APPM 2360 EXAM 3 REVIEW

BRANDEN OLSON

Problem 1 Consider an unforced mass-spring system with mass m = 2, spring constant k = 8, and damping constant b = 4p, where p > 0 is a constant. a. Write down the dierential equation that models this physical system. Solution. Since the system is unforced, f (t) 0, our equation becomes mx + bx + kx = 0 2 x + 4 px + 8x = 0 b. For dierent values of p, the solutions will behave dierently. Find the threshold value for p that separates these dierent behaviors. Solution. The solutions will change when the equation becomes critically damped. Let us set up the characteristic equation and nd the value such that the discriminant is zero. Our characteristic equation is ar2 + br + c = 0 2r2 + 4pr + 8 = 0 (4p)2 4 2 8 4p (4p)2 64 = = p 22 4 And since = p2 4, = 0 p2 4 = 0 p = 2 since p > 0. r= 4p p2 4

c. Sketch the solution for the mass-spring system when p = 1. Use initial conditions: x(0) = 2, x (0) = 0. Solution. Our equation becomes r = 1 1 4 = 1 3 = 1 i 3 = 1, = 3 x(t) = et (c1 cos( 3t) + c2 sin( 3t)) x(0) = c1 = 2 x (t) = et (c1 cos( 3t) + c2 sin( 3t)) + et ( 3c1 sin( 3t) + 3c2 cos( 3t)) x (0) = c1 + 2 3c2 = 0 c2 = 3
1

BRANDEN OLSON

Thus, we are left with 2 x(t) = et (2 cos( 3t) + sin( 3t)) 3

Problem 2 Consider the following dierential equation: ty + (t 1)y y = t2 , t > 0 a. Verify that y1 (t) = 1 t and y2 (t) = et are both solutions to the related homogeneous dierential equation. Solution. Here we DO NOT want to re-derive these formulas. We just want to check that they satisfy the equation by plugging them and their derivatives in. For y1 , we see that y1 (t) = 1 and y1 (t) = 0, so ty + (t 1)y y = t(0) + (t 1)(1) (1 t) = t + 1 1 + t 0 Furthermore, for y2 , we see that y2 (t) = et and y2 (t) = et , so ty + (t 1)y y = tet + (t 1) et et = tet tet + et et 0 b. Find the general solution, y (t).

APPM 2360 EXAM 3 REVIEW

Solution. The fact that they gave us two solutions suggests that we can use variation of parameters. But rst, we need to check for linear independence. We can do this using the Wronskian of y1 and y2 . W (y1 , y2 ) = det y1 y2 y1 y2 = det 1 t e t 1 et

= et (1 t) + et = tet > 0 since t > 0 and et > 0 And so W 0 and we can therefore use variation of parameters. Putting our equation into the correct form requires dividing by t: 1 t1 y y=t y + t t From Cramers Rule we know that 0 y2 det f y2 y2 f et t = = = 1 v1 = W (y1 , y2 ) tet y y det 1 2 y1 y2 y1 0 y1 f v2 = y y det 1 2 y1 y2 det Therefore, v1 = v2 = v2 = v1 = 1 = t + C1 = t (C1 = 0)
IBP

(1 t)t 1t y1 f = = t = (1 t)et t W (y1 , y2 ) te e

(1 t)et = 2et tet + C2 = 2et tet (C2 = 0)

Our particular solution is yp = v1 y1 + v2 y2 and alas our general solution is yt = yh + yp = c1 y1 + c2 y2 + v1 y1 + v2 y2 = c1 (1 t) + c2 et t(1 t) + (2et tet )et = c1 (1 t) + c2 et + t2 t + 2 t = c1 (1 t) + c2 et + t2 t + 2 Problem 3 Consider the linear dierential equation y + 4y + 5y = f (t) . Using the Method of Undetermined Coecients, write down the general form of the particular solution, yp , for the following forcing functions. You do NOT need to solve for the arbitrary coecients. a. f (t) = t + e2t

BRANDEN OLSON

Solution. First and foremost, we must nd the homogeneous solution. Not only is this a relevant part of the general solution, but it will allow us to determine which parts of the particular solution we can neglect. The corresponding characteristic equation is 4 16 4 5 2 = 2 4 5 = 2 i r + 4r + 5 = 0 r = 2 So our homogenous solution is yh = e2t (c1 cos(t) + c2 sin(t)) . Since t P1 (t), we will need a general A1 (t) = a0 + a1 t as a term. Furthermore, we will also need the e2t term. Thus, yp = a0 + a1 t + c3 e2t b. f (t) = et cos(2t) Solution. Since et and e2t are linearly independent, we must include the et term in yp . Furthermore, for the cos(2t) term, we will need a term of the form a0 cos(2t) + b0 sin(2t). Thus, yp = et (a0 cos(2t) + b0 sin(2t)) c. f (t) = e2t sin(t) Solution. Note that terms of the form a0 e2t sin(t)+ b0 e2t cos(t) are already incorporated into our yh , so we must multiply everything by t: yp = te2t (a0 cos(t) + b0 sin(t) d. f (t) = te2t cos(t) Solution. Here we need a solution of the form yp = e2t [(a0 + a1 t) cos(t) + (b0 + b1 t) sin(t))] Which contains terms in yh . To x this, we multiply by t to arrive at yp = te2t [(a0 + a1 t) cos(t) + (b0 + b1 t) sin(t))] Problem 4 a. Find the eigenspace(s) for the eigenvalues of the following matrix: 0 1 1 A = 0 1 1 0 0 0

APPM 2360 EXAM 3 REVIEW

Solution. Our rst step is to nd all eigenvalues by solving the characteristic equation det(A I ) = 0: 1 1 det(A I ) = det 0 1 1 = ()(1 )() 0 0 Because the determinant of an upper triangular matrix is just the product of its diagonal elements. Our equation then becomes 2 (1 + ) = 0 = 0 (mult 2), 1 Now we can solve for each vi by solving the equation (A i I )vi = 0. For 1 = 0, 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 Av1 = 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 v1 = 0 + 1 0 1 For 2 = 1, 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 (A + I )v2 = 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 => v2 = 1 0 And the eigenspaces are 1 0 0 , 1 E=0 = span 0 1 1 E=1 = span 1 0 b. Find all eigenvalues for the following matrix. 2 2 2 2 2 2 A= 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2

HINT: One of the eigenvectors is v = (1, 1, 1, 1, 1)T , and you shouldnt have to solve det(A I ) to identify the eigenvalues.

BRANDEN OLSON

Solution. Note that the RREF of this matrix is 1 1 1 0 0 0 = 0 0 0 A 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 0 0 0 0

1 0 0 0 0

First, it is clear that A is nonsingular, so that means that A must have 0 has an eigenvalue. Notice that for = 0, 4 eigenvectors will be yielded since there are 4 free parameters. So = 0 must have multiplicity 4. Furthermore, since v = (1, 1, 1, 1, 1)T is an eigenvector, then 10 1 10 1 Av = v 10 = 1 10 1 10 1 which makes it clear that = 10 is an eigenvalue. Since that is the fth eigenvalue, we are done.