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Key Points:
Origins
• In 128 B.C.E., Chinese general Zhang Jian crossed the western China area under the expedition
behalf of Emperor Wu of Han. He eventually went on 18 expeditions.
• He brought a whole new garden to China.
• New plants include: alfafa and wine grapes, pistachios, walnuts, pomegranates, sesame,
coriander, spinach, etc.
• Other new materials brought to China include jasmine oil, oak galls, copper oxides, zinc,
and precious stones.
• Soon afterwards, the Parthians (247 B.C.E.) had advantageous trade with the Chinese.
• The Greeks could buy Chinese silk in 100 B.C.E. from the Parthian traders.
• Quickly, spices, fruits, silk, and various other precious materials were traded along the Silk
Road.
• The successors of the Parthians was the Sasanid Empire. In 224, Sasan defeated the Parthians
and took control of Iran. This new empire further continued the rivalry between Rome and the
Parthian area.
• During this time, the Silk Road, as it did to China, brought many new plants to Mesopotamia.
• These new plants included cotton, sugar cane, rice, citrus trees, eggplants, etc.
• These plants will be extremely important in the near future.
• Like the previous Persian Empire, the Sasanid Empire declared their faith to be Zoroastrianism.
However, with this faith, plenty of other religions still flourished in this area. This was among the
early instances in which religion was used as a political tool.
• The Silk Road at this time was used as a route for the spreading of religion from various sources.
The Impact of the Silk Road
• The Silk Road at first caused many pastoral groups to form. Eventually, rich families did settle
and build large establishments.
• The Silk Road allowed the spread of religions (see chart above) such as Nestorian Christianity,
Manichaeism, Zoroastrianism, and Buddhism.
• The stirrup spread though out the Silk Road. It allowed riders to be much more stable and thus
caused military innovation. i.e. the superiority of the Tang calvary in China.
• The Indian Ocean Maritime System was a society of seafarers established across the Indian
Ocean and South China Sea.
• This trade system linked a network of sea trade routes from Africa to China. The main players
were Africans, South Arabian Persian, and the Southern Chinese people (including the
Indonesians and Malays).
• Although much of the discoveries of new lands and waters were attributed to famous people
such as Zhang Jian or Hippalus, we must not forget the the indigenous people of these areas
also greatly contributed to their expansions.
Sub-Saharan Africa
A challenging Geography
• The use of rivers was limited by the many rapids in the rivers.
• The Southern Sahara area was limited and surrounded by many obstacles such as the Niger,
Zaire, Senegal Rivers, the Red Sea, the Saharan Desert, etc.
• South of the Sahara are the steppes and savanna rain forests. These places were difficult to
traverse.
• "Anthropologists call “Great Traditions” those that typically include a written language, common
legal and belief systems, ethical codes, and other intellectual attitudes. They loom large in
written records as traditions that rise above the diversity of local customs and beliefs commonly
distinguished as “small traditions.”"
• The elite culture in the sub-Saharan area turned the area into a Great Tradition area.
• This area is home to ~ 2000 languages.
• Agriculture started in the 2nd millennium B.C.E. and spread southward from the area by the
Sahara.
• Archaeology has also uncovered traces of copper mining in the Sahara from the early first
millennium B.C.E.
• Copper smelting was during 400 C.E.
• Iron smelting was around the 1st millennium C.E.
• The Africans of Bantu probably figured out how to smelt iron by themselves.