Marquez, Raenielle AAPD2H

8 Rules of syllogism
(1) Only three terms may appear in the syllogism, each of which is used in the same sense throughout the argument. (2) Neither the major nor minor term may be a universal in the conclusion, if it was only a particular term in the premises. (3) The middle term may not appear in the conclusion. (4) The middle term must be distributed at least once in the premises, that is, used as a universal The general rules of quantity and quality are: (5) If both premises are affirmative, the conclusion must also be affirmative. (6) Both premises may not be negative; one at least must be affirmative. (7) If either premise is negative, the conclusion must be negative; if one of the premises is a particular proposition, the conclusion must be a particular proposition. (8) No conclusion can be drawn from two particular premises; one at least must be a universal proposition.

The square of opposition

The square of opposition is a chart that was introduced within classical (categorical) logic to represent the logical relationships holding between certain propositions in virtue of their form. The so-called 'A' proposition, the universal affirmative (universalis affirmativa), whose form in Latin is 'omne S est P', usually translated as 'every S is P'. * The 'E' proposition, the universal negative (universalis negativa), Latin form 'nullum S est P', usually translated as 'no S is P'. * The 'I' proposition, the particular affirmative (particularis affirmativa), Latin 'quoddam S est P', usually translated as 'some S is P'.

* The 'O' proposition, the particular negative (particularis negativa), Latin 'quoddam S non est P', usually translated as 'some S is not P'.

Four types of logical equivalence

Example: (i) The moon is round (Statement - either true or false, cant be both) (ii) It is raining outside (Not statement - depends upon where you are) (iii) 2 + 2 = 5 (Statement - always false) (iv) x + y = 3 (Not statement - depends upon values of x and y)

4 figures of categorical syllogism

Propositions A: Universal Affirmative This is a syllogism of the form: All X are Y, like the example: all woman are shopaholic. E: Universal Negative This is the negative form of universal affirmative, which is a syllogism of the form: No X is Y, or as example: No humans are perfect. This syllogism type is exactly the opposite of proposition A explained above. I: Particular Affimitive Another syllogism type is the particular form which only influences some people and not the whole population. This syllogism is of the form: Some X are Y. O: Particular Negative The opposite of proposition I is proposition O which is of the form: Some X are not Y. an example of this would be: some cars are not green.