Barrington: Chapter 3 Vocabulary 1.

Civic culture theory - a theory that each society has a distinctive mix of participatory, deferential, and subject political cultures, and that the mix influences political outcomes such as the likelihood of successful democracy 2. Collectivistic political cultures - political cultures that support government action aimed at benefiting large numbers of people 3. Confucianism - a set of beliefs based on the writings of Confucius that emphasize respect for authority, hard work, and an obligation by those in power to rule responsibly and in the interests of society as a whole 4. Conservative ideology - an ideology that advocates minimal regulation of the economy and decreased emphasis on income redistribution 5. Cultural heterogeneity - the case when a wide range of beliefs exists within a group 6. Cultural homogeneity - the case when members of a group are relatively unified in their beliefs and systems of meaning 7. Culture - defined in two distinct but related ways: (1) as a particular groups underlying values, and (2) as a system of meaning that shapes the way members of groups make sense of the people and events they encounter 8. Defining events - one factor that can shape political culture; such events are dramatic, providing a shock to the existing political culture 9. Horizontal social relations - social relations that highlight equality among members of society to help shape political and social decisions 10. Individualistic fallacy - the assumption that collective concepts like culture can be adequately measured by aggregating individual level data 11. Individualistic political cultures - political cultures that discourage government involvement in society 12. Islamism - an ideology advocating Islamic law as the basis of government structure and policies and as a way to immunize Muslim countries from the corrupting cultural influences of Western-led globalization 13. Jeito - a key component of Brazilian political culture emphasizing and valuing the ability to get around social and political rules

14. Jihad versus McWorld - Benjamin Barbers term for the tension between the forces of particularism, which draw on ethnic and tribal identity and local attachments, and the forces of globalization 15. Libertarian ideology - an ideology that seeks even more limited government in all facets of society than that is promoted by conservatives 16. Marxist ideology - an ideology that supports control of the government on behalf of the working class and the elimination of significant income differences 17. Moderate ideology - an ideology that advocates positions that fall between progressive and conservative approaches 18. Noblesse oblige - the belief among the British social, economic, and political elite that their position implies an obligation to enhance the quality of life for those less fortunate than themselves 19. Political culture - a given populations underlying set of values and beliefs about politics and system of meaning for interpreting politics 20. Political ideology - a set of beliefs or guiding principles about the proper functioning of politics and society 21. Postmaterialism theory - a theory associated with political scientist Ronald Inglehart that emphasizes causes and consequences of differences between those who value freedom and quality of life and those who value order and economic prosperity 22. Progressive ideology - an ideology that supports an active role for government in income redistribution through use of taxes and government programs 23. Reactionary ideology - an ideology that advocates a return to traditional social arrangements, including those that economically privilege one group over another 24. Repeated experiences - events that recur or are sustained over time that can shape political culture 25. Social democratic ideology - an ideology that traditionally supported nationalization of industry but today focuses more on maintaining welfare state protections

26. Socialization - the process of transmitting components of a political culture to the next generation through social institutions, such as families, churches, and schools 27. Subsidiarity - an idea from Social Catholicism that individuals have a right to make decisions for themselves and that, as much as possible, families and small social organization should provide economic protection and distribute social goods to individuals 28. Vertical social relations - social relations in societies that emphasize an authority hierarchy 29. Welfare state - a system that guarantees economic and social assistance, such as health care and retirement benefits, from the government 30. Working-class deference - the belief by the lower classes, present throughout English and British history, that the British elite have the authority to rule over them