RATE OF REACTION 1. Rate of reaction is the speed at which reactants are converted into the products in a chemical reaction.

2. The rate of reaction is inversely proportional to the time taken for the reaction. ,ate of reaction 3 14444 Time ta)en

3. When a reaction occurs, two obvious changes that occur are: (a) the decrease in the quantity of a reactant with time. (b) the increase in the quantity of a product with time. . The changes in an! of these "uantities of reaction must be visible and measurable so that it can be used to measure the rate of reaction. #or e$ample: (a) volume of the gas liberated (b) formation of the precipitate (c) change in mass during the reaction (d) colour changes (e) change in the concentration %. &nit for the rate of reaction is varies according to the t!pe of "uantit! selected divided b! the time given. #or e$ample: Type of quantity 'hange in mass( time ta)en 'hange in volume of gas liberated( time ta)en 'hange in concentration of a reactant( time ta)en 'hange in number of moles of a reactant( time ta)en Unit g s*1 or g min*1 cm s*1 or cm min*1 mol dm*3 s*1 or mol dm*3 min*1 mol s*1 or mol min*1

+. ,ate of reaction can be measured in two wa!s: (a) -verage rate of reaction (b) ,ate of reaction at a given time .. Avera e rate of reaction is the avera e value of the rate of reaction !ithin a specified period of time. /. Rate of reaction at a iven time in the actual rate of reaction at that instant. 0t is also )nown as the instantaneous rate of reaction. ,ate of reaction at a given time 5 gradient of the curve at that instant 1. ,ate of a reaction can be affected b! five factors: (a) Total surface area or particle si"e of solid reactant (b) Concentration of reactant (c) Temperature of reaction (d) &se of catalyst (e) #ressure of reaction involving gaseous reactant. 12. -s the particle si"e of a fi$ed mass of a solid reactant become smaller, the total e$posed surface area become lar er, hence the rate of reaction increases.

11. When the concentration of reactant increases, the rate of reaction also increases. 12. -n increase in temperature will increase the rate of reaction. 13. - catalyst is a substance which can alter the rate of a chemical reaction while itself remain chemically unchan ed at the end of the reaction. 1 . (a) - positive catalyst is a catal!st that increases the rate of a reaction. (b) - ne ative catalyst is a catal!st that decreases the rate of a reaction. 1%. 'haracteristics of a catal!sts. (a) 'atal!st remains chemicall! unchanged at the end of a reaction. (b) 'atal!st does not change the "uantit! of products formed. (c) 'atal!st is specific in its action. (d) 6nl! a small amount of catal!st is needed to achieve a big increase in the rate of reaction. 1+. #or the reaction that involve aseous reactants, the rates of reactions will increase when the pressure increases or vice versa. 1.. -pplication of the factors affecting the rate of reaction in dail! life. #or e$ample: (a) #ood can be coo)ed faster when smaller pieces of charcoal are used as compared to bigger pieces of charcoal. (b) The deca!ing and decomposition of food b! microorganisms can be slowed down when we store the food in the refrigerator. This is because the low temperature in the refrigerator slow down the deca!ing of food. (c) #ood can be coo)ed faster in a pressure coo)er because the high pressure will raise the boiling point of water to a temperature above 1222'.