The University of Salford

School of Computing, Science and Engineering

Gas Engineering and Management
MODULE ! "U#D$ME#T$LS O" #$TU%$L G$S $#D
&%ODUCT'O# S(STEM $#D DES'G#
Module Coordinator!
Mr) $L' *$D'%
Assignment Report on:
#$TU%$L G$S SU&&L( &L$##'#G $#D ECO#OM'CS
Presented by:
#ura Mu+a, Muhammad
Roll No.: @00131126
MSc Gas Engineering and Management Module 1: Fundamentals of Natural Gas, Production & Design
Content
Module Coordinator:..........................................................................................................................1
Presented by:..................................................................................................................................1
Nura Muaz Muhammad............................................................................................................1
Roll No.: @00131126........................................................................................................................1
Content...............................................................................................................................................2
!"# $% %!&'R("
%i)ure 1 &ra*h o+ Ca*a,ity a)ainst Pi*eline inlet Pressure..............................................................-
%i)ure 2 &ra*h o+ Ca*a,ity a)ainst Pressure dro*............................................................................6
%i)ure 3 (++e,t o+ Pi*e diameter on Ca*a,ity.....................................................................................
LIST OF TABLES
#able 1 (++e,t o+ Pi*eline inlet Pressure on Ca*a,ity.......................................................................-
#able 2 (++e,t o+ Pressure dro* on Pi*eline Ca*a,ity.......................................................................6
#able 3 (++e,t o+ Pressure dro* on Ca*a,ity......................................................................................
#able / (++e,t o+ Pi*eline len)th on Pi*eline Ca*a,ity......................................................................
#able - (++e,t o+ Com*ressor on Ca*a,ity........................................................................................0
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Natural gas and energy resource management is a major callenge in te ra!idly canging glo"al
and "usiness en#ironment$ Natural gas is trans!orted from te gas fields%refineries "y te oil and
gas com!anies to distri"ution and to some large industrial customers troug !i!eline net&or'$
(e !i!eline)s economics are crucial to te #ia"ility of gas de#elo!ment !rojects troug effecti#e
and efficient analysis of 'ey engineering and economic factors &ic are essential to te success
of !i!eline !rojects and !ro#ide detailed analysis of te cost com!osition of !i!elines and te
inter*relations "et&een all te factors$ (is necessitates te need to deri#e &or'a"le e+uations so
as to relate te flo& of gas in a !i!eline to te !ro!erties of "ot te !i!e and te gas and to te
o!erating conditions, suc as !ressure and tem!erature$ (us, e+uation for te daily ca!acity of
NURA MUAZ MUHAMMAD:@00131126 Page 2
MSc Gas Engineering and Management Module 1: Fundamentals of Natural Gas, Production & Design
gas !i!eline &as formulated$ (e effecti#eness of te e+uation is !al!a"le, system must "e
designed and o!erated &it full 'no&ledge of &at !ressures &ill result from re+uired !i!eline
ca!acity$ (e end result of fluid flo& in a ori-ontal !i!e is te general flo& e+uation:
( ) 1
0.-
2 2
2
-
"
"
P P
# 1
1 0.000-.- d 1
P " # 2
+
1

1

1
]
.ere:
/ 0 Pi!eline Ca!acity 1sm
2
%d3
(
s
0 Standard (em!erature 143
(" 0 (em!erature difference 143
P
S
0 Standard Pressure 1"ara3
P
1
0Pi!eline 5nlet Pressure 1"ara3
P
6
0Pi!eline 7utlet Pressure 1"ara3
S0 8elati#e Density of te gas 1dimensionless3
9 0 Pi!eline lengt 1'ilometer3
: 0 Gas com!ressi"ility factor 1dimensionless3
d 0 Pi!eline diameter 1millimeter3
;sing te a"o#e e+uation, analysis &as done on o& !i!eline ca!acity and its economics are
influenced "y te !arameters tat ma'e u! te e+uation$
(e a"o#e e+uation again can "e e<!ressed in terms of te collecti#e #aria"les as follo&s:
.ere / is te Ca!acity measured in standard metric cu"e% day$
4
N
is te numerical constant &ic ta'es care of con#ersion factors for te different units
in te e+uation, and it)s gi#en as =$===>?>$
NURA MUAZ MUHAMMAD:@00131126 Page 3
( )
0.-
2 2
1 2
N & P
P P
134 4 4 d 2

1
1
]
MSc Gas Engineering and Management Module 1: Fundamentals of Natural Gas, Production & Design
4
G
is te gas !ro!erties constant$ (is com!rise of gas relati#e density, com!ressi"ility
factor, standard !ressure and tem!erature, as &ell as gas tem!erature difference$ For a gas
ca!acity 1at standard conditions3 if te gas gra#ity is increased, te ca!acity &ill decrease$
Similarly, as te com!ressi"ility increases, te ca!acity &ill decrease$ @lso, as te gas flo&ing
tem!erature increases, troug!ut &ill decrease$
4
P
is te !i!e constant$ 5t)s com!osed of inlet and outlet !ressure of te !i!eline, te
lengt and diameter of te !i!e and tese gi#es te most im!ortant #aria"les in te e+uation$
(ese im!ortant #aria"les relate &it !i!eline ca!acity as follo&s:
From te e+uation 2 a"o#e, te ca!acity relates directly &it Pressure dro! 1&ic is te
difference "et&een inlet and outlet !ressures3 so any error in te calculation &ill reflect directly in
te #alue of /$
@lso Ca!acity / is directly !ro!ortional to te !i!e diameter, so an error of 1A in te in!ut #alue
of te diameter &ill lead to a 6$>A error in te !i!eline ca!acity /, o&e#er, te ca!acity / is
in#ersely !ro!ortional to te lengt of te !i!eline, ence te sorter te lengt, te greater te
ca!acity$
1.1 EFFECT OF PIPELINE INLET PRESSURE ON CAPACITY:
(e !ressure range determines te ty!e of materials, fittings and e+ui!ment tat can "e used for
te gas mains and ser#ice system$ .itin te gas net&or' tere are different o!erating !ressures$
Big !ressure 1a"o#e ? "ar3 and intermediate !ressure 16 "ar u! to ? "ar3 are used for transmission
of large #olume of gas around te country, medium !ressure 1?> m"ar u! to 6 "ar3 are re+uired for
some industrial consumer load, and lo& !ressure 1not e<ceeding ?> m"ar3 are used for distri"ution
to domestic consumers$ 8e*arranging te general flo& e+uation gi#es:
( )
0.-
1
13 P 2P P /
@ssuming a fi<ed !ressure dro! of 6= "ar and #arying te inlet !ressure, te follo&ing result &as
o"tained as so&n "elo&$
NURA MUAZ MUHAMMAD:@00131126 Page /
( )
0.-
2 2
1 2
2.-
P P
1 d 3

1
1
]
MSc Gas Engineering and Management Module 1: Fundamentals of Natural Gas, Production & Design
(a"le 1 Effect of Pi!eline inlet Pressure on Ca!acity
5N9E(
P8ESS;8E P
1
1"ar3
C@P@C5(C /
1sm
2
%d3
6= 6=
D= 2>
E= D>
F= >2
1== E=
Figure 1 Gra! of Ca!acity against Pi!eline inlet Pressure
From te a"o#e results 1ta"le and cart3 it can "e seen tat, &en te inlet !ressure of a gas is
increased, te !i!eline ca!acity also increases$
1.2 EFFECT OF PRESSURE DROP !P" ON PIPELINE CAPACITY:
Pressure dro! 1P
1
*P
6
3 "et&een te u!stream !oint 1 and do&nstream !oint 6 occurs due to friction
factor 1#3 "et&een te gas and !i!e &alls$ (e term P
1
6
*P
6
6
re!resents te dri#ing force tat causes
flo& rate from u!stream end to te do&nstream end$ ;sing te e+uation:
( )
2 2
1 2
1 P P -
5t can "e o"ser#ed tat, if te !ressure at te u!stream is increased "y GP, te inlet !ressure &ill
increase "y less tan GP, ence it indicates tat te !ressure dro! is a linear and any effects on it
&ill directly affects te !i!eline ca!acity$ @s P
6
is decreased, 'ee!ing te P
1
constant, te ca!acity
&ill increase$ Bo&e#er, &en P
1
e+uals to P
6
ten tere &ill "e no ca!acity in te !i!eline$ For a
fi<ed inlet !ressure of ?= "ar and reducing te outlet !ressure, te follo&ing result &as o"tained as
so&n in figure "elo&$
NURA MUAZ MUHAMMAD:@00131126 Page -
MSc Gas Engineering and Management Module 1: Fundamentals of Natural Gas, Production & Design
(a"le 6 Effect of Pressure dro! on Pi!eline Ca!acity
5N9E(
P8ESS;8E
P1 1"ar3
7;(9E(
P8ESS;8E
P6 1"ar3
P8ESS;8E
D87P GP
1P1*P63
5N9E(
P8ESS;8E
P1
6
1"ar3
7;(9E(
P8ESS;8E
P6
6
1"ar3
P8ESS;8E
D87P GP
6
1P1
6
* P6
6
3
C@P@C5(C
/0 H1P1
6
* P6
6
3
1mil m
2
%d3
?= ?=
=
DI== DI== = =
?= E=
1=
DI== 2E== 12== 2E
?= >=
6=
DI== 6>== 6D== DI
?= D=
2=
DI== 1E== 22== >?
?= 2=
D=
DI== I== D=== E2
?= 6=
>=
DI== D== D>== E?
?= 1=
E=
DI== 1== DF== EI
?= =
?=
DI== = DI== ?=
%i)ure 2 &ra*h o+ Ca*a,ity a)ainst Pressure dro*
5t)s so&n from te figure 6 a"o#e tat, increase in te !ressure dro! as a decreasing effect on
ca!acity$ @lso, at !ressure dro! of 1= "ar, >1A of te teoretical ca!acity is acie#ed, &ereas at
!ressure dro!s of 6= "ar, ?=A of te teoretical ca!acity is acie#ed, and te result indicates tat
te iger te !ressure dro!, te iger te teoretical ca!acity tat could "e acie#ed$$ (oug
te #alue of te teoretical ca!acity seems to "e iger in terms of demand "ut, due to its
occurrence at ig !ressure loss ma'es it unfeasi"le to "e used$
1.3 EFFECT OF PIPELINE DIAMETER ON CAPACITY
Mostly nominal diameters are used in industry as a !i!e diameter designation$ ;sually true
internal diameter can "e determined using an accurate &all tic'ness #alue from te standard
references$ Bere for analysis, te nominal diameter is used$ @ssuming te !i!eline diameter for
standard Steel !i!e, te follo&ing results &ere o"tained using te e+uation:
/ 0 d
6$>
********************************************************************E
NURA MUAZ MUHAMMAD:@00131126 Page 6
MSc Gas Engineering and Management Module 1: Fundamentals of Natural Gas, Production & Design
(a"le 2 Effect of Pressure dro! on Ca!acity
5nternal Diameter
1in3
5nternal Diameter
1mm3
Ca!acity /0d
6$>
1mil sm
2
%d3
1= 6>D 21E
16 2=> DII
1E D=E 1=6D
6= >=F 1?FI
6D E1= 6F66
2= ?E6 DI2=
2E I1D ???E
DF 161I 1>IE2

Figure 2 Effect of Pi!e diameter on Ca!acity
From te results of ta"le 2 and figure 2 a"o#e, 6DJ Pi!eline as si< times te ca!city of 16J
Pi!eline$ Similarly, DFJ !i!eline as si< time te ca!acity of a 6DJ Pi!eline$ (us, &en te
diameter of a !i!eline is dou"led, te ca!acity &il increase "y tree folds$ Generally, te larger te
diameter, te larger te !i!eline ca!acity$
1.$ EFFECT OF PIPELINE LEN%TH ON CAPACITY
From te e+uation
0.-
1
13 .

_


,
@ssuming #alues for te !i!eline lengt in te increment of 1== 'm, te follo&ing result &as
o"tained$
(a"le D Effect of Pi!eline lengt on Pi!eline Ca!acity
Pi!eline 9engt 9 1%9 Ca!acity /011%93
=$>
NURA MUAZ MUHAMMAD:@00131126 Page .
MSc Gas Engineering and Management Module 1: Fundamentals of Natural Gas, Production & Design
1'm3 1mil sm
2
%day3
1==
0.010 0.100
6==
0.005 0.071
2==
0.003 0.058
D==
0.003 0.050
>==
0.002 0.045
E==
0.002 0.041
?==
0.001 0.038
F==
0.001 0.035
I==
0.001 0.033
1===
0.001 0.032
Figure D Effect of Pi!eline lengt on Ca!acity
From te a"o#e analysis, te sorter te lengt, te greater te ca!acity$ (us, as te !i!eline
lengt increases for gi#en !ressure P
1
and P
6
, te ca!acity &ill decrease$ So a !i!eline of 1== 'm
&ill deli#er t&ice te ca!acity of a 6== 'm lengt !i!eline$
NURA MUAZ MUHAMMAD:@00131126 Page 5
MSc Gas Engineering and Management Module 1: Fundamentals of Natural Gas, Production & Design
Figure > Pressure Gradients in a 2=K Gas Pi!eline
Since te Pressure dro! and te lengt are functions of ca!acity, figure > so&s tat !ressure dro!
!er unit lengt 1!ressure gradient3 increases &it increase in distance co#ered "y a !i!eline, ence
te o#erall !ressure dro! &ill "e greater &it greater distance co#ered "y a !i!eline$ Data for an
annual ca!acity of gas !i!eline as so&n tat, at 1==A load factor, te iger te distance, te
lo&er te ca!acity, noneteless tis effect decrease &it decrease in !i!eline diameter$
2.0 EFFECT OF COMPRESSORS ON PIPELINE CAPACITY:
Com!ressor stations are installed along gas transmission !i!eline to !ro#ide te re+uired !ressure
to trans!ort gas from one location to anoter$ Due to limitations of !i!eline !ressures, multi!le
com!ressor stations may "e needed to trans!ort a gi#en #olume troug a long distance !i!eline$
Lut, com!ressor stations are among te major com!onents tat contri"ute to te initial ca!ital cost
in a gas !i!eline system and also re+uire e<ternal energy source and regular maintenance$
;sing e+uation D at fi<ed !ressure dro! of =$E "ar, data &as generated &ic relates com!ressor
effect to ca!acity as so&n in ta"le > and figure E "elo&$
(a"le > Effect of Com!ressor on Ca!acity
Com!ressor Ca!acity Factor
1 =$I
6 1$D
2 1$F
D 6$1
> 6$D
NURA MUAZ MUHAMMAD:@00131126 Page 0
MSc Gas Engineering and Management Module 1: Fundamentals of Natural Gas, Production & Design
E 6$E
? 6$F
F 2
I 2$6
1= 2$D
Figure E Effect of Com!ressor on Ca!acity
From te results in (a"le > and figure E, it can "e o"ser#ed tat, &it only 6 com!ressor, !i!eline
ca!acity increases "y 1 M , &ile it ta'es tree 123 com!ressors to dou"le te ca!acity , altoug it
ta'es eigt 1F3 com!ressors to tri!le te ca!acity$
2.1 ECONOMIC TRADE&OFF BET'EEN CAPACITIES OF PIPELINE AND
COMPRESSOR
(e diagram "elo& so&s tat !i!eline ca!acity is a trade*off "et&een !i!e diameter and
com!ressor ca!acity$
NURA MUAZ MUHAMMAD:@00131126 Page 10
MSc Gas Engineering and Management Module 1: Fundamentals of Natural Gas, Production & Design
Figure ? Economic trade*off "et&een Pi!eline ca!acity and Com!ressor ca!acity
From te figure ?, it can "e o"ser#ed tat te smaller te !i!e diameter te iger te com!ressor
!o&er$ .it !i!es of 2EJ diameter and a"o#e, te annual ca!acity can reac 1> "il m
2
%y as against
I "il m
2
%y attained "y 6FJ*DFJ !i!es$ (us te "igger !i!es are referred to as o#ersi-ed !i!eline
and re+uire lo&er com!ressor !o&er "ut deli#er ig ca!acity and are e<!ensi#e in terms of initial
ca!ital cost$ Con#ersely, te lo&er diameter !i!es referred to as undersi-ed !i!eline demand
iger com!ressor station !o&er, "ut tey are cea!er in term of unit cost$ (us, te decision
NURA MUAZ MUHAMMAD:@00131126 Page 11
MSc Gas Engineering and Management Module 1: Fundamentals of Natural Gas, Production & Design
sould "e made in terms of te re+uired ca!acity, te !i!eline cost and te com!ressor station
ca!acity, ence !i!eline ca!acity is considered as a trade*off "et&een !i!e diameter and
com!ressor !o&er$
3.0 CONCLUSION:
(e inter*relationsi! "et&een different !arameters in a gas !i!eline system suc as !i!eline
si-es, !ressure dro! and com!ression re+uirement relati#e to te ca!acity of !i!eline &as
analy-ed$ Since te o#erall o"jecti#es of te system re#ol#e round te economy, tese
factors%!arameters may #ary and for effecti#e !lanning of gas su!!ly system, te information
o"tained from te analysis could "e utili-ed as yardstic' for #ia"le trade*off "et&een te "uyer
and te seller of natural gas resources$
REFERENCES
tt!:%%&&&$ad#anticagrou!$com%default$as!<N!age0DI? 1accessed on 6>
t
No#em"er, 6==?3
tt!:%%&&&$o<ford!rinceton$com%searc%coursedetailsO!rint$as!N5D012=&P9P0NGE 1accessed on
6>
t
No#em"er, 6==?3
4adir, @$, Fundamentals of Natural Gas & Production Systems and Design, Lecture Notes.
Scool of Com!uting, Science and Engineering$ ;ni#ersity of Salford$ ;4$ 6==?
Moit!our, Mo, Pipeline Operation and Maintenance: a practical approac. Ne& Cor': @SME
Press, 6==>$ 5SLN: =?I1F=626I
Nasr, G$G$, !nalysis of Pipe Net"or#s, Lecture Notes$ Scool of Com!uting, Science and
Engineering$ ;ni#ersity of Salford$ ;4$ 6==?
Pi!eline Economics$ Engineering Factors$ Salgas$ ;4
Sasi Menon, E$, Gas Pipeline $ydraulics$ Loca 8aton, Fla$, 9ondon: C8C, 6==>
NURA MUAZ MUHAMMAD:@00131126 Page 12