent and complex waves 6 Zenneck surface wave 7 Conclusions

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Key questions

How to analyze the oblique incidence of waves on an interface? What are typical results? What happens for lossy media?

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Outline
1 Introduction 2 Snels law 3 Transverse impedance and propagation 4 Critical angle, Brewster angle 5 Evanescent and complex waves 6 Zenneck surface wave 7 Conclusions

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The spelling

Willebrord Snel van Royen (15801626)

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Oblique incidence

(Fig. 7.1.1 in Orfanidis)

The waves can be written E + ejk+ r , E ejk r , E + ejk+ r , E ejk r

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Matching
Matching tangential elds on the boundary z = 0 implies E T+ ejk+ r + E T ejk r = E T+ ejk+ r + E T ejk r E T+ ejkx+ x + E T ejkx x = E T+ ejkx+ x + E T ejkx x Since this applies for all x on the boundary z = 0, we must have kx+ = kx = kx+ = kx and similarly for any y components. Since kx = k sin = k0 n sin , this implies + = = + = = n sin = n sin

where we used k = nk0 and k = n k0 . Since k k = k 2 = 2 we have 2 k2 kz = k 2 kx y

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A graphical argument
The condition k 2 = 2 describes a sphere (or circle) in k-space.
kz

k 2 = 2

2 k0 = 2 0 0

k0

kx

The dashed line correspond to a xed value of kx . Can also be used for anisotropic media and photonic crystals.
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Sometimes no solutions!
When the wave is incident from a denser medium, it may not be possible to satisfy the phase matching with real wave vectors.
kz

k 2 = 2 k
2 k0

= 0 0

kx

k0 =?

Corresponds to total internal reection.

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Outline
1 Introduction 2 Snels law 3 Transverse impedance and propagation 4 Critical angle, Brewster angle 5 Evanescent and complex waves 6 Zenneck surface wave 7 Conclusions

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Transverse impedance
The full components of the forward eld are (blue=TM, red=TE) sin )A+ + E + (r ) = [( x cos z y B+ ]ejk+ r 1 sin )B+ ]ejk+ r H + (r ) = [ y A+ ( x cos z The transverse components can then be written E T+ (r ) = [ xC+ + y B+ ]ejk+ r C+ B+ jk+ r H T+ (r ) = [ y x ]e TM TE where C+ = cos A+ and TM = cos TM, parallel, p-polarization TE = TE, perpendicular, s-polarization cos
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Transverse refractive index

For dielectric media, that is, = 0 , we have = 0 0 0 = = n r

This motivates the introduction of the transverse refractive index via T = 0 /nT , or nTM = nTE n TM, parallel, p-polarization cos = n cos TE, perpendicular, s-polarization

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Similarity with normal incidence

Making the substitutions (where T can be either TM or TE) T , ejkz ejkz z = ejkz cos

everything we derived on propagation in layered structures for normal incidence remain valid. For instance, ET1+ ET1 and ET1 HT1 = cos(kz ) 1 jT sin(kz jT sin(kz ) ) cos(kz ) ET2 HT2 = ejkz 0 0 ejkz ET2+ ET2

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Reection at an interface
In particular, at an interface we can dene the matching matrix ET+ ET = 1 T 1 T T 1 ET+ ET

where T and T are the Fresnel coecients T = T T nT nT = T + T nT + nT 2T 2nT T = = T + T nT + nT

which take dierent values depending on polarization.

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Fresnel coecients, explicit form

Writing out nTM = n/ cos and nTE = n cos , the explicit form of the Fresnel reection coecient is (after some algebra) n cos n cos = n cos + n cos
n 2 2 2 (n n ) sin ( n ) cos n 2 2 2 (n n ) sin + ( n ) cos 2 2 (n n ) sin 2 2 (n n ) sin

TM =

TE

cos n cos n cos = = n cos + n cos cos +

From the rightmost expressions, we nd TM 1, regardless of n and n .

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TE 1,

as

90

Demo

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Outline
1 Introduction 2 Snels law 3 Transverse impedance and propagation 4 Critical angle, Brewster angle 5 Evanescent and complex waves 6 Zenneck surface wave 7 Conclusions

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Critical angle
Refraction Reection

(Fig. 7.5.1 in Orfanidis)

sin c =

n n

sin c =

n n
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Examples

Prism

Optical manhole

Optical ber

(Figs. 7.5.2, 7.5.3, 7.5.5 in Orfanidis) 20 / 46

Optical manhole Snels window

http://www.uwphotographyguide.com/snells-window-underwater, photo taken using sheye lens to cover the angle.

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Total internal reection: numbers

Using the critical angle, the reection coecients can be written TM = TE = sin2 c sin2 sin2 c cos sin2 c sin2 + sin2 c cos cos cos + sin2 c sin2

sin2 c sin2 With > c this is (using the branch 1 = j) TM = TE = j j sin2 sin2 c sin2 c cos sin2 sin2 c + sin2 c cos sin2 c sin2 = = 1 + jxn2 1 jxn2

cos + j

cos j sin2 c sin2 2 sin sin2 c where x = , and sin c = 1/n. Thus |TE,TM | = 1. cos
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1 + jx 1 jx

Phase shift at total reection

The TM and TE polarization are reected with dierent phase TM = TE where tan TM = xn2 , tan TE = x The relative phase change between the polarizations is TM = ej+2jTM 2jTE TE Thus, if is chosen so that TM TE = /8, we have TM = ej+j/4 TE TM TE
2

1 + jxn2 = ej+2jTM 1 jxn2 1 + jx = = e2jTE 1 jx

= e2j+j/2 = ej/2
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The Fresnel rhomb

Thus, after two reections the TM and TE polarizations dier in phase by /2.

(Fig. 7.5.6 in Orfanidis)

Using a glass with n = 1.51, we have c = 41.47 . The angle 54.6 results in TM TE = /8. The angle 48.6 would also work, see Example 7.5.6. If the material parameters are constant, there is no frequency dependence, that is, the Fresnel rhomb can convert linear to circular polarization in a much wider band than a quarter wavelength plate.
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Goos-H anchen shift

The phase shift in the reection coecient also gives rise to the Goos-H anchen shift (see Example 7.5.7).

(Fig. 7.5.7 in Orfanidis)

DTE =

2 sin 0 k0 n sin2 0 sin2 c

DTM =

(n )2 DTE (n2 + 1) sin2 0 (n )2

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Goos-H anchen shift

The phase shift in the reection coecient also gives rise to the Goos-H anchen shift (see Example 7.5.7).

(Fig. 7.5.7 in Orfanidis)

DTE =

2 sin 0 k0 n sin2 0 sin2 c

DTM =

(n )2 DTE (n2 + 1) sin2 0 (n )2

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Goos-H anchen shift

3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0
D/

Goos-Hnchen shift (n=1.50) TE TM

1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 40 50 60 70 Angle of incidence 80 90

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The Brewster angle (TM polarization)

TM =
n 2 2 2 (n n ) sin ( n ) cos n 2 2 2 (n n ) sin + ( n ) cos

(Fig. 7.6.1 in Orfanidis)

tan B =

n n

B + B =

tan B =

n n
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Brewster angle, reection

For glass with n = 1.5, we have B = 56.3 and B = 33.7 , and c = 41.8 .

(Fig. 7.6.2 in Orfanidis)

Can be used to obtain linear polarization, but loses power through partial transmission of TE component.
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Measuring Brewsters angle between classes

Hastings A. Smith, Jr, The Physics Teacher, Feb 1979, p. 109.

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Outline
1 Introduction 2 Snels law 3 Transverse impedance and propagation 4 Critical angle, Brewster angle 5 Evanescent and complex waves 6 Zenneck surface wave 7 Conclusions

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What happens on the other side at total reection?

Even though we have total reection, there are elds on the far side of the interface. The transmission coecients are TM = 1 + TM , TE = 1 + TE

which are nonzero unless TM = TE = 1. The z wavenumbers are kz = kz =

2 2 0 kx 2 2 0 kx

Since kx = k sin , k = 0 , and kz = k

= sin2 c , we have

sin2 c sin2 = jk sin2 sin2 c = j Note the branch 1 = j must be taken in order to have exponential decay ejkz z = e z .
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Exponential decay
The transmitted wave has spatial dependence ejkz z ejkx x = e z ej x Exponential attenuation in the z -direction, same transverse phase as in incident wave ( = kx ).

(Fig. 7.8.1 in Orfanidis) 33 / 46

Evanescent waves
An evanescent wave oscillates so quickly in x (kx > k ) that it is 2 + k 2 = (k )2 . exponentially attenuated in z (kz = j) due to kx z

(Fig. 7.8.1 in Orfanidis)

Thus, there is a region close to the surface containing reactive elds (non-propagating). The size of the region is on the order 1 1 = = = 2 2 2 k sin sin c 2 sin sin2 c
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Typical eld distribution

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Complex waves
The generalization of evanescent waves, which are strictly dened only in lossless media, is necessary for lossy media = R j I . In order to avoid using complex angles , use the wavenumbers TM = cos = kz kz = , k TE = k = = cos kz kz

The wave vector k = j may be complex, but must satisfy k k = 2 The real vectors and need not be parallel.
(Fig. 7.9.1 in Orfanidis) 36 / 46

Evanescent square root

A recurring task is to take the square root 2 = j . In order to guarantee > 0, the kz = 2 0 kx z z square root is dened as kz =
2 2 0 ( R j I ) kx 2 2 j kx 0 R

if if

I I

=0 =0

Thus, everything works ne for complex valued material coecients, but real valued needs some extra attention for evanescent waves. Matlab code sqrte.m in Orfanidis les.

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Oblique incidence on a lossy medium

(Fig. 7.9.1 in Orfanidis)

To the left: kx = k sin , kz = k cos . To the right: kx = kx , kz = z jz . z jz k sin tan TM It can be shown that TE = z jz +k sin tan , implying elliptic polarization of the reected wave.
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No standard Brewster angle for lossy media

The TM reection coecient is TM k kz = z TM = TM TM + TM kz + kz which cannot be exactly zero when , kz and kx are real and complex. is

(Fig. 7.6.3 in Orfanidis)

But when kx = x jx and kz = z jz , we can achieve TM = 0. This is the Zenneck surface wave.
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Outline
1 Introduction 2 Snels law 3 Transverse impedance and propagation 4 Critical angle, Brewster angle 5 Evanescent and complex waves 6 Zenneck surface wave 7 Conclusions

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The Zenneck surface wave

(Fig. 7.10.1 in Orfanidis)

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Conditions for the Zenneck wave

The TM reection coecient is TM = kz kz kz + kz =0 kz = kz

2 + k2 = 2 2 2 2 Using kx 0 and (kx ) + (kz ) = 0 and kx = kx z we nd k x = 0 , kz = 0 , kz = 0 + + +

This results in complex wave vectors on both sides of the interface. For weakly lossy media ( = R j I where I / R 1, we can estimate x = |z | R Thus, the attenuation in the z -direction (z ) is larger than in the x-direction (x ) if R > .
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Example: air-water interface

Consider an interface between air ( = = 81
0 0)

and sea water:

j/,

= 4 S /m

The wave numbers at 1 GHz and 100 MHz are f = 1 GHz / 0 = 81 72j k = j = 20.94 k = j = 203.76 77.39j kx = x jx = 20.89 0.064j kz = z jz = 1.88 + 0.71j kz = z jz = 202.97 77.80j f = 100 MHz / 0 = 81 720j k = j = 2.094 k = j = 42.01 37.54j kx = x jx = 2.1 0.001j kz = z jz = 0.06 + 0.05j kz = z jz = 42.01 37.59j

Thus, the attenuation in the z -direction is much larger than in the x-direction, and the wave can propagate relatively freely along the interface.
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Typical eld distribution, Zenneck wave

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Outline
1 Introduction 2 Snels law 3 Transverse impedance and propagation 4 Critical angle, Brewster angle 5 Evanescent and complex waves 6 Zenneck surface wave 7 Conclusions

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Conclusions
The tangential wavenumber kx is the same in both mediums due to phase matching. All standard formulas for normal incidence are valid when considering tangential eld components, and splitting the eld into TM and TE polarizations.
2 may be real or The normal wavenumber kz = 2 kx imaginary in the lossless case, or complex in the lossy case.

The critical angle is the largest angle of refraction, or the smallest angle of total reection. There is a phase shift at total internal reection, which is dierent for dierent polarizations. Complex wave vectors k = j are necessary for lossy media.
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