Smart Mater. Struct. 5 (1996) 272280.

Printed in the UK
Vibration control of plates with active
constrained layer damping
A Baz and J Ro
Mechanical Engineering Department, The Catholic University of America,
Washington, DC 20064, USA
Received 7 February 1995, accepted for publication 22 December 1995
Abstract. Bending vibration of at plates is controlled using patches of active
constrained layer damping (ACLD) treatments. Each ACLD patch consists of a
visco-elastic damping layer which is sandwiched between two piezo-electric layers.
The rst layer is directly bonded to the plate to sense its vibration and the second
layer acts as an actuator to actively control the shear deformation of the
visco-elastic damping layer according to the plate response. With such
active/passive control capabilities the energy dissipation mechanism of the
visco-elastic layer is enhanced and the damping characteristics of the plate
vibration is improved. A nite element model is developed to analyze the dynamics
and control of at plates which are partially treated with multi-patches of ACLD
treatments. The model is validated experimentally using an aluminum plate which
is 0.05 cm thick, 25.0 cm long and 12.5 cm wide. The plate is treated with two
ACLD patches, each of which is made of SOUNDCOAT (Dyad 606) visco-elastic
layer sandwiched between two layers of AMP/polyvinylidene uoride (PVDF)
piezo-electric lms. The piezo-electric axes of the patches are set at zero degrees
relative to the plate longitudinal axis to control the bending mode. The effect of the
gain of a proportional control action on the system performance is presented.
Comparison between the theoretical predictions and the experimental results
suggest the validity of the developed nite element model. Also, comparisons with
the performance of conventional passive constrained layer damping clearly
demonstrate the merits of the ACLD as an effective means for suppressing the
vibration of at plates.
1. Introduction
Passive surface treatments have been extensively utilized as
a simple and reliable means for damping out the vibration
of plain and sandwiched plates (Alam and Asnani 1984
and 1987, Lu et al 1992, and Khatua and Cheung 1973).
These surface treatments rely in their operation on the use
of visco-elastic damping layers which are bonded to the
vibrating structures, in a constrained conguration, to attain
high damping ratios. Higher damping ratios can also be
obtained over a broad range of temperatures and frequencies
through the use of multi-damping layers (Alam and Asnani
1984 and 1987). Such performance is achieved, however, at
the expense of adding considerable weight to the vibrating
plate. This poses a serious limitation to their practical
use for many applications where the weight is of critical
importance.
In this study, the new class of ACLD treatment
is utilized as a viable alternative to the conventional
passive constrained layer damping (PCLD). The ACLD
treatment combines the attractive attributes of both active
and passive damping; it provides high energy dissipation-
to-weight characteristics as compared to conventional
constrained congurations. Such surface treatment has
been successfully applied to stationary and rotating beams
(Agnes and Napolitano 1993, Azvine et al 1993, 1994, Baz
1993a, b, Baz and Ro 1993ac, 1994, 1995, Edberg and
Bicos 1992, Plump and Hubbard 1986 and Van Nostrand
et al 1994). Only recently, Shen (1994a,b) used a full
ACLD treatment to control the bending vibration of at
plates through the development of a distributed-parameter
model to simulate the dynamics of this class of plates. No
attempt has however been made to theoretically model or
experimentally control the vibration of plates which are
partially treated with multi-patches of ACLD treatments.
It is therefore the purpose of this study to address
these issues by developing a nite element model that
simulates the dynamics of plates/ACLD assemblies and
experimentally validating this model. Particular focus is
placed on experimentally demonstrating the feasibility of
the ACLD treatments in controlling the bending modes of
vibration of partially treated plates. Simultaneous control
of bending and torsional modes is a natural extension of
this study.
This paper is organized in ve sections and two
appendices. In section 1 a brief introduction is given. The
concept of the active constrained layer damping is presented
in section 2. The theory governing the operation of the
plates/ACLD systems is briey described in section 3. In
0964-1726/96/030272+09$19.50 c 1996 IOP Publishing Ltd
Vibration control with ACLD
Figure 1. Schematic drawing of the active constrained layer damping.
Figure 2. Finite element model of a plate treated with active constrained layer damping. (a) main conguration, (b)
undeected plate cross section, (c) deected plate cross section.
section 4, the theoretical and experimental characteristics of
plates treated with two ACLD congurations are presented
and compared with those of conventional PCLD. Section 5
gives a brief summary of the conclusions. The details of
the stiffness and mass matrices of the ACLD treatment
are given in appendix A. The control forces and moments
generated by the active constraining layer are given in
appendix B.
2. The concept of active constrained layer
damping
The ACLD treatment consists of a conventional passive
constrained layer damping which is augmented with
efcient active control means to control the strain of the
constrained layer, in response to the structural vibrations
as shown in gure 1. The visco-elastic damping layer is
sandwiched between two piezo-electric layers. The three-
layer composite ACLD when bonded to the vibrating plate
acts as a SMART constraining layer damping treatment with
built-in sensing and actuation capabilities. The sensing, as
indicated by the sensor voltage V
s
is provided by the piezo-
electric layer which is directly bonded to the plate surface.
The actuation is generated by the other piezo-electric layer
which acts as an active constraining layer that is activated
by the control voltage V
c
. With appropriate strain control,
through proper manipulation of V
s
, the shear deformation of
the visco-elastic damping layer can be increased, the energy
273
A Baz and J Ro
dissipation mechanism can be enhanced and the structural
vibration can be damped out.
In this manner, the ACLD provides a practical means
for controlling the vibration of massive structures with
the currently available piezo-electric actuators within the
need for excessively large actuation voltages. This is due
to the fact that the ACLD properly utilizes the piezo-
electric actuator to control the shear in the soft visco-
elastic core which is a task compatible with the low
control authority capabilities of the currently available
piezo-electric materials.
3. Finite element modeling of plates with ACLD
treatments
3.1. Overview
The nite element model briey outlined in this section
describes the behavior of thin plates with ACLD treatments.
The model extends the study of Khatua and Cheung (1973)
which has been used to analyze the dynamics of plates
treated with passive constrained layer damping. The model
accounts for the behavior of the distributed piezo-sensor
(Miller and Hubbard 1987) and the distributed piezo-
actuator (Crawley and de Luis 1987).
3.2. The model
Figure 2 shows a schematic drawing of a symmetric ACLD
treatment of a sandwiched plate which is divided into N
nite elements. It is assumed that the shear strains in
the piezo-sensor/actuator layers and in the base plate are
negligible. The transverse displacements, w, of all points
on any cross section of the sandwiched plate are considered
to be equal. Furthermore, the piezo-sensor/actuator layers
and the base plate are assumed to be elastic and dissipate
no energy. The damping layers are assumed to be linearly
visco-elastic with their constitutive equations described
using the shear complex modulus approach such that G =
G

(1 + i) where G

, and i denote the storage modulus,

the loss factor and

1. In addition, the piezo-sensors
and the base plate are considered to be perfectly bonded
together such that they can be reduced to a single equivalent
layer. Accordingly, the original seven-layer sandwiched
plate reduces to an equivalent ve-layer plate.
3.2.1. Basic kinematic relationships. Considering the
geometry of the plate/ACLD system shown in gure 2, the
shear strains
x1
and
y1
of the top visco-elastic core 2
and the shear strains
x2
and
y2
of the bottom visco-elastic
core 4 can be written as follows

x1
= d/h
2
__
u
1
u
3
_
/d +w
,x
_

y1
= d/h
2
__
v
1
v
3
_
/d +w
,y
_

x2
= d/h
2
__
u
3
u
5
_
/d +w
,x
_

y2
= d/h
2
__
v
3
v
5
_
/d +w
,y
_
(1)
where d = (h
2
+ h
1
/2 + D) with h
1
and h
2
denoting
the thicknesses of the constraining layers and the visco-
elastic cores respectively. The parameter D represents the
distance from the mid-plane of the plate to the interface
with the visco-elastic layer. Subscripts , x and , y denote
spatial derivatives with respect to x and y. The longitudinal
displacements u
1
and v
1
denote the displacements of layer
i in x and y directions with i = 1, 3 and 5 dening
the top constraining layer, the base plate and the bottom
constraining layer respectively.
Also, the longitudinal displacements u
2
and v
2
of the
top visco-elastic core 2 and the displacements u
4
and v
4
of the bottom visco-elastic 4 are written in terms of the
longitudinal displacements u
1
and v
1
of the top constraining
layer 1, and the displacements u
5
and v
5
of the bottom
constraining layer 5 and the longitudinal displacements u
3
and v
3
of the base plate 3 as follows:
u
2
=
1
2
_
_
u
1
+u
3
_
+
_
h
1
h
3
_
w
,x
2
_
u
4
=
1
2
_
_
u
3
+u
5
_
+
_
h
1
h
3
_
w
,x
2
_
v
2
=
1
2
_
_
v
1
+v
3
_
+
_
h
1
h
3
_
w
,y
2
_
v
4
=
1
2
_
_
v
3
+v
5
_
+
_
h
1
h
3
_
w
,y
2
_
(2)
where h
3
is the thickness of the base plate/sensor layer.
3.2.2. Degrees of freedom and shape functions.
The plate/ACLD elements considered are two-dimensional
elements bounded by four nodal points. Each node has
seven degrees of freedom to describe the longitudinal
displacements u
1
and v
1
of the constraining layer, the
longitudinal displacements u
3
and v
3
of the base plate, the
transverse deection w and the slopes w
,x
and w
,y
of the
deection line. The spatial distributions of the longitudinal
displacements u
1
, v
1
, u
3
and v
3
as well as the transverse
deection w over any element i of the treated plate are
assumed to be given by:
u
1
= a
1
+a
2
x +a
3
y +a
4
xy
v
1
= a
5
+a
6
x +a
7
y +a
8
xy
u
3
= a
9
+a
10
x +a
11
y +a
12
xy
v
3
= a
13
+a
14
x +a
15
y +a
16
xy
u
5
= a
17
+a
18
x +a
19
y +a
20
xy
v
5
= a
21
+a
22
x +a
23
y +a
24
xy
(3)
and
w = b
1
+b
2
x +b
3
y +b
4
x
2
+b
5
xy +b
6
y
2
+b
7
x
3
+b
8
x
2
y +b
9
xy
2
+b
10
y
3
+b
11
x
3
y +b
12
xy
3
(4)
where the constants {a
1
, a
2
, . . . , a
24
} = {a} and
{b
1
, b
2
, . . . , b
12
} are determined in terms of the thirty six
components of the nodal deection vector {
1
} of the ith
element which is bounded by the nodes 1, 2, 3 and 4 as
shown in gure 2. The nodal deection vector {
1
} is
given by:
_

i
_
=
_

1
,
2
,
3
,
4
_
T
(5)
274
Vibration control with ACLD
Figure 3. Experimental set-up.
Table 1. Main properties of the base plate.
Length Width Thickness 1st Mode 2nd Mode 3rd Mode
L (m) b (m) H
3
(cm) (Hz) (Hz) (Hz)
0.250 0.125 0.05 5.97 0.036 25.2 0.0084 37.5 0.0064
Table 2. Physical and geometrical properties of the ACLD treatment.
Length Width Thick Density Modulus
Layer (m) (m) (m) (kg/m
3
) (Mpa)
Visco-elastic 0.250 0.076 0.0005 1140 20
a
Piezo-electric 0.250 0.076 28 10
6
1800 2250
b
a
shear modulus.
b
Youngs modulus.
where
_

i
_
=
_
u
1i
, v
1i
, u
3i
, v
3i
, u
5i
, v
5i
, w
i
, w
,xi
, w
,yi
_
T
for i = 1, . . . , 4. (6)
Therefore, the deection {} = {u
1
, v
1
, u
3
, v
3
, u
5
, v
5
, w,
w
,x
, w
,y
}
t
at any location {x, y} inside the ith element can
be determined from:
_
u
1
, v
1
, u
3
, v
3
, u
5
, v
5
, w, w
,x
, w
,y
_
T
=
__
N
1
_
,
_
N
2
_
,
_
N
3
_
,
_
N
4
_
,
_
N
5
_
,
_
N
6
_
,
_
N
7
_
,
_
N
7
_
,x
,
_
N
7
_
,y
_
T
_

i
_
(7)
where [N
1
], [N
2
], [N
3
], [N
4
], [N
5
], [N
6
], [N
7
], [N
7
]
,x
and
[N
7
]
,y
are the spatial interpolating vectors corresponding to
u
1
, v
1
, u
3
, v
3
, u
5
, v
5
, w, w
,x
and w
,y
respectively.
3.2.3. Equations of motion. The dynamics of the
ACLD-treated plate element is described by the following
equation of motion:
_
M
i
_ _

i
_
+
_
K
i
_ _

i
_
=
_
F
c
_
(8)
where [M
i
] and [K
i
] denote the mass and stiffness matrices
of the plate/ACLD element given in appendix A. The
vector {F
c
} is the vector of control forces and moments
generated by the piezo-constraining layers on the treated
plate element. It is expressed as follows:
_
F
c
_
=
_
F
1
, F
2
, F
3
, F
4
_
T
(9)
where
_
F
i
_
=
_
F
pxi
, F
pyi
, 0, 0, F
pxi
, F
pyi
, 0, M
pxi
, M
pyi
_
T
for i = 1, . . . , 4 (10)
275
A Baz and J Ro
Table 3. The main physical and geometrical properties of
the piezo-sensor and actuator layers.
d
31
d
32
k
31
g
31
k
3t
(m/V) (m/V) (Vm/N)
23 10
12
3 10
12
0.12 216 10
3
12
where F
pxi
, F
pyi
, M
pxi
and M
pyi
denote the control forces
and moments generated at node i. Appendix B outlines the
derivation of the expressions dening these control forces
and moments.
Equation (7) describes the dynamics/control of a single
plate/ACLD element. Assembly of the corresponding
equations for the different elements and applying the proper
boundary conditions yields the overall equation for the
entire plate/ACLD system. The resulting equation is then
utilized to predict the dynamic characteristics of the open-
loop system (i.e. the plate with the PCLD treatment when
the control gains = 0) and the closed-loop system (i.e.
the plate with the ACLD treatment when the control gains
= 0). Such characteristics are determined by computing the
natural frequencies and the corresponding modal damping
ratios.
4. Performance of plates partially-treated with
ACLD and PCLD treatments
4.1. Overview
In this section, the experimental performance of plates
which are partially treated with the ACLD treatment is
determined for different control gains. Comparisons are
also made with the performance of plates treated with
PCLD treatments.
4.2. Properties of base plate, visco-elastic and
constraining layers
Table 1 lists the main physical, geometrical and dynamical
properties of the base plate. The plate is made of aluminum
and is mounted in a cantilevered conguration. The rst
three modes of vibration of the plate are 5.97, 25.20 and
37.45 Hz with the rst and third being bending modes and
the second mode, torsional.
The plate is treated with a single patch of ACLD
which consists of a visco-elastic sheet of DYAD 606 from
SOUNDCOAT sandwiched between two piezo-electric
layers from AMP, Inc (Valley Forge, PA, USA). The
piezo-electric layers are made from PVDF polymeric lms
number S028NAO. Tables 2 and 3 list the physical and
geometrical parameters of the visco-elastic and piezo-
electric layers.
Note also that adding the ACLD patches to the base
plate changes its rst three modes of vibration to 5.76, 24.99
and 34.50 Hz and the open-loop damping ratios to 0.0314,
0.0286 and 0.0265.
Figure 4. Comparison between the amplitude of vibration
of the uncontrolled and controlled plate at different control
gains.
4.3. Experimental set-up
Figure 3 shows a schematic drawing of the experimental
set-up used in testing the effectiveness of the ACLD in
attenuating the vibration of the test plate as compared
to conventional PCLD. The test plate is excited by an
electro-mechanical shaker driven by sinusoidal or white
noise source through a power amplier. The amplitude
of vibration of the free end of the plate, at its mid-width, is
monitored by a laser sensor (Model MQ - Aeromat Corp.,
Providence, NJ, USA). The output signal of the laser sensor
is sent to a spectrum analyzer to determine the vibration
attenuation both in the time and frequency domains. The
laser sensor has accuracy of 20 m over a frequency band
between 01000 Hz.
The signal from the sensor is amplied using a
charge amplier (Model AM-5 from Wilcoxon Research,
Rockville, MD, USA). The amplied signal is manipulated,
using analog circuits, to generate a proportional control
law. The resulting control action is sent via an analog
power amplier (Model PA7C from Wilcoxon Research,
Rockville, MD, USA) to the piezo-electric constraining
layer.
4.4. Experimental results
The amplitude of vibration of the plate at the mid-width
point of its free end is shown in gure 4 when the plate
is subjected to sinusoidal base excitations. The gure
focuses on the plate vibration at its rst bending mode.
Comparisons are also shown in the gure between the
amplitudes of vibration when the ACLD is unactivated (i.e.
it acts as a conventional PCLD) and when it is activated
using different proportional control gains. It is evident that
activating the ACLD treatment has resulted in effective
attenuation of the plate vibrations. Also, it is evident that
increasing the control gain has resulted in improving the
vibration attenuation characteristics of the ACLD treatment.
Note also that the use of simple proportional controller
to control the ACLD treatment has resulted in shifting
the frequency of the uncontrolled plate/ACLD system (i.e.
276
Vibration control with ACLD
Figure 5. Comparison between theory and experiments:
(a) natural frequency, (b) damping ratio.
the open-loop system) to higher closed-loop frequencies.
The magnitude of these closed-loop frequencies increases
as the control gain is increased. Such an increase in the
closed-loop frequency is attributed to the restoring bending
moment, generated around the perimeter of the ACLD
patch, which is directly proportional to the control gain.
The damping ratio of the closed-loop system also
increases with the control gain as demonstrated by the
atness of the frequency response characteristics. Such an
increase is developed by the particular nature of the ACLD
treatment which tunes the shear strain in the visco-elastic
cores in response to the structural vibrations. This process
of modifying the shear deformation is main reason behind
the enhanced damping characteristics of the plate/ACLD
system.
Figure 5 shows comparisons between theoretical and
experimental natural frequencies and damping ratios of
the plate/ACLD system. Close agreement between theory
and experiment is evident. Table 4 displays comparisons
between the theoretical and experimental amplitudes of
vibrations for different control gains. The amplitudes are
Table 4. Comparisons between theoretical and
experimental amplitudes of vibrations for different control
gains.
Control Gain 0 111 341 1090
Theoretical 1 0.65 0.44 0.32
Experimental 1 0.62 0.41 0.22
normalized with respect to the uncontrolled amplitudes.
The theoretical and predictions shown in gure 5
are obtained by dividing the plate/ACLD system into 36
elements with 12 of these elements dening the untreated
plate.
5. Conclusions
This paper has presented a nite element analysis of the
dynamics and control of at plates which are partially
treated with patches of the active constrained layer damping
treatment. The predictions of the nite element model have
been validated experimentally. The ability of the ACLD
treatments to attenuate the bending vibration of exible
plates has been successfully demonstrated. Amplitude
attenuations of about 76% are achieved with control
voltages not exceeding 24.68 volts. Such attenuations
are due to the activation of the ACLD treatment which
has resulted in increasing the damping ratio three-fold as
compared to that of the unactivated ACLD (i.e. the PCLD).
Optimal placement and sizing of the ACLD patches is being
considered in order to attain optimal balance between the
vibration damping, the control energy and the treatment
weight. Also, simultaneous control of the bending and
torsion modes of vibration of the plate is currently under
investigation to enhance the effectiveness of the ACLD
treatment.
Acknowledgments
This work is funded by the US Army Research Ofce
(Grant number DAAH-04-93-G-0202). Special thanks are
due to Dr Gary Anderson, the technical monitor, for his
invaluable technical input.
Appendix A. Stiffness and mass matrices of the
plate/ACLD system
Stiffness matrix
The stiffness matrix [K
i
] of the ith element of the
plate/ACLD system is given by:
_
K
i
_
=
__
K
pc
_
+
_
K
bc
__
+
__
K
pv
_
+
_
K
bv
_
+
_
K
sv
__
+
__
K
pp
_
+
_
K
bp
__
(A1)
where [K
pc
] and [K
bc
] are in-plane and bending stiffnesses
of the constraining layers. Also, [K
pv
], [K
bv
] and [K
sv
]
denote the in-plane, bending and shear stiffnesses of the
visco-elastic layers. The matrices [K
pp
] and [K
bp
] dene
277
A Baz and J Ro
the in-plane and bending stiffnesses of the base plate/sensor.
These stiffness matrices are given by:
_
K
pc
_
= h
1
_
ai
_
bi
__
B
1p
_
T
_
D
1p
__
B
1p
_
+
_
B
5p
_
T
_
D
1p
__
B
5p
__
dxdy
_
K
bc
_
= 2
_
ai
_
bi
_
B
b
_
T
_
D
1b
__
B
b
_
dxdy
_
K
pv
_
=
_
ai
_
bi
__
B
2p
_
T
_
D
2p
__
B
2p
_
+
_
B
4p
_
T
_
D
4p
__
B
4p
__
dxdy
_
K
bv
_
= 2
_
ai
_
bi
_
B
b
_
T
_
D
2b
__
B
b
_
dxdy
_
K
sv
_
= G
2
h
2
_
ai
_
bi
__
B
g2
_
T
_
B
g2
_
+
_
B
g4
_
T
_
B
g4
__
dxdy
_
K
pp
_
= h
3
_
ai
_
bi
_
B
3p
_
T
_
D
3p
__
B
3p
_
dxdy
_
K
bp
_
=
_
ai
_
bi
_
B
b
_
T
_
D
3b
__
B
b
_
dxdy (A2)
with G
2
denoting the shear modulus of the visco-elastic
layer and the matrices [B
1p
], [D
1p
], [B
b
], [D
1b
], [B
2p
],
[D
2p
], [B
4p
], [D
4p
], [D
2b
], [B
g2
], [B
g4
], [B
3p
], [B
5p
] and
[D
3p
] are given by:
_
B
1p
_
=
_
_
_
N
1
_
,x
_
N
2
_
,y
_
N
1
_
,y
+
_
N
2
_
,x
_
_
_
B
b
_
=
_
_
_
N
7
_
,xx
_
N
7
_
,yy
2
_
N
7
_
,xy
_
_
_
B
3p
_
=
_
_
_
N
3
_
,x
_
N
4
_
,y
_
N
3
_
,y
+
_
N
4
_
,x
_
_
_
B
5p
_
=
_
_
_
N
5
_
,x
_
N
6
_
,y
_
N
5
_
,y
+
_
N
6
_
,x
_
_
_
B
g2
_
=
d
h
2
_
__
N
1
_

_
N
3
___
d +
_
N
7
_
,x
__
N
2
_

_
N
4
___
d +
_
N
7
_
,y
_
_
B
g4
_
=
d
h
2
_
__
N
3
_

_
N
5
___
d +
_
N
7
_
,x
__
N
4
_

_
N
6
___
d +
_
N
7
_
,y
_
_
B
2p
_
=
_
_
_
N
1
_
,x
+
_
N
3
_
,x
+
_
N
7
_
,xx
_
N
2
_
,y
+
_
N
4
_
,y
+
_
N
7
_
,yy
_
N
1
_
,y
+
_
N
3
_
,y
+
_
N
7
_
,yx
+
_
N
2
_
,x
+
_
N
4
_
,x
+
_
N
7
_
,xy
_
_
and
_
B
4p
_
=
_
_
_
N
3
_
,x
+
_
N
5
_
,x
+
_
N
7
_
,xx
_
N
4
_
,y
+
_
N
6
_
,y
+
_
N
7
_
,yy
_
N
3
_
,y
+
_
N
5
_
,y
+
_
N
7
_
yx
+
_
N
4
_
,x
+
_
N
6
_
,x
+
_
N
7
_
,xy
_
_
(A3)
where = (h
1
h
3
)/2. Also, the in-plane stiffness matrices
[D
1p
], [D
2p
], [D
3p
] and [D
4p
] and the bending stiffness
matrices [D
1b
] and [D
2b
], are given by the following
general form:
_
D
ip
_
=
_
D
ip11
D
ip12
0
D
ip21
D
ip22
0
0 0 D
ip33
_
_
D
ib
_
=
_
D
ib11
D
ib12
0
D
ib21
D
ib22
0
0 0 D
ib33
_
(A4)
with D
ip11
= D
ip22
= E
i
/(1
2
i
), D
ip12
= D
ip21
=

i
E
i
/(1
2
i
) and D
ip33
= E
i
/[2(1
i
)] where E
i
and
i
denote Youngs modulus and Poissons ratio of
the ith layer. Also, D
ib11
= D
ib22
= E
i
I
i
/(1
2
i
),
D
ib12
= D
ib21
=
i
D
ib11
and D
ib33
= D
ib11
(1
i
)/2
where I
i
denotes the area moment of inertia of the ith layer.
Mass matrix
The mass matrix [M
i
] of the ith element of the plate/ACLD
system is given by:
_
M
i
_
=
_
M
bc
_
+
_
M
pc
_
+
_
M
bv
_
+
_
M
pv
_
+
_
M
bp
_
+
_
M
pp
_
(A5)
where [M
bc
] and [M
pc
] denote the mass matrices due to
bending and extension of the constraining layers. Also
[M
bv
] and [M
pv
] denote the mass matrices due to bending
and extension of the visco-elastic cores. The matrices [M
bp
]
and [M
pp
] denote the mass matrices due to bending and
extension of the base plate. These matrices are given by:
_
M
bc
_
= 2
1
h
1
__
ai
_
bi
__
N
7
_
T
_
N
7
__
dxdy
_
_
M
pc
_
=
1
h
1
__
ai
_
bi
__
N
1
_
T
_
N
1
_
+
_
N
2
_
T
_
N
2
_
+
_
N
5
_
T
_
N
5
_
+
_
N
6
_
T
_
N
6
__
dxdy
_
_
M
bv
_
= 2
2
h
2
__
ai
_
bi
__
N
7
_
T
_
N
7
__
dxdy
_
_
M
pv
_
=
1
4

2
h
2
__
ai
_
bi
__
N
8
_
T
_
N
8
_
+
_
N
9
_
T
_
N
9
_
+
_
N
10
_
T
_
N
10
_
+
_
N
11
_
T
_
N
11
__
dxdy
_
where
_
N
8
_
=
_
N
1
_
+
_
N
3
_
+
_
N
7
_
,x
_
N
9
_
=
__
N
2
_
+
_
N
4
_
+
_
N
7
_
,y
_
_
N
10
_
=
_
N
3
_
+
_
N
5
_
+
_
N
7
_
,x
278
Vibration control with ACLD
and
_
N
11
_
=
__
N
4
_
+
_
N
6
_
+
_
N
7
_
,y
_
_
M
bp
_
=
3
h
3
__
ai
_
bi
__
N
7
_
T
_
N
7
__
dxdy
_
_
M
pp
_
=
3
h
3
__
ai
_
bi
__
N
3
_
T
_
N
3
_
+
_
N
4
_
T
_
N
4
__
dxdy
_
(A6)
where
1
,
2
and
3
are the densities of the constraining
layers, the visco-elastic layers and plate/sensor layer
respectively.
Appendix B. Control forces and moments
generated by the active constraining layer
The in-plane piezo-electric forces
The work done by the in-plane piezo-electric forces {F
pi
}
is given by:
1
2
_

i
_
T
_
F
pi
_
=
_
ai
_
bi

pp

1p
dxdy (B7)
where
pp
and
1p
are the in-plane stresses and strains
induced in the piezo-constraining layer. Equation (A2.1)
reduces to:
_
F
pxi
F
pyi
F
pxyi
_
=
_
K
p
+K
d
p
_
V
s
_
ai
_
bi
_
B
1p
_
T
_
_
D
1p
_
_
d
31
d
32
0
_
_
dxdy for i = 1, . . . , 4 (B8)
with K
p
and K
d
denoting the proportional and derivative
control gains. Also, p and V
s
denote the operator d/dt and
the sensor voltage. The constants d
31
and d
32
dene the
piezo-electric strain constants in the x and y directions.
The piezo-electric moments
The work done by the piezo-electric moments {M
pi
} due to
the bending of the piezo-electric constraining layer is given
by:
1
2
_

i
_
T
_
M
pi
_
= h
1
_
ai
_
bi

pb

1b
dxdy (B9)
where
pb
and
1b
are the bending stresses and strain
induced in the piezo-constraining layer. Equation (A2.3)
reduces to:
_
M
pxi
M
pyi
M
pxyi
_
=
_
K
p
+K
d
p
_
V
s
_
ai
_
bi
_
B
1b
_
T
_
_
D
1b
_
_
d
31
d
32
0
_
_
dxdy for i = 1, . . . , 4 (B10)
Piezo-electric sensor
The voltage V
s
developed by the piezo-sensor is obtained
from (Lee 1987):
V
s
= C
s
if x

isx
ify

isy
_
ai
_
bi
f (x, y)
__
u
3,x
+v
3,y
_
D
d
_
w
,xx
+w
,yy
__
dxdy =
_
B
s
__

i
_
(B11)
where
_
B
s
_
= C
s
if x

isx
ify

isy
_
ai
_
bi
f (x, y)
___
N
3
_
,x
+
_
N
4
_
,y
_
D
d
__
N
7
_
,xx
+
_
N
7
_
,yy
_
dxdy (B12)
Also, C
s
= k
2
31
/(g
31
C)], where D
d
is the distance from
the plate neutral plane to the sensor surface and f (x, y) is
a distribution shape function of the sensor (f (x) = 1 for a
uniform sensor). In equation (A2.5), the sensor is extended
between elements i
sx
and i
f x
in the x direction and i
sy
and
i
fy
in the y direction. Also, k
31
is the electro-mechanical
coupling factor, g
31
is the piezo-electric voltage constant
and C is the capacitance of the sensor which is given by:
C = 8.854
_
10
12
_
Ak
3t
/h
1
. (B13)
where A is the sensor surface area and k
3t
is the dielectric
constant.
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