CHAPTER SIX

Types of covalent bonds

Nonpolar covalent 2. Polar covalent 3. Nomenclature of covalent /molecular compounds
1.

Electron Dot Diagrams/

Lewis Structures Shape of Molecules Molecular Polarity

 Definite transfer of electrons between atoms of elements. Usually a metal and a nonmetal bonded together Positive ions cations

Negative ions - anions

Opposites attraction between atoms

Extremely strong bond

brittle compounds, high mp and bp

 Usually two nonmetals bonded together SHARED ELECTRONS :

EQUAL SHARING NONPOLAR COVALENT BOND UNEQUAL SHARING - POLAR COVALENT BOND

 Equal sharing of electrons Diatomic Molecules: HONClBrIF

Similar or the same electronegativity

 Unequal sharing of electrons More common

Polar molecules have positive and negative ends

 Page 198 in your text

Difference in electronegativity
Zero 0.5 : nonpolar covalent bond 0.5 2.1: polar covalent bond 2.1 or greater : ionic bond

Page 201 Number 6

 Nuclei can flirt with each others electrons to a point.

After that point is crossed, the two nuclei are so close together- bond length shortened- repulsion take over and bond energies increase. Remember nuclei vibrate back and forth so distance is always changing, when the energy level is at a minimum, that is the bond length The energy required to make a bond is also needed to break a bond. This is bond energy. Check out some bond lengths and energies on page 197 Table 6-1

 In 1920, G. N. Lewis developed a system to represent

bonding in compounds. This system uses electron-dot diagrams in which dots represent valence electrons.
Examples on page 203 table 6-4

Remember each bond requires two

electrons!!!

 When drawing Lewis structures for a molecule with

more than two atoms, a little more planning is needed. Follow these general rules: 1. Hydrogen and Halogens bind with only one other atom. Think of them as stop signs on a molecule. 2. The atom with the lowest electronegativity is usually the central atom. These atoms have less than seven electrons and can form single or multiple bonds. 3. Place one electron on each side before pairing electrons.

1.

Iodine monochloride, ICl, and hydrogen bromide, HBr.

CH3I CH2Cl2

2. 3.

4.

C2H6

 Elements like Carbon, Nitrogen, and Oxygen

commonly form double bonds.

Hydrogen and halogens usually share only one pair of

electrons, so they DO NOT form multiple bonds Organic compounds often use multiple bonds between carbons.

Nitrogen and Carbon can share three pair of

electrons to form triple bonds.

1.
2. 3.

4. 5.

Determine total number of valence electrons Figure out center atom, then arrange other atoms around the center. Compare the number of valence electrons used in the structure to the number available. Apply double or triple bonds if needed. Change dots, pairs of electrons, for single dash lines. Be sure elements follow the octet rule, with the exception of hydrogen.

 Draw the Lewis structure for CO2

 Some molecules can be represented by more than one

Lewis structure. Example: SO2

 When drawing a Lewis structure of a polyatomic ion,

take the charge into account by adding (anions) or subtracting (cations) electrons when determining the total number of valence electrons. Lets try one: NH4+
Total number of electrons:

1 N = 5 electrons 4 H = 4 electrons -1 = 1 electron 8 electrons total

 To name covalent compounds, use prefixes to tell how

many atoms of each element is needed. (Page 212) Number of atoms prefix
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 mono di tri tetra penta hexa hepta octa nona deca