Brunei

Brunei
Nation of Brunei, Abode of Peace
Negara Brunei Darussalam

Flag

Crest

Motto:

Sentiasa membuat kebajikan dengan petunjuk Allah

"Always in service with God's guidance"

Allah Peliharakan Sultan

God Bless the Sultan

Anthem:

Location of Brunei(red)
in Southeast Asia
Capital
and largest city

Ethnic languages

Bandar Seri Begawan

[1]
453.417N 11456.533E
Official languages

Malay[a]

Recognised

English[b]

Brunei Malay
Tutong
Kedayan
Belait
Murut
Dusun
Bisaya

Brunei

2
Official scripts

Malay alphabet
[2]
Jawi alphabet
[3]

Religion

Sunni Islam (official)

Demonym

Bruneian

Government

Unitary Islamic
absolute monarchy

- Sultan

Hassanal Bolkiah

- Crown Prince

Al-Muhtadee Billah
Legislature

Legislative Council
Formation

- Sultanate

14th century

- British protectorate

1888

- Independence from the United Kingdom

1 January 1984
Area

- Total

5,765km (172nd)
2,226sqmi

- Water(%)

8.6

Population
- 2013 (July) [4]estimate

415,717

[5]

- Density

67.3/km (134th)
174.4/sqmi

GDP(PPP)

2012estimate

- Total

$21.907 billion

- Per capita

$50,440

GDP(nominal)

2012estimate

- Total

$17.092 billion

- Per capita

$39,355

HDI (2013)

0.855
very high 30th

(175th)

Currency

Brunei dollar (BND)

Time zone

BDT (UTC+8)

Drives on the

left

Calling code

+673[c]

ISO 3166 code

BN

Internet TLD

.bn

a.

^ Malay is the official language as stated under the Constitution on Article 82: "Official language".

b.

^ Under the Constitution, English is mentioned for use for some particular purpose on Article 82: "Official language".

c.

^ Also 080 from East Malaysia.

Brunei
Brunei i/bruna/, officially the Nation of Brunei, the Abode of Peace[6] (Malay: Negara Brunei Darussalam,
Jawi: ) , is a sovereign state located on the north coast of the island of Borneo, in Southeast Asia.
Apart from its coastline with the South China Sea, it is completely surrounded by the state of Sarawak, Malaysia;
and it is separated into two parts by the Sarawak district of Limbang. It is the only sovereign state completely on the
island of Borneo. The remainder of the island's territory is divided between the nations of Malaysia and Indonesia.
Brunei's population was 408,786 in July 2012.
The official national history claims that Brunei can trace its beginnings to the 7th century, when it was a subject state
named P'o-li, in the Sumatra-centric Srivijaya empire. It later became a vassal state of the Java-centric Majapahit
empire. Brunei became a sultanate in the 14th century, under a newly converted Islamic sultanMuhammad Shah.
At the peak of Bruneian Empire, Sultan Bolkiah (reigned 14851528) had control over the northern regions of
Borneo, including modern-day Sarawak and Sabah, as well as the Sulu archipelago off the northeast tip of Borneo,
Seludong (modern-day Manila), and the islands off the northwest tip of Borneo. The maritime state was visited by
Spain's Magellan Expedition in 1521 and fought against Spain in 1578's Castille War.
The Bruneian Empire began to decline; during the 19th century, the Sultanate ceded Sarawak to James Brooke as a
reward for his aid in putting down a rebellion and named him as rajah; and it ceded Sabah to the British North
Borneo Chartered Company. In 1888 Brunei became a British protectorate and was assigned a British Resident as
colonial manager in 1906. After the Japanese occupation during World War II, in 1959 a new constitution was
written. In 1962 a small armed rebellion against the monarchy was ended with the help of the British.
Brunei regained its independence from the United Kingdom on 1 January 1984. Economic growth during the 1970s
and 1990s, averaging 56% from 1999 to 2008, has transformed Brunei into a newly industrialised country. It has
developed wealth from extensive petroleum and natural gas fields. Brunei has the second-highest Human
Development Index among the South East Asia nations after Singapore, and is classified as a developed country.
According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), Brunei is ranked fifth in the world by gross domestic product
per capita at purchasing power parity. The IMF estimated in 2011 that Brunei was one of two countries (the other
being Libya) with a public debt at 0% of the national GDP. Forbes also ranks Brunei as the fifth-richest nation out of
182, based on its petroleum and natural gas fields.

Etymology
According to legend, Brunei was founded by Awang Alak Betatar. He moved from Garang, a place in the
Temburong District to the Brunei river estuary, discovering Brunei. According to legend, upon landing he
exclaimed, Baru nah! (loosely translated as "that's it!" or "there"), from which the name "Brunei" was derived.
It was renamed Barunai in the 14th century, possibly influenced by the Sanskrit word "varu" (), meaning either
"ocean" or the mythological "regent of the ocean". The word "borneo" is of the same origin. In the country's full
name, Negara Brunei Darussalam, darussalam (Arabic: ) means "abode of peace", while negara means
"country" in Malay.

Brunei

History
Early history
In the absence of other evidence, scholars have developed an early
history of Brunei based on interpretations of Chinese texts. Chinese
records from the sixth century mention a state called Po-li on the
northwest coast of Borneo. In the seventh century, Chinese and Arab
accounts refer to a place called Vijayapura, which was thought to have
been founded by members of the royal family of Funan. They were
believed to have landed on the northwest coast of Borneo with some of
their followers. After capturing Po-li, they renamed the territory
'Vijayapura' (meaning 'victory' in Sanskrit). In 977, Chinese records
The tomb of Abdul Majid Hassan, ruler of Poli,
began to use the term Po-ni instead of Vijayapura to refer to Brunei. In
in Nanjing
1225 a Chinese official, Chua Ju-Kua, reported that Brunei has 100
warships to protect its trade, and that there was a lot of gold in the
kingdom. A 1280 report described Po-ni as controlling large parts of Borneo Island (modern day Sabah and Sarawak,
Sulu and some parts of the Philippines).
In the fourteenth century, Po-ni became a vassal state of Majapahit, and had to pay an annual payment of 40 katis of
camphor. In 1369 the Sulus attacked Po-ni, looting it of treasure and gold. A fleet from Majapahit succeeded in
driving away the Sulus, but Po-ni was left weaker after the attack. A Chinese report of 1371 described Po-ni as poor
and totally controlled by Majapahit.
The power of the Sultanate of Brunei was at its peak between the 15th and 17th centuries, with its power extending
from northern Borneo to the southern Philippines. By the 16th century, Islam was firmly rooted in Brunei, and the
country had built one of its biggest mosques. In 1578, Alonso Beltrn, a Spanish traveler, described it as being five
stories tall and built on the water.
War with Spain and decline
European influence gradually brought an end to the regional power, as Brunei entered a period of decline
compounded by internal strife over royal succession. Piracy was also detrimental to the kingdom. Spain declared war
in 1578, attacking and capturing Brunei's capital at the time, Kota Batu. This was achieved as a result in part of the
assistance rendered to them by two Bruneian noblemen, Pengiran Seri Lela and Pengiran Seri Ratna. The former had
travelled to Manila, then the centre of the Spanish colony, to offer Brunei as a tributary to Spain for help to recover
the throne usurped by his brother, Saiful Rijal. The Spanish agreed that if they succeeded in conquering Brunei,
Pengiran Seri Lela would be appointed as the Sultan, while Pengiran Seri Ratna would be the new Bendahara.
In March 1578, the Spanish fleet, led by De Sande, acting as Capitn-General, started from Manila for Brunei. The
expedition consisted of 400 Spaniards, 1,500 Filipino natives and 300 Borneans. The campaign was one of many,
which also included action in Mindanao and Sulu.
The Spanish invaded the capital on 16 April 1578, with the help of Pengiran Seri Lela and Pengiran Seri Ratna. The
Sultan Saiful Rijal and Paduka Seri Begawan Sultan Abdul Kahar were forced to flee to Meragang then to Jerudong.
In Jerudong, they made plans to chase the conquering army away from Brunei. Suffering high fatalities due to a
cholera or dysentery outbreak. the Spanish decided to abandon Brunei and returned to Manila on 26 June 1578, after
72 days. Before doing so, they burned the mosque, a high structure with a five-tier roof.
Pengiran Seri Lela died in AugustSeptember 1578, probably from the same illness suffered by his Spanish allies.
There was suspicion he could have been poisoned by the ruling Sultan. Seri Lela's daughter had left with the
Spanish. She married a Christian Tagalog, named Agustn de Legazpi de Tondo.

Brunei
The local Brunei accounts differ greatly from the generally accepted view of events. What was called the Castilian
War was seen as a heroic episode, with the Spaniards being driven out by Bendahara Sakam, purportedly a brother of
the ruling Sultan, and a thousand native warriors. Most historians consider this to be a folk-hero account, which
probably developed decades or centuries after. The country suffered a civil war from 1660 to 1673.

British intervention
The British have intervened in the affairs of Brunei on several
occasions. Britain attacked Brunei in July 1846 due to internal conflicts
over who was the rightful Sultan.
In the 1880s, the decline of the Bruneian Empire continued. The Sultan
granted land (now Sarawak) to James Brooke, who had helped him
quell a rebellion and allowed him to establish the Kingdom of
Sarawak. Over time, Brooke and his nephews (who succeeded him)
leased or annexed more land. Brunei lost much of its territory to him
and his dynasty, known as the White Rajahs.
Sultan Hashim Jalilul Alam Aqamaddin appealed to the British to stop
further encroachment by the Brookes. The "Treaty of Protection" was
negotiated by Sir Hugh Low and signed into effect on 17 September
Boundaries of Brunei (green) since 1890
1888. The treaty said that the Sultan "could not cede or lease any
territory to foreign powers without British consent"; it provided
Britain's effective control over Brunei's external affairs, making it a British protectorate (which continued until
1984). But, when the Kingdom of Sarawak annexed Brunei's Pandaruan district in 1890, the British did not take any
action to stop it. They did not regard either Brunei or the Kingdom of Sarawak as 'foreign' (per the Treaty of
Protection). This final annexation by Sarawak left Brunei with its current small land mass and separation into two
parts.
British Residents were introduced in Brunei under the Supplementary Protectorate Agreement in 1906. The
Residents were to advise the Sultan on all matters of administration. Over time, the Resident assumed more
executive control than the Sultan. The Residential system ended in 1959.

Discovery of oil
Petroleum was discovered in 1929 after several fruitless attempts. Two men, F.F. Marriot and T.G. Cochrane,
smelled oil near the Seria river in late 1926. They informed a geophysicist, who conducted a survey there. In 1927,
gas seepages were reported in the area. Seria Well Number One (S-1) was drilled on 12 July 1928. Oil was struck at
297 metres (974ft) on 5 April 1929. Seria Well Number 2 was drilled on 19 August 1929, and, as of 2009, continues
to produce oil. Oil production was increased considerably in the 1930s with the development of more oil fields. In
1940, oil production was at more than six million barrels. The British Malayan Petroleum Company (now Brunei
Shell Petroleum Company) was formed on 22 July 1922. The first offshore well was drilled in 1957. Oil and natural
gas have been the basis of Brunei's development and wealth since the late 20th century.

Brunei

Japanese occupation
The Japanese invaded Brunei on 16 December 1941,
eight days after their attack on Pearl Harbor and the
United States Navy. They landed 10,000 troops of the
Kawaguchi Detachment from Cam Ranh Bay at Kuala
Belait. After six days fighting, they occupied the entire
country. The only Allied troops in the area were the
2nd Battalion of the 15th Punjab Regiment based at
Kuching, Sarawak.[7]
Once the Japanese occupied Brunei, they made an
agreement with Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin over governing
the country. Inche Ibrahim (known later as Pehin Datu
Japanese battleships at Brunei in October 1944
Perdana Menteri Dato Laila Utama Awang Haji
Ibrahim), a former Secretary to the British Resident,
Ernest Edgar Pengilly, was appointed Chief Administrative Officer under the Japanese Governor. The Japanese had
proposed that Pengilly retain his position under their administration, but he declined. Both he and other British
nationals still in Brunei were interned by the Japanese at Batu Lintang camp in Sarawak. While the British officials
were under Japanese guard, Ibrahim made a point of personally shaking each one by the hand and wishing him
well.[8]
The Sultan retained his throne and was given a pension and honours by the Japanese. During the later part of the
occupation, he resided at Tantuya, Limbang and had little to do with the Japanese. Most of the Malay government
officers were retained by the Japanese. Brunei's administration was reorganised into five prefectures, which included
British North Borneo. The Prefectures included Baram, Labuan, Lawas, and Limbang. Ibrahim hid numerous
significant government documents from the Japanese during the occupation. Pengiran Yusuf (later YAM Pengiran
Setia Negara Pengiran Haji Mohd Yusuf), along with other Bruneians, was sent to Japan for training. Although in the
area the day of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima, Yusuf survived.
The British had anticipated a Japanese attack, but lacked the resources to defend the area because of their
engagement in the war in Europe. The troops from the Punjab Regiment filled in the Seria oilfield oilwells with
concrete in September 1941 to deny the Japanese their use. The remaining equipment and installations were
destroyed when the Japanese invaded Malaya. By the end of the war, 16 wells at Miri and Seria had been restarted,
with production reaching about half the pre-war level. Coal production at Muara was also recommenced, but with
little success.

Brunei

During the occupation, the Japanese had their language

taught in schools, and Government officers were
required to learn Japanese. The local currency was
replaced by what was to become known as duit
pisang(banana money). From 1943 hyper-inflation
destroyed the currency's value and, at the end of the
war, this currency was worthless. Allied attacks on
shipping eventually caused trade to cease. Food and
medicine fell into short supply, and the population
suffered famine and disease.
The airport runway was constructed by the Japanese
Major-General Wootten of the Australian 9th Division with
during the occupation, and in 1943 Japanese naval units
Lieutenant-General Masao Baba of the Japanese 37th Division at the
surrender ceremony at Labuan on 10 September 1945
were based in Brunei Bay and Labuan. The naval base
was destroyed by Allied bombing, but the airport
runway survived. The facility was developed as a public airport. In 1944 the Allies began a bombing campaign
against the occupying Japanese, which destroyed much of the town and Kuala Belait, but missed Kampong Ayer.[9]
On 10 June 1945 the Australian 9th Division landed at Muara under Operation Oboe Six to recapture Borneo from
the Japanese. They were supported by American air and naval units. Brunei town was bombed extensively and
recaptured after three days of heavy fighting. Many buildings were destroyed, including the Mosque. The Japanese
forces in Brunei, Borneo, and Sarawak, under Lieutenant-General Masao Baba, formally surrendered at Labuan on
10 September 1945. The British Military Administration took over from the Japanese and remained until July 1946.

Post-World War II
After World War II, a new government was formed in Brunei under the British Military Administration (BMA). It
consisted mainly of Australian officers and servicemen. The administration of Brunei was passed to the Civil
Administration on 6 July 1945. The Brunei State Council was also revived that year. The BMA was tasked to revive
the Bruneian economy, which was extensively damaged by the Japanese during their occupation. They had to put out
the fires on the wells of Seria, which had been set by the Japanese prior to their defeat.
Before 1941, the Governor of the Straits Settlements, based in Singapore, was responsible for the duties of British
High Commissioner for Brunei, Sarawak, and North Borneo (now Sabah). The first British High Commissioner for
Brunei was the Governor of Sarawak, Sir Charles Ardon Clarke. The Barisan Pemuda ("Youth Movement")
(abbreviated as BARIP) was the first political party to be formed in Brunei, on 12 April 1946. The party intended to
"preserve the sovereignty of the Sultan and the country, and to defend the rights of the Malays". BARIP also
contributed to the composition of the countrys National Anthem. The party was dissolved in 1948 due to inactivity.
In 1959, a new constitution was written declaring Brunei a self-governing state, while its foreign affairs, security,
and defense remained the responsibility of the United Kingdom. A small rebellion erupted against the monarchy in
1962, which was suppressed with help of the UK. Known as the Brunei Revolt, it contributed to the failure to create
the North Borneo Federation. The rebellion partially affected Brunei's decision to opt out of the Malaysian
Federation.
Brunei gained its independence from the United Kingdom on 1 January 1984. The official National Day, which
celebrates the country's independence, is held by tradition on 23 February.

Brunei

Writing of the Constitution

In July 1953, Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III formed a seven-member committee named Tujuh Serangkai, to find out
the citizens views regarding a written constitution for Brunei. In May 1954, the Sultan, Resident and High
Commissioner met to discuss the findings of the committee. They agreed to authorise the drafting of a constitution.
In March 1959 Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III led a delegation to London to discuss the proposed Constitution. The
British delegation was led by Sir Alan Lennox-Boyd, Secretary of State for the Colonies. The British Government
later accepted the draft constitution.
On 29 September 1959, the Constitution Agreement was signed in Bandar Seri Begawan. The agreement was signed
by Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III and Sir Robert Scott, the Commissioner-General for Southeast Asia. It included
the following provisions:

The Sultan was made the Supreme Head of State.

Brunei was responsible for its internal administration.
The British Government was responsible for foreign and defence affairs only.
The post of Resident was abolished and replaced by a British High Commissioner.

Five councils were set up:

The Executive Council

The Legislative Council of Brunei

The Privy Council
The Council of Succession
The State Religious Council

National development plans

A series of National Development Plans were initiated by the 28th Sultan of Brunei, Omar Ali Saifuddien III.
The first was introduced in 1953. A total sum of B$100 million was approved by the Brunei State Council for the
plan. E.R. Bevington, from the Colonial Office in Fiji, was appointed to implement it. A $US14 million Gas Plant
was built under the plan. In 1954, survey and exploration work were undertaken by the Brunei Shell Petroleum on
both offshore and onshore fields. By 1956, production reached 114,700 bpd.
The plan also aided the development of public education. By 1958, expenditure on education totaled at $4 million.
Communications were improved, as new roads were built and reconstruction at Berakas Airport was completed in
1954.
The second National Development Plan was launched in 1962. A major oil and gas field was discovered in 1963,
with this discovery, Liquefied Natural Gas became important. Developments in the oil and gas sector have
continued, and oil production has steadily increased since then. The plan also promoted the production of meat and
eggs for consumption by citizens. The fishing industry increased its output by 25% throughout the course of the plan.
The deepwater port at Muara was also constructed during this period. Power requirements were met, and studies
were made to provide electricity to rural areas. Efforts were made to eradicate malaria, an endemic disease in the
region, with the help of the World Health Organisation. The number of malaria cases were reduced from 300 cases in
1953 to only 66 cases in 1959. The death rate was reduced from 20 per thousand in 1947 to 11.3 per thousand in
1953. Infectious disease has been prevented by public sanitation and improvement of drainage, and the provision of
piped pure water to the population.

Brunei

Independence
1971 Agreement
On 14 November 1971, His Royal Highness Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah, which then used the title due to it being a
protectorate of the UK, left for London to discuss matters regarding the amendments to the 1959 Constitution. A new
agreement was signed on 23 November 1971 with the British representative being Anthony Henry Fanshawe Royle.
Under this agreement, the following terms were agreed upon Brunei was granted full internal self - government
The UK would still be responsible for external affairs and defence.
Brunei and the UK agreed to share the responsibility for security and defence.
This agreement also caused Gurkha units to be deployed in Brunei, where they remain up to this day.
Anglo-Brunei Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation (1979)
On 7 January 1979, another treaty was signed between Brunei and the UK. It was signed with Lord
Goronwy-Roberts being the representative of the UK. This agreement granted Brunei to take over international
responsibilities as an independent nation. Britain agreed to assist Brunei in diplomatical matters.
Full Independence
In May 1983, it was announced by the UK that the date of independence of Brunei would be 1 January 1984.
In 31 December 1983, a mass gathering was held on main mosques on all four of the districts of the country.
At midnight, on 1 January 1984, the Proclamation of Independence was read by His Majesty Hassanal Bolkiah,
which is now addressed in this manner.

Politics and government

The political system in the country is governed by the constitution and
the national tradition of the Malay Islamic Monarchy, the concept of
Melayu Islam Beraja (MIB). The three components of MIB cover
Malay culture, Islamic religion, and the political framework under the
monarchy. It has a legal system based on English common law,
although Islamic shariah law supersedes this in some cases.
Under Brunei's 1959 constitution, His Majesty Paduka Seri Baginda
Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Mu'izzaddin Waddaulah is the head of
state with full executive authority. Since 1962, these have included
emergency powers, which are renewed every two years. The country
has been under hypothetical martial law since the Brunei Revolt of
1962. Hassanal Bolkiah also serves as the state's Prime Minister,
Finance Minister and Defence Minister. The Royal family retains a
venerated status within the country. The country has a parliament.
Hassanal Bolkiah, Sultan of Brunei.

Foreign relations
Up until 1979, Brunei's foreign relations was managed by the UK government. After that, it was handled by the
Brunei Diplomatic Service. After independence in 1984, this Service was upgraded to ministerial level and is now
known as the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.[10]
Officially, Brunei's foreign policy is as follows:

Brunei

10
Mutual respect of other's territorial sovereignty, integrity and independence,
The maintenance of friendly relations among nations.
Non interference of the internal affairs of other countries
The maintenance and the promotion of peace, security and stability in the region.
With its traditional ties with the United Kingdom, it became the 49th
member of the Commonwealth immediately on the day of its
independence on 1 January 1984. As its first initiatives toward
improved regional relations, Brunei joined ASEAN on 7 January 1984,
becoming the sixth member. 1984, to achieve recognition of its
sovereignty and independence.[11] It joined the United Nations as a full
member on 21 September [12]
Embassy of Brunei in Moscow, Russia.

As an Islamic country, Brunei became a full member of the

Organisation of the Islamic Conference (now the Organisation of
Islamic Cooperation) in January 1984 at the Fourth Islamic Summit

held in Morocco.
After its accession to the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation forum (APEC) in 1989, Brunei hosted the APEC
Economic Leaders' Meeting in November 2000 and the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) in July 2002. Brunei
became a founding member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1 January 1995, and is a major player in
BIMP-EAGA, which was formed during the Inaugural Ministers' Meeting in Davao, Philippines on 24 March 1994.
Brunei shares a close relationship with the Philippines and Singapore. In April 2009, Brunei and the Philippines
signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) that seeks to strengthen the bilateral cooperation of the two
countries in the fields of agriculture and farm-related trade and investments.[13]
Brunei is one of many nations to lay claim to some of the disputed Spratly Islands. The status of Limbang as part of
Sarawak has been disputed by Brunei since the area was first annexed in 1890. The issue was reportedly settled in
2009, with Brunei agreeing to accept the border in exchange for Malaysia giving up claims to oil fields in Bruneian
waters.[14] The Brunei government denies this and says that their claim on Limbang was never dropped.

Subdivisions
Brunei is divided into four districts (daerahs) and 38 subdistricts (mukims).
The daerah of Temburong is physically separated from the rest of Brunei by the Malaysian state of Sarawak.
No. District

Capital

Population (2011 census) Area (km2)

1.

Belait

Kuala Belait

60,744

2.

Brunei-Muara Bandar Seri Begawan 279,924

571

3.

Temburong

Pekan Bangar

8,852

1,304

4.

Tutong

Pekan Tutong

43,852

1,166

2,724

Brunei

11

The daerah of Brunei-Maura includes Brunei's capital city, Bandar Seri Begawan, whose suburbs dominate fifteen of
the eighteen mukims in this daerah.
Over 90% of Brunei's total population lives in 15 of the 38 mukims:
Rank

Mukim

Population

Large Towns

Daerah

Sengkurong

62,400

Gadong B

59,610

Bandar Seri Begawan

Brunei-Muara

Berakas A

57,500

Bandar Seri Begawan

Brunei-Muara

Kuala Belait

35,500

Belait town

Belait

Seria

32,900

Seria Town

Belait

Berakas B

23,400

Bandar Seri Begawan

Brunei-Muara

Sungai Liang

18,100

small kampongs (villages)

Belait

Pengkalan Batu

approx. 15,000

small kampongs

Brunei-Muara

Kilanas

approx. 14,000

Bandar Seri Begawan

Brunei-Muara

10

Kota Batu

12,600

Bandar Seri Begawan

Brunei-Muara

11

Pekan Tutong

12,100

Tutong Town

Tutong

12

Mentiri

10,872

small kampongs

Brunei-Muara

13

Serasa

approx. 10,000

Muara Town

Brunei-Muara

14

Kianggeh

8,540

Bandar Seri Begawan

Brunei-Muara

15

Burong Pinggai Ayer

approx. 8,200

Bandar Seri Begawan

Brunei-Muara

Jerudong and Bandar Seri Begawan Brunei-Muara

Brunei

12

Geography

The panorama of Bandar Seri Begawan, showing Kampong Ayer in the Brunei River during the 2013 Brunei Regatta
Brunei is a southeast Asian country consisting of two unconnected parts with a total area of 5,765 square kilometres
(2,226sqmi) on the island of Borneo. It has 161 kilometres (100mi) of coastline next to the South China sea, and it
shares a 381km (237mi) border with Malaysia. It has 500 square kilometres (193sqmi) of territorial waters, and a
200-nautical-mile (370km; 230mi) exclusive economic zone.
About 97% of the population lives in the larger western part (Belait, Tutong, and Brunei-Muara), while only about
10,000 people live in the mountainous eastern part (Temburong District). The total population of Brunei is
approximately 408,000 as of July 2010[15], of which around 150,000 live in the capital Bandar Seri Begawan.[16]
Other major towns are the port town of Muara, the oil-producing town of Seria and its neighbouring town, Kuala
Belait. In Belait District, the Panaga area is home to large numbers of Europeans expatriates, due to Royal Dutch
Shell and British Army housing, and several recreational facilities are located there.
Most of Brunei is within the Borneo lowland rain forests ecoregion, which covers most of the island. Areas of
mountain rain forests inland.
The climate of Brunei is tropical equatorial. The average annual temperature is 26.1C (79.0F), with the
AprilMay average of 24.7C (76.5F) and the OctoberDecember average of 23.8C (74.8F).
Month

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

Mean maximum (C)

25.8

24.8

27.2

27.1

27.5

27.1

28.4

28.3

28.0

26.5

24.4

24.0

28.3

Mean minimum (C)

22.1

22.0

22.5

23.9

23.9

24.7

24.1

24.3

25.3

23.1

22.2

23.6

26.2

Average rainfall (mm) 277.7 138.3 113.0 200.3 239.0 214.2 228.8 215.8 257.7 319.9 329.4 343.5 2873.9

Economy
This small, wealthy economy is a mixture of foreign and domestic entrepreneurship, government regulation, welfare
measures, and village tradition. Crude oil and natural gas production account for about 90% of its GDP. About
167,000 barrels (26,600m3) of oil are produced every day, making Brunei the fourth-largest producer of oil in
Southeast Asia. It also produces approximately 25.3 million cubic metres (8.95108cuft) of liquified natural gas per
day, making Brunei the ninth-largest exporter of the substance in the world.
Substantial income from overseas investment supplements income from domestic production. Most of these
investments are made by the Brunei Investment Agency, an arm of the Ministry of Finance. The government
provides for all medical services, and subsidises rice and housing.

Brunei
The national air carrier, Royal Brunei Airlines, is trying to develop Brunei as a modest hub for international travel
between Europe and Australia/New Zealand. Central to this strategy is the position that the airline maintains at
London Heathrow Airport. It holds a daily slot at the highly capacity-controlled airport, which it serves from Bandar
Seri Begawan via Dubai. The airline also has services to major Asian destinations including Shanghai, Bangkok,
Singapore and Manila.
Brunei depends heavily on imports such as agricultural products (e.g. rice, food products, livestock, etc.), motorcars
and electrical products from other countries. Brunei imports 60% of its food requirements, of that amount, around
75% come from the ASEAN countries.
Brunei's leaders are very concerned that steadily increased integration in the world economy will undermine internal
social cohesion. But, it has become a more prominent player by serving as chairman for the 2000 Asia-Pacific
Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum. Leaders plan to upgrade the labour force, reduce unemployment, which
currently stands at 6%; strengthen the banking and tourism sectors, and, in general, broaden the economic base.
It is promoting food self-sufficiency. Brunei renamed its Brunei Darussalam Rice 1 as Laila Rice during the launch
of the "Padi Planting Towards Achieving Self-Sufficiency of Rice Production in Brunei Darussalam" ceremony at
the Wasan padi fields in April 2009. In August 2009, the Royal Family reaped the first few Laila padi stalks, after
years of attempts to boost local rice production, a goal first articulated about half a century ago. In July 2009 Brunei
launched its national halal branding scheme, Brunei Halal, with a goal to export to foreign markets.

Laws and human rights

Women
The government has made efforts to protect women's rights.[17] The law prohibits sexual harassment and stipulates
that whoever assaults or uses criminal force, intending thereby to outrage or knowing it is likely to outrage the
modesty of a person, shall be punished with imprisonment for as much as five years and caning. The law stipulates
imprisonment of up to 30 years, and caning with not fewer than 12 strokes for rape. The law does not criminalise
spousal rape; it explicitly states that sexual intercourse by a man with his wife, as long as she is not under 13 years of
age, is not rape. Protections against sexual assault by a spouse are provided under the amended Islamic Family Law
Order 2010 and Married Women Act Order 2010. The penalty for breaching a protection order is a fine not
exceeding BN$2,000 ($1,538) or imprisonment not exceeding six months. During the year 23 rape cases were
reported; at year's end police were investigating 11 and had forwarded 10 to the Attorney General Chambers.
There is no specific domestic violence law, but arrests have been made in domestic violence cases under the Women
and Girls Protection Act. The police investigate domestic violence only in response to a report by a victim. The
police were generally responsive in the investigation of such cases. During the year a total of 62 cases of spousal
dispute abuse reported; at year's end, 55 cases were under investigation, and eight had been forwarded to the
Attorney General Chambers. The criminal penalty for a minor domestic assault is one to two weeks in gaol and a
fine. An assault resulting in serious injury is punishable by caning and a longer prison sentence.
A special unit staffed by female officers has been established within the police department to investigate domestic
abuse and child abuse complaints. A hotline was available for persons to report domestic violence. The Ministry of
Culture, Youth, and Sport's Department of Community Development provides counseling for women and their
spouses. Based on individual circumstances, some female and minor victims were placed in protective custody while
waiting for their cases to be brought to court. Islamic courts staffed by male and female officials offered counseling
to married couples in domestic violence cases. Officials did not encourage wives to reconcile with flagrantly abusive
spouses. Islamic courts recognise assault as grounds for divorce.
Couples and individuals have the right to decide the number, spacing, and timing of their children, and have access
to contraceptive devices and methods through the government and private clinics. According to information gathered
by the UN, in 2008 the maternal mortality rate was an estimated 21 deaths per 100,000 live births. Citizens enjoy

13

Brunei
free medical and health care, including skilled attendance during childbirth, prenatal care, and essential obstetric and
postpartum care. Women had equal access to diagnostic and treatment facilities for sexually transmitted diseases.
Women had equal access to HIV treatment and counseling, as well as follow-up treatment.
In accordance with the government's interpretation of Qur'anic precepts, Muslim women have rights similar to those
of Muslim men in areas such as divorce and child custody. Islamic law requires that males receive twice the
inheritance of women. Civil law permits female citizens to pass their nationality on to their children and to own
property and other assets, including business properties. Women with permanent positions in the government can
now apply for travel allowances for their children. They cannot do so for husbands working in the private sector.
With this exception, they receive the same allowance privileges as their college-educated male counterparts.
According to government statistics, women made up 57 percent of the civil service force and held 28 percent of
senior management posts. Women are not discriminated against in access to employment and business.

Children
Citizenship is derived through one's parents rather than through birth within the country's territory. Parents with
stateless status are required to apply for a special pass for a child born in the country; failure to register a child may
make it difficult to enroll the child in school. By law sexual intercourse with a female under 14 years of age
constitutes rape and is punishable by imprisonment for not less than eight years and not more than thirty years and
not less than twelve strokes of the cane. The intent of the law is to protect girls from exploitation through prostitution
and "other immoral purposes" including pornography.

Homosexuality
Male homosexuality is illegal in Brunei and can be punished with up to 10 years imprisonment or a fine of $30,000.
There are no prohibitions on female homosexuality.[18]

Demographics
The population of Brunei in July 2011 was 401,890 of which 76% live
in urban areas. The average life expectancy is 76.37 years. In 2004,
66.3% of the population were Malay, 11.2% are Chinese, 3.4% are
indigenous, with smaller groups making up the rest.
The official language of Brunei is Malay. The Ministry of Culture,
Youth and Sports supports for a lingual movement aimed at the
increased use of the language in BruneiWikipedia:Please clarify.[19]
The principal spoken language is Melayu Brunei (Brunei Malay).
Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin Mosque at night.
Brunei Malay is rather divergent from standard Malay and the rest of
the Malay dialects, being about 84% cognate with standard Malay,[20]
and is mostly mutually unintelligible with it. English and Chinese are also widely spoken, English is also used in
business, as a working language, and as the language of instruction from primary to tertiary education,[21][22][23] and
there is a relatively large expatriate community. Other languages spoken include Kedayan, Tutong, Murut, Dusun
and Iban.
Islam is the official religion of Brunei, and two-thirds of the population adheres to Islam. Other faiths practised are
Buddhism (13%, mainly by the Chinese) and Christianity (10%). Freethinkers, mostly Chinese, form about 7% of
the population. Although most of them practise some form of religion with elements of Buddhism, Confucianism
and Taoism, they prefer to present themselves as having practised no religion officially, hence labelled as atheists in
official censuses. Followers of indigenous religions are about 2% of the population.

14

Brunei

15

Culture
The culture of Brunei is predominantly Malay (reflecting its ethnicity),
with heavy influences from Islam, but is seen as much more
conservative than Indonesia and Malaysia.[24] Influences to Bruneian
culture come from the Malay cultures of the Malay Archipelago. Four
periods of cultural influence have occurred, animist, Hindu, Islamic,
and Western. Islam had a very strong influence, and was adopted as
Brunei's ideology and philosophy.[25]
As a Sharia country, the sale and public consumption of alcohol is
banned.[26] Non-Muslims are allowed to bring in a limited amount of
alcohol from their point of embarkation overseas for their own private
consumption.

Royal Regalia Museum

Media
Media in Brunei are said to be pro-government. The country has been given "Not Free" status by Freedom House;
press criticism of the government and monarchy is rare. Nonetheless, the press is not overtly hostile toward
alternative viewpoints and is not restricted to publishing only articles regarding the government. The government
allowed a printing and publishing company, Brunei Press PLC, to form in 1953. The company continues to print the
English daily Borneo Bulletin. This paper began as a weekly community paper and became a daily in 1990 Apart
from The Borneo Bulletin, there is also the Media Permata and Pelita Brunei, the local Malay newspapers which are
circulated daily. The Brunei Times is another English independent newspaper published in Brunei since 2006.
The Brunei government owns and operates six television channels with the introduction of digital TV using DVB-T
(RTB 1, RTB 2, RTB 3 (HD), RTB 4, RTB 5 and RTB New Media (Game portal) and five radio stations (National
FM, Pilihan FM, Nur Islam FM, Harmony FM and Pelangi FM). A private company has made cable television
available (Astro-Kristal) as well as one private radio station, Kristal FM. It also has an online campus radio station,
UBD FM that streams from its first university, Universiti Brunei Darussalam'

Defense
Brunei maintains three infantry battalions stationed around the country. The Brunei navy has several "Ijtihad"-class
patrol boats purchased from a German manufacturer. The United Kingdom also maintains a base in Seria, the centre
of the oil industry in Brunei. A Gurkha battalion consisting of 1,500 personnel is stationed there. United Kingdom
military personnel are stationed there under a defence agreement signed between the two countries.
A Bell 212 operated by the air force crashed in Kuala Belait on 20 July 2012 with the loss of 12 of the 14 crew on
board. The cause of the accident has yet to be ascertained. The crash is the worst aviation incident in the history of
Brunei.
The Army is currently acquiring new equipment, including UAVs and S-70i Black Hawks.

Brunei

16

Infrastructure
The population centers in the country are linked by a network of 2,800
kilometres (1,700mi) of road. The 135-kilometre (84mi) highway
from Muara Town to Kuala Belait is being upgraded to a dual
carriageway.
Brunei is accessible by air, sea, and land transport. Brunei International
Airport is the main entry point to the country. Royal Brunei Airlines is
the national carrier. There is another airfield, the Anduki Airfield,
located in Seria. The ferry terminal at Muara services regular
connections to Labuan (Malaysia). Speedboats provide passenger and
goods transportation to the Temburong district. The main highway
running across Brunei is the Tutong-Muara Highway. The country's
road network is well developed. Brunei has one main sea port located at Muara.

Brunei International Airport

The airport in Brunei is currently being extensively upgraded. Changi Airport International is the consultant working
on this modernisation, which planned cost is currently $150 million. This project is slated to add 14,000 square
metres (150,000sqft) of new floorspace and includes a new terminal and arrival hall. With the completion of the
this project, the annual passenger capacity of the airport is expected to double from 1.5 to 3 million.
With one private car for every 2.09 persons, Brunei has one of the highest car ownership rates in the world. This has
been attributed to the absence of a comprehensive transport system, low import tax and low unleaded petrol price of
B$0.53 per litre.
A new 30-kilometre (19mi) roadway connecting the Muara and Temburong districts of Brunei is slated to be
completed in 2018. Fourteen kilometres (9mi) of this roadway would be crossing the Brunei Bay.

Healthcare
Healthcare in Brunei is charged at B$1 per consultation for citizens. A health centre run by Brunei Shell Petroleum is
located in Panaga. For medical assistance not available in the country, citizens are sent overseas at the government's
expense. In the period of 201112, 327 patients were treated in Malaysia and Singapore at the cost to the
government of $12 million.
The largest hospital in Brunei is Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Saleha Hospital (RIPAS) hospital, which has 538 beds, is
situated in the country's capital Bandar Seri Begawan. There are two private medical centres, Gleneagles JPMC Sdn
Bhd . and Jerudong Park Medical Centre. The Health Promotion Centre opened in November 2008 and serves to
educate the public on the importance of having a healthy lifestyle.
There is currently no medical school in Brunei, and Bruneians wishing to study to become doctors must attend
university overseas. However, the Institute of Medicines had been introduced at the Universiti Brunei Darussalam
and a new building has been built for the faculty. The building, including research lab facilities, was completed in
2009. There has been a School of Nursing since 1951. Fifty-eight nurse managers were appointed in RIPAS to
improve service and provide better medical care. In December 2008, The nursing college merged with the Institute
of Medicines at the Universiti Brunei Darussalam to produce more nurses and midwives. It is now called the
PAPRSB (Pengiran Anak Puteri Rashidah Sa'datul Bolkiah) Institute of Health Sciences.

Brunei

Notes and references

[1] http:/ / tools. wmflabs. org/ geohack/ geohack. php?pagename=Brunei& params=4_53. 417_N_114_56. 533_E_type:country
[2] Writing contest promotes usage, history of Jawi script (http:/ / www. bt. com. bn/ news-national/ 2010/ 10/ 22/
writing-contest-promotes-usage-history-jawi-script). The Brunei Times (22 October 2010)
[3] Article 3: "Official religion of Brunei Darussalam and religious observance" of the Constitution states Islam as the official religion of Brunei
Darussalam (http:/ / www. agc. gov. bn/ agc1/ images/ LOB/ cons_doc/ constitution_i. pdf)
[4] https:/ / www. cia. gov/ library/ publications/ the-world-factbook/ geos/ bx. html
[5] https:/ / www. cia. gov/ library/ publications/ the-world-factbook/ geos/ bx. html
[6] Peter Haggett (ed). Encyclopedia of World Geography, Volume 1, Marshall Cavendish, 2001, p. 2913 (http:/ / books. google. com/
books?id=u6LJ65K9DisC& lpg=PA2913& dq=brunei abode of peace& pg=PA2913).
[7] "Brunei under the Japanese occupation", Rozan Yunos, Brunei Times, Bandar Seri Begawan, 29 June 2008
[8] "The Japanese Interregnum...," Graham Saunders, A history of Brunei, Edition 2, illustrated, reprint, Routledge, 2002, page 129, ISBN
070071698X, 9780700716982
[9] "Japanese occupation", Historical Dictionary of Brunei Darussalam, Jatswan S. Sidhu, Edition 2, illustrated, Scarecrow Press, 2009, page
115, ISBN 0810870789, 9780810870789
[10] name="MOFA">
[11] {{cite web| url=http:/ / www. mfa. gov. bn/ foreignpolicy/ unitednation. htm| author="U.S. DOS"
[12] archiveurl=https:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20080218170858/ http:/ / www. mfa. gov. bn/ foreignpolicy/ unitednation. htm| archivedate=18
February 2008 | title=MOFAT, UN| date=30 March 2010| publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade of Brunei Darussalam}}
[13] Marvyn N. Benaning (29 April 2009) RP, "Brunei seal agri cooperation deal" (http:/ / www. mb. com. ph/ articles/ 204239/
rp-brunei-seal-agri-cooperation-deal#. UOaoTayyHMo), Manila Bulletin
[14] Leong Shen-Li (9 May 2010) "A tale of two oil blocks" (http:/ / thestar. com. my/ news/ story. asp?file=/ 2010/ 5/ 9/ nation/ 6188182&
sec=nation), The Star, Retrieved 9 May 2010.
[15] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ w/ index. php?title=Brunei& action=edit
[16] 2001 Summary Tables of the Population Census. Department of Statistics, Brunei Darussalam
[17] 2010 Human Rights Report: Brunei Darussalam (http:/ / www. state. gov/ j/ drl/ rls/ hrrpt/ 2010/ eap/ 154379. htm). US Department of State
[18] State-sponsored Homophobia A world survey of laws prohibiting same sex activity between consenting adults (http:/ / old. ilga. org/
Statehomophobia/ ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2012. pdf)
[19] Expand Use of Malay Language (http:/ / melayuonline. com/ eng/ news/ read/ 12382/ expand-use-of-malay-language). rtbnews.rtb.gov.bn
(18 October 2010)
[20] P. W. Martin and G. Poedjosoedarmo (1996). An overview of the language situation in Brunei Darussalam. In P. W. Martin, C. Ozog & G.
Poedjosoedarmo (Eds.), Language use & language change in Brunei Darussalam (pp. 123). Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Center for
International Studies. p. 7.
[21] Change in medium of instruction cause of poor Maths results | The Brunei Times (http:/ / www. bt. com. bn/ news-national/ 2010/ 09/ 22/
change-medium-instruction-cause-poor-maths-results). Bt.com.bn (22 September 2010). Retrieved on 27 February 2013.
[22] A. C. K. Ozog (1996). The unplanned use of English: The case of Brunei Darussalam. In P. W. Martin, C. Ozog & G. Poedjosoedarmo
(Eds.), Language use & language change in Brunei Darussalam (pp. 156166). Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Center for International
Studies.
[23] K. Dunseath (1996). Aspects of language maintenance and language shift among the Chinese community in Brunei. In P. W. Martin, C.
Ozog & G. Poedjosoedarmo (Eds.), Language use & language change in Brunei Darussalam (pp. 280301). Athens, Ohio: Ohio University
Center for International Studies ISBN 0896801934.
[24] For a discussion of religious freedom, see Brunei (http:/ / www. state. gov/ g/ drl/ rls/ irf/ 2006/ 71334. htm). International Religious
Freedom Report 2006, United States Department of State.
[25] Language and Culture (https:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20110511082403/ http:/ / www. jpm. gov. bn/ pmo1/ index. php?view=article&
id=185:language-and-culture& format=pdf& option=com_content& Itemid=209). jpm.gov.bn (28 May 2009)
[26] Brunei Tourism Website (Government appointed) (https:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20080710091353/ http:/ / www. tourismbrunei. com/
info/ do. html). tourismbrunei.com

17

Brunei

Bibliography

This article incorporatespublic domain material from websites or documents of the CIA World Factbook.
Atiyah, Jeremy (2002). Rough guide to Southeast Asia (http://books.google.com/books?id=uRX5zMsCeNgC&
printsec=frontcover). Rough Guide. ISBN978-1-85828-893-2.
Frankham, Steve (2008). Footprint Borneo (http://books.google.com/?id=XuR842_XgwQC&
printsec=frontcover). Footprint Guides. ISBN978-1-906098-14-8.
Gudgeon, L. W. W. (1913). British North Borneo. Adam and Charles Black: London.
Nicholl, Robert (2002). European sources for the history of the Sultanate of Brunei in the Sixteenth Century
(http://books.google.com/books?id=59PnSwurWj8C&printsec=frontcover). Special Publications, no.9.
Muzium Brunei. ISBN9780802849458.
History for Brunei (2009). History for Brunei Darussalam: Sharing our Past. Curriculum Development
Department, Ministry of Education. ISBN99917-2-372-2.
McAmis, Robert Day (2002). Malay Muslims: the history and challenge of resurgent Islam in Southeast Asia
(http://books.google.com/books?id=59PnSwurWj8C&printsec=frontcover). Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing.
ISBN978-0-8028-4945-8.
Melo Alip, Eufronio (1964). Political and cultural history of the Philippines, Volumes 12 (http://books.google.
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?id=t8JGP4RRA1cC&printsec=frontcover). Oxford Business Group. ISBN978-1-907065-09-5.
Saunders, Graham E. (2002). A history of Brunei (http://books.google.com/?id=SQ4t_OJgSjAC). Routledge.
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External links
Government
Government of Brunei Darussalam (http://www.brunei.gov.bn/index.htm) website
Chief of State and Cabinet Members (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/
world-leaders-b/brunei.html)Wikipedia:Link rot
General information
Brunei (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bx.html) entry at The World
Factbook
Brunei (http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/brunei.htm) from UCB Libraries GovPubs
Brunei (http://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Asia/Brunei_Darussalam/) at the Open Directory Project
Brunei profile (http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-12990058) from the BBC News
Brunei (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/82119/Brunei) at Encyclopdia Britannica

Wikimedia Atlas of Brunei

Key Development Forecasts for Brunei (http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=BN)
from International Futures
Business
Brunei Business Directory (http://www.onebrunei.com/)
Travel
Brunei Tourism (http://www.tourismbrunei.com/) website
Brunei Attractions (http://brulink.com/) website

18

Brunei
Brunei information on globalEDGE (https://web.archive.org/web/20090222020511/http://globaledge.msu.
edu/countryInsights/country.asp?CountryID=15)

19

Article Sources and Contributors

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Abdulrahim8859993, Abjiklam, Acewolf359, Acntx, Adashiel, Adherent of the Enlightenment 10.0, Adikhebat, Adolphus79, Aeusoes1, AgadaUrbanit, Ahoerstemeier, Aiman abmajid, Aiman
abmajid@yahoo.com, AimanRafi3, Ajaxkroon, Akanemoto, Aku dari orang brunei908, Aku orang dari brunei, Akubra, Alasdair, Alawadhi3000, Aldaron, AlefZet, Alevero987, Alex.tan,
Alex43223, AlexanderKaras, Alfonc330, Alicewalkerseye, Alistairjh, Allstarecho, Amakuru, Amire80, Amorymeltzer, Anarch21, Ancheta Wis, Andreidude, Andrew Gray, Andy M. Wang, Andy
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Ariedartin, Aris riyanto, Aroundthewayboy, Arthena, Asaifuls, Ashertg, Astrotrain, Asyraf Awang Besar, Asyrafa, Atomician, Aude, Auric, AustralianMelodrama, Avala, Avanu, Awiseman,
Axeman89, Axiom292, Azoimz, BRG, Badankecil321, Bahamut Star, Bambuway, Bar Code Symmetry, Bart133, Baseballbaker23, Bastin, Bazonka, Bddmagic, Beagel, Becek, Beefball,
Beetstra, Begoon, Beland, Ben Ben, Benbest, Bender235, Bertilvidet, Best1290, Bhawani Gautam, Bidabadi, Big Adamsky, Bilby, Billhpc, BillyH, Biscuittin, Blackangel25, Blastback123,
Blue-Haired Lawyer, Bluefenix211, Bluemask, Bobblewik, Bongwarrior, Boratkazakh, Borgarde, Bovineone, BoysGetHigh, Brian1979, Brianski, BrownHairedGirl, Brunei is the greatest,
Bruneian78, BruneianBritish909, Bruneiwap, Buaidh, Bubbha, Burntsauce, Bwhack, C.Fred, CBDunkerson, Cahk, CalicoCatLover, Call me maybe not, Caltas, Calton, Can't sleep, clown will eat
me, Canerj, Caniago, Canthusus, Cantus, Caponer, Capricorn42, Caramel16, Carl.bunderson, Carlooi657, Carlorino, Casey56, Casey92, Casliber, CayenneGaramonde, Cazzacarroll, Cenarium,
Cezary Okupski, Cgtdk, Chanheigeorge, CharlesGillingham, Chilax619, Chinneeb, Chipmunkdavis, Chochopk, Chongkian, ChrisGualtieri, Chrisahn, Chrism, Ckatz, Click23, Closedmouth,
Cobaltbluetony, Coffee, Colenso, CommonsDelinker, Conversion script, Coolmatt12, CopperSquare, CordeliaNaismith, Corvus13, Cosmic Latte, Courcelles, CrazyRepublican, Credema, Cricobr,
Crisco 1492, Crusadeonilliteracy, CsDix, Cshotwell, Cyanolinguophile, Cybercobra, D-Rock, D6, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, DD Ting, DDima, DLinth, Daduzi, Daihfeikfjne, Danaman5, Daniel5127,
Danny, Dannys-777, Danrok, Darkdestroys, Darrel francis, Darwinek, Davehi1, David Kernow, David deterding, DavidCane, Davidcannon, Dawn Bard, Daxon43, Daydreamer302000, De koelie,
DeadEyeArrow, Debbymajid, Debresser, Deflective, Demmy, Den fjttrade ankan, Denisarona, Deville, Dewet, Diblidabliduu, DiiCinta, Dinkytown, Disastrophe, Discospinster, Discworldian,
Distal24, DivineIntervention, Djsasso, Dmol, Dmoss, Dnrallis, Doc Quintana, Doc glasgow, DocWatson42, Docboat, Docu, Dolovis, Donner60, Donuts14, Dr.Jacob90, Draeco, Drbug, Drmies,
Dungodung, Durova, Dustmaster, Dwo, E Pluribus Anthony, EHBX, ELLusKa 86, ESkog, EWikist, EagerToddler39, EagleFan, Earth, Eastlaw, Eco99, Efghij, Egard89, Ego White Tray, El C,
El0i, Eldumpo, Electionworld, Elekhh, Elockid, ElockidAlternate, EncycloPetey, Enigma bobin, Epbr123, Epolk, Erebus555, Eric-Wester, Euchiasmus, Euryalus, Evilsizer2, Evlekis, Excirial,
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Frania, Frankie0607, Fredrik, Frietjes, Frze, Funnyhat, FutureTrillionaire, Fuyer5, Fuzheado, F, GSMR, Gadfium, Gaius Cornelius, Gareth E Kegg, Garlics82, Gaz, Ged UK, Geni, Gentgeen,
Geof, George2001hi, Gggh, Gilliam, Girmitya, Glane23, Glenn Anderson, Gogo Dodo, Golbez, Good Olfactory, Goran.S2, Gotipe, Goustien, Gozar, Gr8opinionater, GraemeL, Graham87, Green
Giant, Greenmango, Grenavitar, Gringo300, Gross, Group Nisa, Group16wiki, Gryffindor, Gsarwa, Gurch, Gzornenplatz, HIDECCHI001, Haaqfun, Hagedis, Hairy Dude, Haleth, Hallows AG,
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File:Flag of Brunei.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Brunei.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Nightstallion
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Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

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